武汉市城市森林结构规划研究
|
摘要
城市是人类聚集产生的环境,随着城市化进程的加快,城市中的环境问题日益严重。为了改善城市环境,将森林引进城市、在城市中建立城市森林生态网络系统的呼声越来越强烈。在城市总体规划与建设中,由于种种原因,我国城市森林缺乏合理的整体结构,在建设中,一些原有的城市绿地和都市森林被征占和毁坏,给形成整体规模的城市森林的规划建设带来困难,导致城市森林局部的结构松散、布局不合理。因此,如何从景观生态学的角度对城市森林的结构进行分析评价并对其进行规划指导,已成为当前城市森林建设中亟待解决的问题。
本研究以武汉市2007年4月TM遥感影像为主要数据源,GIS与景观格局分析相结合,以生态学原理为指导,现代林业与城市绿地规划理论为基础,对武汉市城市森林总体布局及其结构进行景观分析与综合评价,依据城市森林建设理论、景观生态学相关理论和景观规划理论提出一个功能完善、布局合理的城市森林建设模式,最后探讨了为达到这一理想的城市森林布局模式,需要对城市森林现状布局做出的规划调整。主要研究结果如下:
1、对研究区内的各类景观要素进行了斑块水平指数和景观水平指数的分析,发现:
景观类型总体发展不平衡,整个市域是以农用地、水体等少数景观类型构建起来的景观格局,其它景观类型面积小,连通性差,破碎化程度高。城市森林总量贫乏,仅占市域土地面积的11.96%,其中85.41%集中在远郊的山体和丘陵区;受城市建设等人为活动的强烈干扰,城市森林在主城区的分布仅2.97%,且缺少有内部生境的大面积斑块,小型斑块比重大、且斑块密度大、斑块破碎化严重。景观水平上,市域景观多样性较高,均匀度一般,其中城市近郊的多样性指数和均匀度指数数值均为最大,主城区次之,远郊最低。总体上城市森林分布不均匀,缺乏互通性,不利于物种的交流,对武汉市城市环境改善的作用体现不足。
不同研究范围内各粒级斑块的分布情况为:远郊分布着小斑块总数量的84.10%、中斑块的83.73%、大斑块的85.99%、巨型斑块的66.15%,主城区各粒级斑块数量百分比均不足10%,城市近郊分布着不足20%的城市森林斑块;城市森林的主要景观类型为防护林和经济生产林,二者面积之和达到了城市森林总量的75%,景观游憩林和特种用途林各自所占的比例均不足10%。目前斑块的分布和景观结构不均衡,非常不利于城市森林生态功能的发挥。
2、根据本研究建立的城市森林景观结构评价指标体系,武汉市城市森林结构综合评价指标值为0.3247,处于第Ⅳ级水平,属于城市森林结构不合理、布局较差的程度。
3、以林网——水网一体化为规划理念,通过绿点、绿线、绿面的结合,在市域范围内提出“两轴、两环、三网、多核”的城市森林总体布局,从而形成“水乡林城、生态武汉”的建设效果。规划完成后,全市城市森林覆盖率提高到25%,建成区绿化覆盖率达到40%,绿色通道率达85%,水岸绿化率达85%,自然保护区覆盖率达5%,农田林网化率提高到80%,使武汉城市生态用地得到提高,湿地覆盖率提高2%。
4、按照市域城市森林结构规划的布局框架,紧紧围绕城市森林发展的总体目标,将现有各项城市森林建设工程整合为五大重点工程,具体包括三镇绿岛建设工程、九省通衢生态景观林带建设工程、百湖湿地生态建设工程、两江四岸风光带及堤防林建设工程、山体复绿及生态景观重建工程等五项工程的建设,以此实现武汉市城市森林结构布局的调整。
Urban is an environment massed by people, the environmental problem is getting serious day by day with urbanization. Voice of "introducing forest into urban" and building urban forest ecology network is getting regarded recently, in particular. For various reasons, in the city's overall planning and construction, China's urban forest lack reasonable and holistic structure, In construction, a number of existing urban green and urban forest were requisitioned and destroyed, as a result of the phenomena,it brought difficulties to the construction of urban forest planning which had formed integer scale, and resulted in the structure loose of local urban forest. Therefore, how to analyse and evaluate and planning guidance the structure of urban forest by a perspective of landscape ecology, has now become the construction of urban forest issues requiring urgent solution.
This study was based on Wuhan city in april 2007 TM remote sensing image as the main data source, adopted GIS and landscape pattern analysis, guided by ecology principles to modern forestry and urban green planning theory, analysed and synthetically evaluated the overall arrangement and landscape structure of urban forest of Wuhan city, according to theory of urban forest construction, landscape ecology and landscape planning theory to propose a fully functional, the layout of the building a reasonable model of urban forest, and finally explored to achieve this ideal model of urban forest layout, what planning adjustments needed based on the layout of urban forest status. Main research results include four aspects:
1. The patch-level and landscape-level index's analysis & estimating were made on the study region landscapes elements, the results showed that:
The development of landscape types is unbalanced, a small number of landscape types such as agricultural land and water built up the landscape pattern is the entire City. Other landscape types had small size, poor connectivity, and a high degree of fragmentation. The total of urban forest is small, city accounted for only 11.96% of land area, of which 85.41% of them was on the outer suburbs of the mountain and hilly region; affected by human activities such as urban construction, the impact of strong interference, urban forest in main urban areas of the distribution is only 2.97%, and that, proportion of small patch was significant, large-area urban forests with interior habitat were lack, patch density was great and fragmentized seriously. At the landscape level, landscape diversity index was high in the entire city, evenness index was common, the outskirts of the city in which diversity index and evenness index were the largest, followed by the main urban areas, the outer were the minimum. The distribution of urban forest was uneven generally, the connectivity of interspaces is also absence which went against species intercommunion. Those were not good enough to improving Wuhan city environments as a whole.
Falling within the scope of different research on grain size distribution of patches as follows: outer distribution of the total number of small patches 84.10%, middle patches 83.73%, big patches of 85.99%, 66.15% of the huge patch. The number of urban forest patches are less than 10% of all grain size in main urban areas, and less than 20% in peri-urban areas; the main landscape type of urban forest were shelter forest and production forest, the total area of them attained 75% of the whole urban forest area; the landscape forest and the special use forest , the proportion of their own were less than 10%. At present, the distribution of patches and landscape structure was unreasonable, it was not conducive to urban forest ecosystem function.
2. Based on urban forest evaluating indicator system established by this research, urban forest comprehensive evaluation indices of Wuhan score for 0.3247, lay in beta IV level, belong to urban forest structure unreasonable and layout poor degree.
3. The author held urban ecological patterns and needs of urban forest construction and forest-water network integration for the planning concept, through green Point, green Line, green face a combination of, designed "two axises, two rings, three net and a number of core" as the overall layout of urban forest, to form the effect of "water and forest combined, ecological Wuhan". Upon completion of the planning, the whole city's urban forest coverage will be attained 25%, green coverage of built-up area attained 40%, green channel rate attained 85%, waterfront greening rate attained 85%,nature reserve coverage attained 5%, forest of the rate of farmland attained 80%, urban ecological land will be increased and wetland coverage will be increased 2%.
4. When planning completed, the author made the layout of the existing urban forest adjustments, combined with the creation of national forests in Wuhan urban overall planning requirements, and the adjustment measures will be integrated into the main forestry projects. Including the three town of Green island construction project, nine provinces thoroughfare landscape ecological forest construction project, hundreds of lakes wetland ecological construction project, two main river with four coastal scenery and construction of embankments shelter belt and green mountain rehabilitation and reconstruction of ecological landscape, to complete the adjustment the layout and structure of urban forest by constructing these key projects.
本研究以武汉市2007年4月TM遥感影像为主要数据源,GIS与景观格局分析相结合,以生态学原理为指导,现代林业与城市绿地规划理论为基础,对武汉市城市森林总体布局及其结构进行景观分析与综合评价,依据城市森林建设理论、景观生态学相关理论和景观规划理论提出一个功能完善、布局合理的城市森林建设模式,最后探讨了为达到这一理想的城市森林布局模式,需要对城市森林现状布局做出的规划调整。主要研究结果如下:
1、对研究区内的各类景观要素进行了斑块水平指数和景观水平指数的分析,发现:
景观类型总体发展不平衡,整个市域是以农用地、水体等少数景观类型构建起来的景观格局,其它景观类型面积小,连通性差,破碎化程度高。城市森林总量贫乏,仅占市域土地面积的11.96%,其中85.41%集中在远郊的山体和丘陵区;受城市建设等人为活动的强烈干扰,城市森林在主城区的分布仅2.97%,且缺少有内部生境的大面积斑块,小型斑块比重大、且斑块密度大、斑块破碎化严重。景观水平上,市域景观多样性较高,均匀度一般,其中城市近郊的多样性指数和均匀度指数数值均为最大,主城区次之,远郊最低。总体上城市森林分布不均匀,缺乏互通性,不利于物种的交流,对武汉市城市环境改善的作用体现不足。
不同研究范围内各粒级斑块的分布情况为:远郊分布着小斑块总数量的84.10%、中斑块的83.73%、大斑块的85.99%、巨型斑块的66.15%,主城区各粒级斑块数量百分比均不足10%,城市近郊分布着不足20%的城市森林斑块;城市森林的主要景观类型为防护林和经济生产林,二者面积之和达到了城市森林总量的75%,景观游憩林和特种用途林各自所占的比例均不足10%。目前斑块的分布和景观结构不均衡,非常不利于城市森林生态功能的发挥。
2、根据本研究建立的城市森林景观结构评价指标体系,武汉市城市森林结构综合评价指标值为0.3247,处于第Ⅳ级水平,属于城市森林结构不合理、布局较差的程度。
3、以林网——水网一体化为规划理念,通过绿点、绿线、绿面的结合,在市域范围内提出“两轴、两环、三网、多核”的城市森林总体布局,从而形成“水乡林城、生态武汉”的建设效果。规划完成后,全市城市森林覆盖率提高到25%,建成区绿化覆盖率达到40%,绿色通道率达85%,水岸绿化率达85%,自然保护区覆盖率达5%,农田林网化率提高到80%,使武汉城市生态用地得到提高,湿地覆盖率提高2%。
4、按照市域城市森林结构规划的布局框架,紧紧围绕城市森林发展的总体目标,将现有各项城市森林建设工程整合为五大重点工程,具体包括三镇绿岛建设工程、九省通衢生态景观林带建设工程、百湖湿地生态建设工程、两江四岸风光带及堤防林建设工程、山体复绿及生态景观重建工程等五项工程的建设,以此实现武汉市城市森林结构布局的调整。
Urban is an environment massed by people, the environmental problem is getting serious day by day with urbanization. Voice of "introducing forest into urban" and building urban forest ecology network is getting regarded recently, in particular. For various reasons, in the city's overall planning and construction, China's urban forest lack reasonable and holistic structure, In construction, a number of existing urban green and urban forest were requisitioned and destroyed, as a result of the phenomena,it brought difficulties to the construction of urban forest planning which had formed integer scale, and resulted in the structure loose of local urban forest. Therefore, how to analyse and evaluate and planning guidance the structure of urban forest by a perspective of landscape ecology, has now become the construction of urban forest issues requiring urgent solution.
This study was based on Wuhan city in april 2007 TM remote sensing image as the main data source, adopted GIS and landscape pattern analysis, guided by ecology principles to modern forestry and urban green planning theory, analysed and synthetically evaluated the overall arrangement and landscape structure of urban forest of Wuhan city, according to theory of urban forest construction, landscape ecology and landscape planning theory to propose a fully functional, the layout of the building a reasonable model of urban forest, and finally explored to achieve this ideal model of urban forest layout, what planning adjustments needed based on the layout of urban forest status. Main research results include four aspects:
1. The patch-level and landscape-level index's analysis & estimating were made on the study region landscapes elements, the results showed that:
The development of landscape types is unbalanced, a small number of landscape types such as agricultural land and water built up the landscape pattern is the entire City. Other landscape types had small size, poor connectivity, and a high degree of fragmentation. The total of urban forest is small, city accounted for only 11.96% of land area, of which 85.41% of them was on the outer suburbs of the mountain and hilly region; affected by human activities such as urban construction, the impact of strong interference, urban forest in main urban areas of the distribution is only 2.97%, and that, proportion of small patch was significant, large-area urban forests with interior habitat were lack, patch density was great and fragmentized seriously. At the landscape level, landscape diversity index was high in the entire city, evenness index was common, the outskirts of the city in which diversity index and evenness index were the largest, followed by the main urban areas, the outer were the minimum. The distribution of urban forest was uneven generally, the connectivity of interspaces is also absence which went against species intercommunion. Those were not good enough to improving Wuhan city environments as a whole.
Falling within the scope of different research on grain size distribution of patches as follows: outer distribution of the total number of small patches 84.10%, middle patches 83.73%, big patches of 85.99%, 66.15% of the huge patch. The number of urban forest patches are less than 10% of all grain size in main urban areas, and less than 20% in peri-urban areas; the main landscape type of urban forest were shelter forest and production forest, the total area of them attained 75% of the whole urban forest area; the landscape forest and the special use forest , the proportion of their own were less than 10%. At present, the distribution of patches and landscape structure was unreasonable, it was not conducive to urban forest ecosystem function.
2. Based on urban forest evaluating indicator system established by this research, urban forest comprehensive evaluation indices of Wuhan score for 0.3247, lay in beta IV level, belong to urban forest structure unreasonable and layout poor degree.
3. The author held urban ecological patterns and needs of urban forest construction and forest-water network integration for the planning concept, through green Point, green Line, green face a combination of, designed "two axises, two rings, three net and a number of core" as the overall layout of urban forest, to form the effect of "water and forest combined, ecological Wuhan". Upon completion of the planning, the whole city's urban forest coverage will be attained 25%, green coverage of built-up area attained 40%, green channel rate attained 85%, waterfront greening rate attained 85%,nature reserve coverage attained 5%, forest of the rate of farmland attained 80%, urban ecological land will be increased and wetland coverage will be increased 2%.
4. When planning completed, the author made the layout of the existing urban forest adjustments, combined with the creation of national forests in Wuhan urban overall planning requirements, and the adjustment measures will be integrated into the main forestry projects. Including the three town of Green island construction project, nine provinces thoroughfare landscape ecological forest construction project, hundreds of lakes wetland ecological construction project, two main river with four coastal scenery and construction of embankments shelter belt and green mountain rehabilitation and reconstruction of ecological landscape, to complete the adjustment the layout and structure of urban forest by constructing these key projects.
引文
1.白林波,吴文友,吴泽民等.RS和GIS在合肥市绿地系统调查中的应用.见:彭振华主编.中国森林生态iwangluo体系工程建设.北京:中国林业出版社,2003,495-499
2.蔡春菊,许景伟,王怀训.关于城市森林自然化的思考.山东林业科技,2004a,150(1):46-48
3.蔡春菊.扬州城市森林发展研究.[博士学位论文].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2004b
4.柴一新,王晓春,孙洪灰等.中国城市森林研究热点.东北林业大学学报,2004,32(2):74-77
5.车生泉主编,城市绿地景观结构分析与生态规划——以上海市为例.南京:东南大学出版社,2003
6.陈铭.基于3s技术的成都市城市景观评价及城市森林规划研究.[硕士学位论文].四川:四川农业大学,2005
7.陈文静.厦门城市森林的结构特征与效益评价研究.[硕士学位论文].福建:福建农林大学,2007
8.丁向阳主编,城市森林建设规划理论与实例研究.长沙:湖南大学出版社,2007
9.傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明等.景观生态学原理及应用.北京:科学出版社,2001,202-207
10.傅徽楠,严玲璋,张连全等.上海城市园林植物群落生态结构的研究.中国园林,2000,16(48):22-25
11.高清.都市森林学.台北:编译出版社.1984
12.韩轶,李吉跃主编,城市森林综合评价体系与案例研究.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005
13.韩轶.城市森林建设理论及城市森林综合评价的研究—以包头市为例.[博士学位论文].北京:北京林业大学,2004
14.何兴元,陈玮,徐文铎等.一个典型城市森林的群落生态学剖析——中国科学院沈阳树木园.见城市森林生态学研究进展,北京:中国林业出版社,2002a,90-99
15.何兴元,金莹杉,朱文泉等.城市森林生态学的基本原理与研究方法.应用生态学报,2002b,13(2):1679-1683
16.胡志斌,何兴元等.沈阳市城市森林结构与效益分析.应用生态学报,2003, 14(12):2108-2112
17.黄宏业,刘侠,陈宝树.CBEQS-1卫星BMSS数据在城市绿地系统规划的应用.航天返回与遥感,2001,22(3):65-67
18.黄晓鸾.城市生存环境绿色量值群的研究.中国园林,1998,14(3):57-59
19.江泽慧.加快城市森林建设,走生态化城市发展道路.中国城市林业,2003,1(1),1-8
20.金莹彬,何兴元,陈玮等.城市公园及其植被特征分析——以沈阳为例.见:城市森林生态研究进展.北京:中国林业出版社,2002,151-156
21.孔繁花,赵善伦,张伟等.济南市绿地系统景观空间结构分析.山东省农业管理干部学院学报,2002,18(2):108-109
22.匡霞,陈贻运,戴昌达.专家系统在TM图像分类中的应用.环境遥感,1996,4(4):257-266
23.李凡修,陈武.模糊集对分析在城市绿地景观生态综合评价中的应用.新疆环境保护,2002,24(2):32-34
24.李锋,刘旭升,王如松.城市森林研究进展与发展战略.生态学杂志,2003a,22(4):55-59
25.李锋,王如松.城市绿地系统的生态服务功能评价、规划与预测研究—以扬州市为例.生态学报,2003b,23(9):1929-1936
26.李海梅,何兴元,陈玮等.沈阳城市森林生态规划建设.生态学志,2005,24(1):43-47
27.李海梅,何兴元,陈玮等.中国城市森林研究现状及发展趋势.生态学杂志,2004,23(2):55-59
28.李增禄,雷相东.城市森林的兴起与发展.河南农业大学学报,1994,28(3):317-322
29.李智琦.武汉市城市绿地植物多样性研究.[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中农业大学图书馆,2005
30.廖科.深圳市城市森林建设现状评价及生态规划研究.[硕士学位论文].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2006
31.刘滨谊,姜允芳.中国城市绿地系统规划评价指标体系的研究.城市规划汇刊,2002,2:27-29
32.刘常富,何兴元,陈玮等.我国城市森林与城市园林的融合及各自优势的发挥. 城市森林生态研究进展.北京:中国林业出版社,2002,70-74
33.刘常富,李海梅,何兴元.城市森林概念探析.生态学杂志,2003,22(5):146,149
34.马灵芳,管东生,郑淑颖.广州新河浦小区庭院树木特征及其环境空间的关系.城市环境与城市生态,2000,13(1):25-27
35.梅安新,彭望碌,秦其明,刘慧平.遥感导论.北京:高等教育出版社,2001
36.欧阳志云,肖寒,赵景柱等.海南岛生态系统服务功能及其生态价值研究.李文华.生态系统服务功能研究.北京:气象出版社,157-191
37.彭振华.上海现代城市森林发展.北京:中国林业出版社,2003a,30-50
38.彭振华.中国城市森林.北京:中国林业出版社,2003b:49-50,57-58
39.彭镇华,江泽慧.开发空间巨大效益——再论中国森林生态网络体系工程建设.《中国城市林业》2005,1
40.彭镇华.林网化与水网化——中国城市森林建设理念的探究.中国城市林业,2003c,1(2):1-7
41.彭镇华.论中国森林生态网络体系城镇点的建设.世界林业研究,2002,15(1):54-61
42.秦耀民.西安城市森林研究.[硕士学位论文].西安:西北大学,2006
43.史梅容.武汉市九峰城市森林保护区森林景观适宜度评价.[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中农业大学图书馆,2006
44.孙冰,粟娟,谢左章.城市林业的研究现状与前景.南京林业大学学报,1997a,21(2):83-88
45.孙冰,粟娟,谢左章等.广州市城市森林的空间特征与发展研究.城市环境与城市生态,1997b,10(2):50-54
46.陶青,唐荣南,吴钰等.城郊森林区队城区环境生态影响.城市环境与城市生态,1995,8(2):13-16
47.王成,彭镇华,陶康华.中国城市森林的特点及发展思考.生态学杂志,2004,23(3):88-92
48.王成.近自然的设计和管护——建设高效和谐的城市森林.《中国城市林业》,2003,1,44-47
49.王惠林.基于知识的遥感图像分类方法研究.以腾格里沙漠南部地区为例.[硕士学位论文].兰州:兰州大学,2007
50.王木林,城市林业的研究与发展.林业科学,1995,3l(5):460-466
51.王木林,缪荣兴.城市森林的成分及其类型.林业科学研究,1997,10(5):531-535
52.王木林.论城市森林的范围及经营对策.林业科学,1998,34(4):39-47
53.王蓉丽.城市森林可持续发展指标体系研究.杭州:浙江大学管理学院,2005,12-13
54.王祥荣.面向21世纪城市绿化发展的思路与对策——以上海市为例.城市环境与城市生态,1999,12(1):60-63
55.王义文.城市森林理论与指标体系的研究.城市森林生态研究进展.中国林业出版社,9-30
56.王原.安徽沿江三城市城市森林景观格局分析与综合评价.[硕士学位论文].安徽:安徽农业大学,2006
57.魏强,李爱民.“3S”技术在森林资源调查中的应用探讨.内蒙古林业调查设计.2004,27(3):49-50,52
58.吴泽民,McBride J R,Nowak D J.等.合肥城市森林减少大气污染的效果.中国城市林业,2003a,1(1):39-43
59.吴泽民,高健,吴文友.城市森林及其结构研究.城市森林生态研究进展.2002a,49-57
60.吴泽民,黄成林,白林波等.合肥城市森林结构分析研究,2002b,38(4):7-13
61.吴泽民,吴际友,高健等.合肥市区森林景观格局分析.应用生态学报,2003b,14(12):2117-2122
62.肖胜.3S技术在厦门市森林生态网络体系建设中的应用研究.见:彭振华主编.中国森林生态网络体系建设.北京:中国林业出版社,2003,414-417
63.熊毅.长安区城市森林建设的研究.[硕士学位论文].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2006
64.徐雁南,陈红光.我国城市森林建设现状分析.林业科技开发,2004,18-1
65.徐英宝.深圳市生态风景林建设工程有关问题的思考.中国林业出版社1999,32-46
66.薛达,薛立,罗山.园林、城市森林与城市生态环境.城市发展研究,2001,8(1):54-57
67.杨伯钢.北京市多尺度森林覆盖信息的提取与分析.[硕士学位论文].北京:北 京林业大学,2006
68.杨瑞兴,刘玉贞,王和祥等.天津城市环境与园林树种规划的研究.园林科技通讯,1996,6(2):9-23
69.杨学军,林源祥,胡文辉等.上海城市园林植物群落的物种丰富度调查.中国园林,2000a,69(3):67-69
70.杨学军,唐东芹,钱虹妹等.上海城市绿化利用树种资源的现状与发展对策.植物资源与环境学报,2000b,9(4):30-33
71.杨学军,许东部,唐东芹.城市森林规划的理论与方法综述.生态经济,2001,7:38-40
72.张浩,王祥荣,包静晖等.上海与伦敦城市绿地的生态功能及管理对策比较研究.城市环境与城市生态,2000,12(2):29-32
73.张庆费,徐绒娣.城市森林建设的意义和途径探讨.大自然探索,1999a,18(2):82-86
74.张庆费.城市绿地系统生物多样性保护的策略探讨.城市环境与城市生态,1999,12(3):36-38
75.张庆费.城市森林——21世纪城市绿化的新选择.上海建设科技,1999b,(3):27-28
76.张秋根,万承永,熊冬平.城市林业生态环境功能评价指标体系的探讨.林业资源管理,2001,6:54-57
77.周廷刚,郭达志.基于GIS的城市绿地景观空间结构研究—以宁波市为例.生态学报,2003,23(5):901-907
78.周卫阳.专家系统在森林遥感图像分类中的应用.林业科学研究,1989,2(5):477-482
79.朱俊,王祥荣等.城市森林评价指标体系研究——以上海为例.中国城市林业,2003,1(1):36-43
80.朱俊.中国城市森林学理论与实证研究.[博士学位论文].上海:复旦大学,2004
81.朱文泉,何兴元,陈玮.城市森林研究进展.生态学杂志,2001,20(5):55-59
82.朱文泉,何兴元,陈玮等.沈阳树木园绿地管理信息系统的构建.见城市森林生态学研究进展.北京:中国林业出版社,2002,309-313
83.祝宁,李敏,柴一新.城市绿地综合生态效应场的研究.中国城市林业,2003,1(2):35-37
84. Brack C L.Pollution mitigation and carbon sequestration by an urban forest.Environmental pollution,2002,116:195-200
85. Chen C D,Bao S X.1994.Urbanization in China and the trend of its development.t.Acta Ecolsin,4(1):84-90(in Chinese)
86. Forman RTT. Godron M. Landscape ecology. New York: John Wiley &Sons, 1986
87. Forman RTT. Land Mosaics : The Ecology of Landscape Regions.London :Cambridge University Press, 1995.
88. Fu Q H,Yang X B,WU Q S.Analysis of the plant for urban afforestation.SciSilvaeSin,1996.32(1):35-43
89. Gobster, 1994 Gobster PH.Urban Savanna:reuniting ecological preference and function.Restoration and Management Notes, 1994, 12(1): 64-71
90. Gregory M E.Structure and sustainability of Sacramento's Urban forest.Journal of Arboriculture, 1998,24(2): 174-189
91.Jorgensen E.Urban forestry in Canada. Toronto:Shade Tree Research Laboratory,Faculty of Forestry,University of Toronto, 1970
92. Miller R W.Urban Forestry.New Jersey:Prentice Hall, 1996
93. Nowak D J.Urban forest structure:The state of Chicago's urban forest.Northeastem Forest Experiment Station,General Technical Report NE-18.DC:USDA,1994,3-18
94. Rowantere RA.Ecology of the Ubran forest Intorduction to Part. Ubran Ecology,1984,2(8):1-11
95. Rowantere RA.Eeolgoy of the Ubran forest Intorduction to Part.Urban Ecology,1984,2(9):229-243
96. Sudha,P.and Ravindranath,N.H.A study of Bangalore urban forest.Landscape and Urban Planning,2000,47:47-63
97. Templiton,S.R. and Goldman,GUrban forestry adds $3.8 billion in sales to California economy.California Agriculture, 1996,50(1):6-10
98. Tyrvainen L,MiettinenA.Property price and Urban forest amenities.Journal of envirnmonent economics and management,2000,39:205-223
99. Tyrvainen L,Silvennoinen H,Kolehmainen O.Ecological and aesthetic values in urban forest management.Urban forest&Urban forestry,2003,l:135-149
2.蔡春菊,许景伟,王怀训.关于城市森林自然化的思考.山东林业科技,2004a,150(1):46-48
3.蔡春菊.扬州城市森林发展研究.[博士学位论文].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2004b
4.柴一新,王晓春,孙洪灰等.中国城市森林研究热点.东北林业大学学报,2004,32(2):74-77
5.车生泉主编,城市绿地景观结构分析与生态规划——以上海市为例.南京:东南大学出版社,2003
6.陈铭.基于3s技术的成都市城市景观评价及城市森林规划研究.[硕士学位论文].四川:四川农业大学,2005
7.陈文静.厦门城市森林的结构特征与效益评价研究.[硕士学位论文].福建:福建农林大学,2007
8.丁向阳主编,城市森林建设规划理论与实例研究.长沙:湖南大学出版社,2007
9.傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明等.景观生态学原理及应用.北京:科学出版社,2001,202-207
10.傅徽楠,严玲璋,张连全等.上海城市园林植物群落生态结构的研究.中国园林,2000,16(48):22-25
11.高清.都市森林学.台北:编译出版社.1984
12.韩轶,李吉跃主编,城市森林综合评价体系与案例研究.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005
13.韩轶.城市森林建设理论及城市森林综合评价的研究—以包头市为例.[博士学位论文].北京:北京林业大学,2004
14.何兴元,陈玮,徐文铎等.一个典型城市森林的群落生态学剖析——中国科学院沈阳树木园.见城市森林生态学研究进展,北京:中国林业出版社,2002a,90-99
15.何兴元,金莹杉,朱文泉等.城市森林生态学的基本原理与研究方法.应用生态学报,2002b,13(2):1679-1683
16.胡志斌,何兴元等.沈阳市城市森林结构与效益分析.应用生态学报,2003, 14(12):2108-2112
17.黄宏业,刘侠,陈宝树.CBEQS-1卫星BMSS数据在城市绿地系统规划的应用.航天返回与遥感,2001,22(3):65-67
18.黄晓鸾.城市生存环境绿色量值群的研究.中国园林,1998,14(3):57-59
19.江泽慧.加快城市森林建设,走生态化城市发展道路.中国城市林业,2003,1(1),1-8
20.金莹彬,何兴元,陈玮等.城市公园及其植被特征分析——以沈阳为例.见:城市森林生态研究进展.北京:中国林业出版社,2002,151-156
21.孔繁花,赵善伦,张伟等.济南市绿地系统景观空间结构分析.山东省农业管理干部学院学报,2002,18(2):108-109
22.匡霞,陈贻运,戴昌达.专家系统在TM图像分类中的应用.环境遥感,1996,4(4):257-266
23.李凡修,陈武.模糊集对分析在城市绿地景观生态综合评价中的应用.新疆环境保护,2002,24(2):32-34
24.李锋,刘旭升,王如松.城市森林研究进展与发展战略.生态学杂志,2003a,22(4):55-59
25.李锋,王如松.城市绿地系统的生态服务功能评价、规划与预测研究—以扬州市为例.生态学报,2003b,23(9):1929-1936
26.李海梅,何兴元,陈玮等.沈阳城市森林生态规划建设.生态学志,2005,24(1):43-47
27.李海梅,何兴元,陈玮等.中国城市森林研究现状及发展趋势.生态学杂志,2004,23(2):55-59
28.李增禄,雷相东.城市森林的兴起与发展.河南农业大学学报,1994,28(3):317-322
29.李智琦.武汉市城市绿地植物多样性研究.[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中农业大学图书馆,2005
30.廖科.深圳市城市森林建设现状评价及生态规划研究.[硕士学位论文].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2006
31.刘滨谊,姜允芳.中国城市绿地系统规划评价指标体系的研究.城市规划汇刊,2002,2:27-29
32.刘常富,何兴元,陈玮等.我国城市森林与城市园林的融合及各自优势的发挥. 城市森林生态研究进展.北京:中国林业出版社,2002,70-74
33.刘常富,李海梅,何兴元.城市森林概念探析.生态学杂志,2003,22(5):146,149
34.马灵芳,管东生,郑淑颖.广州新河浦小区庭院树木特征及其环境空间的关系.城市环境与城市生态,2000,13(1):25-27
35.梅安新,彭望碌,秦其明,刘慧平.遥感导论.北京:高等教育出版社,2001
36.欧阳志云,肖寒,赵景柱等.海南岛生态系统服务功能及其生态价值研究.李文华.生态系统服务功能研究.北京:气象出版社,157-191
37.彭振华.上海现代城市森林发展.北京:中国林业出版社,2003a,30-50
38.彭振华.中国城市森林.北京:中国林业出版社,2003b:49-50,57-58
39.彭镇华,江泽慧.开发空间巨大效益——再论中国森林生态网络体系工程建设.《中国城市林业》2005,1
40.彭镇华.林网化与水网化——中国城市森林建设理念的探究.中国城市林业,2003c,1(2):1-7
41.彭镇华.论中国森林生态网络体系城镇点的建设.世界林业研究,2002,15(1):54-61
42.秦耀民.西安城市森林研究.[硕士学位论文].西安:西北大学,2006
43.史梅容.武汉市九峰城市森林保护区森林景观适宜度评价.[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中农业大学图书馆,2006
44.孙冰,粟娟,谢左章.城市林业的研究现状与前景.南京林业大学学报,1997a,21(2):83-88
45.孙冰,粟娟,谢左章等.广州市城市森林的空间特征与发展研究.城市环境与城市生态,1997b,10(2):50-54
46.陶青,唐荣南,吴钰等.城郊森林区队城区环境生态影响.城市环境与城市生态,1995,8(2):13-16
47.王成,彭镇华,陶康华.中国城市森林的特点及发展思考.生态学杂志,2004,23(3):88-92
48.王成.近自然的设计和管护——建设高效和谐的城市森林.《中国城市林业》,2003,1,44-47
49.王惠林.基于知识的遥感图像分类方法研究.以腾格里沙漠南部地区为例.[硕士学位论文].兰州:兰州大学,2007
50.王木林,城市林业的研究与发展.林业科学,1995,3l(5):460-466
51.王木林,缪荣兴.城市森林的成分及其类型.林业科学研究,1997,10(5):531-535
52.王木林.论城市森林的范围及经营对策.林业科学,1998,34(4):39-47
53.王蓉丽.城市森林可持续发展指标体系研究.杭州:浙江大学管理学院,2005,12-13
54.王祥荣.面向21世纪城市绿化发展的思路与对策——以上海市为例.城市环境与城市生态,1999,12(1):60-63
55.王义文.城市森林理论与指标体系的研究.城市森林生态研究进展.中国林业出版社,9-30
56.王原.安徽沿江三城市城市森林景观格局分析与综合评价.[硕士学位论文].安徽:安徽农业大学,2006
57.魏强,李爱民.“3S”技术在森林资源调查中的应用探讨.内蒙古林业调查设计.2004,27(3):49-50,52
58.吴泽民,McBride J R,Nowak D J.等.合肥城市森林减少大气污染的效果.中国城市林业,2003a,1(1):39-43
59.吴泽民,高健,吴文友.城市森林及其结构研究.城市森林生态研究进展.2002a,49-57
60.吴泽民,黄成林,白林波等.合肥城市森林结构分析研究,2002b,38(4):7-13
61.吴泽民,吴际友,高健等.合肥市区森林景观格局分析.应用生态学报,2003b,14(12):2117-2122
62.肖胜.3S技术在厦门市森林生态网络体系建设中的应用研究.见:彭振华主编.中国森林生态网络体系建设.北京:中国林业出版社,2003,414-417
63.熊毅.长安区城市森林建设的研究.[硕士学位论文].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2006
64.徐雁南,陈红光.我国城市森林建设现状分析.林业科技开发,2004,18-1
65.徐英宝.深圳市生态风景林建设工程有关问题的思考.中国林业出版社1999,32-46
66.薛达,薛立,罗山.园林、城市森林与城市生态环境.城市发展研究,2001,8(1):54-57
67.杨伯钢.北京市多尺度森林覆盖信息的提取与分析.[硕士学位论文].北京:北 京林业大学,2006
68.杨瑞兴,刘玉贞,王和祥等.天津城市环境与园林树种规划的研究.园林科技通讯,1996,6(2):9-23
69.杨学军,林源祥,胡文辉等.上海城市园林植物群落的物种丰富度调查.中国园林,2000a,69(3):67-69
70.杨学军,唐东芹,钱虹妹等.上海城市绿化利用树种资源的现状与发展对策.植物资源与环境学报,2000b,9(4):30-33
71.杨学军,许东部,唐东芹.城市森林规划的理论与方法综述.生态经济,2001,7:38-40
72.张浩,王祥荣,包静晖等.上海与伦敦城市绿地的生态功能及管理对策比较研究.城市环境与城市生态,2000,12(2):29-32
73.张庆费,徐绒娣.城市森林建设的意义和途径探讨.大自然探索,1999a,18(2):82-86
74.张庆费.城市绿地系统生物多样性保护的策略探讨.城市环境与城市生态,1999,12(3):36-38
75.张庆费.城市森林——21世纪城市绿化的新选择.上海建设科技,1999b,(3):27-28
76.张秋根,万承永,熊冬平.城市林业生态环境功能评价指标体系的探讨.林业资源管理,2001,6:54-57
77.周廷刚,郭达志.基于GIS的城市绿地景观空间结构研究—以宁波市为例.生态学报,2003,23(5):901-907
78.周卫阳.专家系统在森林遥感图像分类中的应用.林业科学研究,1989,2(5):477-482
79.朱俊,王祥荣等.城市森林评价指标体系研究——以上海为例.中国城市林业,2003,1(1):36-43
80.朱俊.中国城市森林学理论与实证研究.[博士学位论文].上海:复旦大学,2004
81.朱文泉,何兴元,陈玮.城市森林研究进展.生态学杂志,2001,20(5):55-59
82.朱文泉,何兴元,陈玮等.沈阳树木园绿地管理信息系统的构建.见城市森林生态学研究进展.北京:中国林业出版社,2002,309-313
83.祝宁,李敏,柴一新.城市绿地综合生态效应场的研究.中国城市林业,2003,1(2):35-37
84. Brack C L.Pollution mitigation and carbon sequestration by an urban forest.Environmental pollution,2002,116:195-200
85. Chen C D,Bao S X.1994.Urbanization in China and the trend of its development.t.Acta Ecolsin,4(1):84-90(in Chinese)
86. Forman RTT. Godron M. Landscape ecology. New York: John Wiley &Sons, 1986
87. Forman RTT. Land Mosaics : The Ecology of Landscape Regions.London :Cambridge University Press, 1995.
88. Fu Q H,Yang X B,WU Q S.Analysis of the plant for urban afforestation.SciSilvaeSin,1996.32(1):35-43
89. Gobster, 1994 Gobster PH.Urban Savanna:reuniting ecological preference and function.Restoration and Management Notes, 1994, 12(1): 64-71
90. Gregory M E.Structure and sustainability of Sacramento's Urban forest.Journal of Arboriculture, 1998,24(2): 174-189
91.Jorgensen E.Urban forestry in Canada. Toronto:Shade Tree Research Laboratory,Faculty of Forestry,University of Toronto, 1970
92. Miller R W.Urban Forestry.New Jersey:Prentice Hall, 1996
93. Nowak D J.Urban forest structure:The state of Chicago's urban forest.Northeastem Forest Experiment Station,General Technical Report NE-18.DC:USDA,1994,3-18
94. Rowantere RA.Ecology of the Ubran forest Intorduction to Part. Ubran Ecology,1984,2(8):1-11
95. Rowantere RA.Eeolgoy of the Ubran forest Intorduction to Part.Urban Ecology,1984,2(9):229-243
96. Sudha,P.and Ravindranath,N.H.A study of Bangalore urban forest.Landscape and Urban Planning,2000,47:47-63
97. Templiton,S.R. and Goldman,GUrban forestry adds $3.8 billion in sales to California economy.California Agriculture, 1996,50(1):6-10
98. Tyrvainen L,MiettinenA.Property price and Urban forest amenities.Journal of envirnmonent economics and management,2000,39:205-223
99. Tyrvainen L,Silvennoinen H,Kolehmainen O.Ecological and aesthetic values in urban forest management.Urban forest&Urban forestry,2003,l:135-149