深井矿山地震活动与岩爆监测及预测研究
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摘要
深井硬岩矿山中的岩爆预测与控制是矿山安全生产的重大理论与技术课题。在矿山设计阶段的岩爆预测和开采过程中的岩爆监测是有效控制岩爆或减轻其危害的重要措施,但是仍然存在许多重大理论问题需要解决。本文结合国家“十五”重点科技攻关课题“复杂难采深部铜矿床安全高效采开采关键技术研究”,以冬瓜山铜矿深井开采为对象,对岩爆倾向性预测、岩爆监测系统建立、矿山地震活动规律与岩爆预测等进行了理论和技术研究,主要研究内容和结果如下:
(1)开展了矿山设计阶段的岩爆预测研究。在岩石变形破坏的理论与试验研究基础上,提出了剩余能量指数的概念及其计算和测定方法,并证明用剩余能量指数可以更好地反映岩石的岩爆倾向性;进行了岩石变形破坏过程的声发射试验,提出了岩石岩爆倾向性预测的声发射模式;对矿山开采条件下的岩爆倾向性进行了数值计算和现场岩爆调查研究,结合岩石的岩爆倾向性和冬瓜山铜矿岩层赋存条件对该矿矿山岩爆倾向性的空间分布特征进行了综合预测。
(2)开展了冬瓜山铜矿岩爆监测系统研究。结合冬瓜山铜矿开采地质条件和岩爆预测结果、现有矿山安全监测系统的性能和适用条件,论证了冬瓜山铜矿岩爆监测系统并进行了站网优化设计,在冬瓜山铜矿建立了矿山岩爆监测系统,并开展了冬瓜山铜矿地震信号波形形态特征和频谱特征以及首波到时拾取方法研究,提高了地震信号识别的准确性和震源定位精度,为进行矿山地震活动和矿山岩爆研究提供了先进的研究平台。
(3)采用地震事件聚集、地震视应力和地震位移研究了矿山开采环境条件下的地震活动时空强特征及其与开采活动的响应关系,在地震活动与开采规模和采掘性质关系上得到了新的规律性认识。针对冬瓜山铜矿具体开采条件,提出了矿山危险性地震成核概念模型以及分析和预测矿山危险性地震成核的判别准则,为在矿山开采条件下进行地震与岩爆危险区域的圈定从而实现有效控制矿山地震与岩爆提供了更可靠的理论与方法。
(4)基于岩体非稳定破坏理论与矿山刚度理论及冬瓜山铜矿岩体破坏事例分析,建立了矿山岩爆的矿山地震刚度预测方法,提出了利用地震刚度比变化率进行岩爆中期预测的判据。研究了将岩石的声发射模式作为该矿岩爆短期预测的可能性。根据岩石破坏与地震学理论及矿山监测数据分析,研究了部分定量地震学参数的时间序列特征及其岩爆前兆特征。
(5)采用广义关联积分方法,计算了冬瓜山铜矿地震空间分布的分形维数,研究了多重分形特征;计算了同一空间域内不同时间段里的地震事件空间分布的分形维,讨论了用分形维数时间序列来预测地震活动的前兆特性。以地震频率-震级关系为基础,计算了地震能量分形维数,研究了矿山地震大小分形特征及其与开采活动和地震机理的关系。
The prediction and control of rock burst in deep mine are the major theorical and technological task for safety of mining. The prediction of rockburst in the stage of mining design and rockburst monitoring during mining are the important methods of effectively controlling rock burst or reducing its hazard. But in this field, there are many problems that need to be studied. The prediction of proneness of rock burst, establishion of monitoring system of rock burst, the characteristics of mining-induced seismicity and prediction of hazard seismicity and rock bursts in Dongguashan Mine are studied in this paper, combined with the the fifteenth national key scientific subject "study on the key technology of safely and highly effective mining of deep copper deposit with the complex and difficult mining conditions". The major contents and results of this study are as follows:
1. The research of rockburst prediction is carried out at the stage of minig design. The concept of residual energy index and its formula of calcualation and mensurement are put forward on the basis of the theoretical analysis and experiments of of deformation and fealure of rock of Dongguashan Mine. It is demonstrated that the index is more suitable to show proneness of rock burst. Experiments of acoustic emission of typical rock specimens of the mine are carried out. Consequently, the modes of acoustic emission are suggested for the prediction of rockburst proneness. Rockburst proneness of rock under the condition of mining is prodicted by numerical simulation and site rock burst investigation. The charateristics of spatial distribution of the proneness of rockbursts under the conditions of mining in Dongguashan Mine are predicted comprehensively by the results of numerical simulation, site investigation, experiments and spatial distribution of strata in this mine.
2. The research of the monitoring system of rockburst in Gongguashan Mine is carried out. The system is demonstrated in terms of geologic conditions of mining, the results of rockburst prediction, and performance and applicability of mine safe monitoring system. The network of monitoring stations of Gongguashan Mine is optimized. The Gongguashan Mine rock burst monitoring system is established as an advanced monitoring means in Dongguashan Mine and a firm foundation for research of rockburst. Morphological characteristics and spectrum signatures of underground vibration signals of Dongguashan Mine are analyed. Methods of picking up arrival time of seismic signals are studied to improve the accuracy of recognition of seismic signal and precision of location of seismic events.
3. By the analyses of spatial-time distribution of hypocenters, apprent stress, and displacement of seismic events, the charactheristics of space-time-intensity of mining-induced seismicity and the seismic response to mining are studied with the data of seismicity in Dongguashan Mine, in which some relationships between seismicity and size and property of excavation are discovered. A conceptual model and the criterion of estimation of hazard seismic nucleation are proposed for Dongguashan Mine according to the conditions of this Mine, which provide a theory and method for the locattion of areas of hazardous seismicity and rockburst in the mine.
4. A mine seismic stiffness method of rockburst prodiction is proposed on the basis of the unstable failure theories, mine stiffness theories and the analyses of rock failure cases in Donggauashan Mine. The variable rate of ratia of stiffness of rock massive in nucleation area to its surrounding rock's is used as a criterion of rockburst prediction. The probability of suage of rock acoustic emssion in short-term prediction of rockburst is studied. The characteristics of time series of some seismic parameters and their precursors of rockburst are analyzed with theories of rock failure and seismology.
5. Fractal demensions of spatial distribution of hypocenters of seismic events are calculated with general correlative integral, and as a result, characteristics of multifractal are analyzed. Fractal demension of spatial distribution of hypocenters of seismic events in a same spatial area during different time domain is computed. According to the result, the probability of usage of time series of fractal dimension in prediction of seismic hazard is discussed. On the basis of relation between the rate of seismic events and magnitude, fractal dimensions of seismic energy are calculated, and as a result, the relationship between the fractal of seismicity and seismic mechanism and mining activity is studied.
(1)开展了矿山设计阶段的岩爆预测研究。在岩石变形破坏的理论与试验研究基础上,提出了剩余能量指数的概念及其计算和测定方法,并证明用剩余能量指数可以更好地反映岩石的岩爆倾向性;进行了岩石变形破坏过程的声发射试验,提出了岩石岩爆倾向性预测的声发射模式;对矿山开采条件下的岩爆倾向性进行了数值计算和现场岩爆调查研究,结合岩石的岩爆倾向性和冬瓜山铜矿岩层赋存条件对该矿矿山岩爆倾向性的空间分布特征进行了综合预测。
(2)开展了冬瓜山铜矿岩爆监测系统研究。结合冬瓜山铜矿开采地质条件和岩爆预测结果、现有矿山安全监测系统的性能和适用条件,论证了冬瓜山铜矿岩爆监测系统并进行了站网优化设计,在冬瓜山铜矿建立了矿山岩爆监测系统,并开展了冬瓜山铜矿地震信号波形形态特征和频谱特征以及首波到时拾取方法研究,提高了地震信号识别的准确性和震源定位精度,为进行矿山地震活动和矿山岩爆研究提供了先进的研究平台。
(3)采用地震事件聚集、地震视应力和地震位移研究了矿山开采环境条件下的地震活动时空强特征及其与开采活动的响应关系,在地震活动与开采规模和采掘性质关系上得到了新的规律性认识。针对冬瓜山铜矿具体开采条件,提出了矿山危险性地震成核概念模型以及分析和预测矿山危险性地震成核的判别准则,为在矿山开采条件下进行地震与岩爆危险区域的圈定从而实现有效控制矿山地震与岩爆提供了更可靠的理论与方法。
(4)基于岩体非稳定破坏理论与矿山刚度理论及冬瓜山铜矿岩体破坏事例分析,建立了矿山岩爆的矿山地震刚度预测方法,提出了利用地震刚度比变化率进行岩爆中期预测的判据。研究了将岩石的声发射模式作为该矿岩爆短期预测的可能性。根据岩石破坏与地震学理论及矿山监测数据分析,研究了部分定量地震学参数的时间序列特征及其岩爆前兆特征。
(5)采用广义关联积分方法,计算了冬瓜山铜矿地震空间分布的分形维数,研究了多重分形特征;计算了同一空间域内不同时间段里的地震事件空间分布的分形维,讨论了用分形维数时间序列来预测地震活动的前兆特性。以地震频率-震级关系为基础,计算了地震能量分形维数,研究了矿山地震大小分形特征及其与开采活动和地震机理的关系。
The prediction and control of rock burst in deep mine are the major theorical and technological task for safety of mining. The prediction of rockburst in the stage of mining design and rockburst monitoring during mining are the important methods of effectively controlling rock burst or reducing its hazard. But in this field, there are many problems that need to be studied. The prediction of proneness of rock burst, establishion of monitoring system of rock burst, the characteristics of mining-induced seismicity and prediction of hazard seismicity and rock bursts in Dongguashan Mine are studied in this paper, combined with the the fifteenth national key scientific subject "study on the key technology of safely and highly effective mining of deep copper deposit with the complex and difficult mining conditions". The major contents and results of this study are as follows:
1. The research of rockburst prediction is carried out at the stage of minig design. The concept of residual energy index and its formula of calcualation and mensurement are put forward on the basis of the theoretical analysis and experiments of of deformation and fealure of rock of Dongguashan Mine. It is demonstrated that the index is more suitable to show proneness of rock burst. Experiments of acoustic emission of typical rock specimens of the mine are carried out. Consequently, the modes of acoustic emission are suggested for the prediction of rockburst proneness. Rockburst proneness of rock under the condition of mining is prodicted by numerical simulation and site rock burst investigation. The charateristics of spatial distribution of the proneness of rockbursts under the conditions of mining in Dongguashan Mine are predicted comprehensively by the results of numerical simulation, site investigation, experiments and spatial distribution of strata in this mine.
2. The research of the monitoring system of rockburst in Gongguashan Mine is carried out. The system is demonstrated in terms of geologic conditions of mining, the results of rockburst prediction, and performance and applicability of mine safe monitoring system. The network of monitoring stations of Gongguashan Mine is optimized. The Gongguashan Mine rock burst monitoring system is established as an advanced monitoring means in Dongguashan Mine and a firm foundation for research of rockburst. Morphological characteristics and spectrum signatures of underground vibration signals of Dongguashan Mine are analyed. Methods of picking up arrival time of seismic signals are studied to improve the accuracy of recognition of seismic signal and precision of location of seismic events.
3. By the analyses of spatial-time distribution of hypocenters, apprent stress, and displacement of seismic events, the charactheristics of space-time-intensity of mining-induced seismicity and the seismic response to mining are studied with the data of seismicity in Dongguashan Mine, in which some relationships between seismicity and size and property of excavation are discovered. A conceptual model and the criterion of estimation of hazard seismic nucleation are proposed for Dongguashan Mine according to the conditions of this Mine, which provide a theory and method for the locattion of areas of hazardous seismicity and rockburst in the mine.
4. A mine seismic stiffness method of rockburst prodiction is proposed on the basis of the unstable failure theories, mine stiffness theories and the analyses of rock failure cases in Donggauashan Mine. The variable rate of ratia of stiffness of rock massive in nucleation area to its surrounding rock's is used as a criterion of rockburst prediction. The probability of suage of rock acoustic emssion in short-term prediction of rockburst is studied. The characteristics of time series of some seismic parameters and their precursors of rockburst are analyzed with theories of rock failure and seismology.
5. Fractal demensions of spatial distribution of hypocenters of seismic events are calculated with general correlative integral, and as a result, characteristics of multifractal are analyzed. Fractal demension of spatial distribution of hypocenters of seismic events in a same spatial area during different time domain is computed. According to the result, the probability of usage of time series of fractal dimension in prediction of seismic hazard is discussed. On the basis of relation between the rate of seismic events and magnitude, fractal dimensions of seismic energy are calculated, and as a result, the relationship between the fractal of seismicity and seismic mechanism and mining activity is studied.
引文
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