对欧共体竞争法实施机制的研究
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摘要
从《欧共体条约》形成的基础开始,欧共体竞争法实施已有50余年,作为当今世界上相对成熟而又影响深远的竞争规则体系,其实施机制为世界其他国家和地区竞争法的建立和完善提供了宝贵的经验和启示。《中华人民共和国反垄断法》的颁布填补了我国竞争领域缺乏一部综合性法律规范的空白。但该部法律并未对其实施机制进行详细而明确的规定,反垄断法实施主体、职权及实施程序无法可循。本文试通过介绍欧共体竞争法实施机制的概况,分析其优越性,并揭示一套有效的竞争法实施机制所需要具备的要素。通过对我国反垄断法的执行现状进行梳理,在借鉴欧共体竞争法实施机制的经验的基础上,结合我国的国情,对我国反垄断法实施机制的完善提出若干建议。
The implementation mechanism is the assurance of the anti-monopoly law to play its regulatory role in the society. At present, the countries which have a relatively mature mechanism of the anti-monopoly law have generally established a sound implementation mechanism. It plays an important role for the maintenance of an effective and competitive market order. The EC Competition Law has the similar implementation environment as the anti-monopoly law in China. And compared to the judicial model represented by the United States, it is more suitable for China to learn from EC Competition Law enforcement mechanism. China's anti-monopoly law has just been implemented. Because the law has just provided general principles regarding to the construction of the anti-monopoly authority, the power of the agencies and the implementation procedures, it lacks of clear and specific provisions so that the implementation of the anti-monopoly law has stumbled. Therefore, it has both theoretical and practical values to explore how to improve the implementation mechanism of our anti-monopoly law. This paper has four chapters on the implementation mechanism of our anti-monopoly law.
The first chapter briefly introduces the production, development and related legal sources of the EC Competition Law.
Based on Article 81 and Article 82 of the EC Treaty, the EC Competition Law has been implemented for over fifty years. It is a relatively mature and far-reaching mechanism of competition rules all over the world. In this chapter, firstly, the production and development of the EC Competition Law are summarized. Secondly, the legal resources of the EC Competition Law are generalized. Among these resources, the EC Treaty is the main form, in addition to the regulations, directives, decisions and notices of Council of Ministers and the Commission and the judgments of the EC Court.
The second Chapter is a deep analysis of the implementation mechanism of the EC Competition Law. In the level of enforcement agencies, the EC Commission, EC Court, the European Council and the authorities and courts of member states are the implementation agencies of the EC Competition Law. But they have different power. Among them, the EC Commission and the EC Court are the main agencies. Hence the focus of this chapter analyzes the settings, power and procedures. They form an effective implementation mechanism to ensure EC Competition Law to be fairly and efficiently implemented.
In the level of the power and procedures, according to the 1 / 2003 regulation, EC Commission have power of making decisions, investigation, fines and other powers on competition cases. EC Court has power to review the decisions of EC Commission, which is the legal remedy of business and personal and the supervision of the Commission's decisions. In addition to public enforcement, in recent years, private enforcement in the European Union has gradually gained in importance. The implementation mechanism of EC Competition Law is changing from the mechanism of the administrative mechanism in the dominant position to that of the coexistence of public enforcement and private enforcement.
The third chapter examines the status of the implementation mechanism of the anti-monopoly law in China and existing problems. Firstly, the author makes an overview of China's anti- monopoly legislation and enforcement of the current situation and a brief assessment. China’s anti-monopoly law provided the Anti-monopoly Committee and the anti-monopoly law enforcement agencies only in Article 9 and Article 10, and it doesn’t define explicitly how to set up two bodies and how to exercise anti-monopoly power. In practice, the Ministry of Commerce, the State General Administration of Business Administration and the National Development and Reform Commission all have enforcement power of anti-trust law in different areas. China's current anti-monopoly implementation mechanism is a decentralized mechanism and a number of agencies are responsible for the implementation of anti-monopoly norms. This law enforcement model has the following shortcomings: Firstly, this model lacks of independence and authority of the executing agency. This situation may easily lead to power cross or the power vacuum. Secondly, the relevant law enforcement officers lack professionalism. At present, China's anti-monopoly law enforcement agencies and the courts lack of a group of professionals who deal with anti-monopoly law. Thirdly, multi-agency enforcement model will reduce efficiency. If we do not clear the final authority adscription, the implementation of this law will face enormous resistance.
The fourth chapter discusses the implications of the implementation mechanism of EC Competition Law to Chinese anti-monopoly law and how to improve the anti-monopoly law implementation mechanisms.
First, this chapter summarizes the superiority of the implementation mechanism of the EC Competition Law. EC Commission has been able to effectively enforce the competition law for more than 50 years. One important reason of this is that it has sufficient independence and strong law enforcement methods. Meanwhile, the EC Competition Law also gives the Court considerable power. This setup effectively prevents the EC Commission in the course of law enforcement from abuse of power and promotes the EC Competition Law to be fairly implemented. Second, we analyze the similarity of the EC Competition Law and China's anti-trust enforcement environment. EC is formed by a number of member states and the domestic industry protectionism of the member states is similar to local protectionism in China. In both Europe and China there are lots of serious problems of administrative monopoly. Compared to the courts, administrative agencies often have more extensive political power and the power of management of economic affairs in both Europe and China. Finally, the author makes several suggestions for perfecting China anti-monopoly law implementation mechanisms. First of all, it is important to establish an independent and authoritative law enforcement agency, followed by clearing its law enforcement authority and enforcement procedures. And the light of European experience can improve some specific aspects of the implementation of China's anti-monopoly law.
The implementation mechanism is the assurance of the anti-monopoly law to play its regulatory role in the society. At present, the countries which have a relatively mature mechanism of the anti-monopoly law have generally established a sound implementation mechanism. It plays an important role for the maintenance of an effective and competitive market order. The EC Competition Law has the similar implementation environment as the anti-monopoly law in China. And compared to the judicial model represented by the United States, it is more suitable for China to learn from EC Competition Law enforcement mechanism. China's anti-monopoly law has just been implemented. Because the law has just provided general principles regarding to the construction of the anti-monopoly authority, the power of the agencies and the implementation procedures, it lacks of clear and specific provisions so that the implementation of the anti-monopoly law has stumbled. Therefore, it has both theoretical and practical values to explore how to improve the implementation mechanism of our anti-monopoly law. This paper has four chapters on the implementation mechanism of our anti-monopoly law.
The first chapter briefly introduces the production, development and related legal sources of the EC Competition Law.
Based on Article 81 and Article 82 of the EC Treaty, the EC Competition Law has been implemented for over fifty years. It is a relatively mature and far-reaching mechanism of competition rules all over the world. In this chapter, firstly, the production and development of the EC Competition Law are summarized. Secondly, the legal resources of the EC Competition Law are generalized. Among these resources, the EC Treaty is the main form, in addition to the regulations, directives, decisions and notices of Council of Ministers and the Commission and the judgments of the EC Court.
The second Chapter is a deep analysis of the implementation mechanism of the EC Competition Law. In the level of enforcement agencies, the EC Commission, EC Court, the European Council and the authorities and courts of member states are the implementation agencies of the EC Competition Law. But they have different power. Among them, the EC Commission and the EC Court are the main agencies. Hence the focus of this chapter analyzes the settings, power and procedures. They form an effective implementation mechanism to ensure EC Competition Law to be fairly and efficiently implemented.
In the level of the power and procedures, according to the 1 / 2003 regulation, EC Commission have power of making decisions, investigation, fines and other powers on competition cases. EC Court has power to review the decisions of EC Commission, which is the legal remedy of business and personal and the supervision of the Commission's decisions. In addition to public enforcement, in recent years, private enforcement in the European Union has gradually gained in importance. The implementation mechanism of EC Competition Law is changing from the mechanism of the administrative mechanism in the dominant position to that of the coexistence of public enforcement and private enforcement.
The third chapter examines the status of the implementation mechanism of the anti-monopoly law in China and existing problems. Firstly, the author makes an overview of China's anti- monopoly legislation and enforcement of the current situation and a brief assessment. China’s anti-monopoly law provided the Anti-monopoly Committee and the anti-monopoly law enforcement agencies only in Article 9 and Article 10, and it doesn’t define explicitly how to set up two bodies and how to exercise anti-monopoly power. In practice, the Ministry of Commerce, the State General Administration of Business Administration and the National Development and Reform Commission all have enforcement power of anti-trust law in different areas. China's current anti-monopoly implementation mechanism is a decentralized mechanism and a number of agencies are responsible for the implementation of anti-monopoly norms. This law enforcement model has the following shortcomings: Firstly, this model lacks of independence and authority of the executing agency. This situation may easily lead to power cross or the power vacuum. Secondly, the relevant law enforcement officers lack professionalism. At present, China's anti-monopoly law enforcement agencies and the courts lack of a group of professionals who deal with anti-monopoly law. Thirdly, multi-agency enforcement model will reduce efficiency. If we do not clear the final authority adscription, the implementation of this law will face enormous resistance.
The fourth chapter discusses the implications of the implementation mechanism of EC Competition Law to Chinese anti-monopoly law and how to improve the anti-monopoly law implementation mechanisms.
First, this chapter summarizes the superiority of the implementation mechanism of the EC Competition Law. EC Commission has been able to effectively enforce the competition law for more than 50 years. One important reason of this is that it has sufficient independence and strong law enforcement methods. Meanwhile, the EC Competition Law also gives the Court considerable power. This setup effectively prevents the EC Commission in the course of law enforcement from abuse of power and promotes the EC Competition Law to be fairly implemented. Second, we analyze the similarity of the EC Competition Law and China's anti-trust enforcement environment. EC is formed by a number of member states and the domestic industry protectionism of the member states is similar to local protectionism in China. In both Europe and China there are lots of serious problems of administrative monopoly. Compared to the courts, administrative agencies often have more extensive political power and the power of management of economic affairs in both Europe and China. Finally, the author makes several suggestions for perfecting China anti-monopoly law implementation mechanisms. First of all, it is important to establish an independent and authoritative law enforcement agency, followed by clearing its law enforcement authority and enforcement procedures. And the light of European experience can improve some specific aspects of the implementation of China's anti-monopoly law.
引文
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42.徐英:《浅析我国反垄断法实施机制及其完善》,《中国工商管理研究》2008年6月,第56页。
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1.许光耀:《欧共体竞争法的实施机制及对我国的启示》,《湘潭大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2006年第1期。
2. [香港]马克·威廉姆斯:《欧盟竞争法对中国竞争立法的启示》,林立新等译,《法学评论》1999年第6期。
3.黄青燕:《我国反垄断执法机构设置问题及对策分析》,《宿州教育学院学报》2009年4月。
4.徐英:《浅析我国反垄断法实施机制及其完善》,《中国工商管理研究》2008年6月。
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1. Europa, http://europa.eu.
2. Europa-Treaty of Lisbon, http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/full_text/index_en.htm.
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4.《中华人民共和国商务部反垄断局重要职能》,“中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会价格监督检查司”,http://jjs.ndrc.gov.cn/jgsz/default.html.
5.《中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理总局反垄断与反不正当竞争执法局的职责权限》,“中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理总局”,http://www.saic.gov.cn/zzjg/jgsz/200905/t20090523_48854.html.
4.新条约第101条、第102条。
5.新条约第101-109条。
6.新条约第101条。
9.许光耀:《欧共体竞争法通论》,武汉大学出版社2006版第1版,第496-497页。
10.欧盟文献号为:OJ Sp.Ed.1962,No.204/62,p.81.
11.欧盟文献号为:OJ L 1,4.1.2003.
15.刘宁元主编:《中外反垄断法实施体制研究》,北京大学出版社2005年第1版,第221页。
16.商务部条法司编,尚明主编:《反垄断法理论与中外案例评析》,北京大学出版社2008年第1版,第444页。
17.王晓晔:《我国反垄断执法机构的几个问题》,载于王晓晔主编:《反垄断立法热点问题》,社会科学文献出版社2007年第1版,第251页。
18.商务部条法司编,尚明主编:《<中华人民共和国反垄断法>理解与适用》,法律出版社2007年第1版,第37页。
19.尚明主编:《反垄断——主要国家与国际组织反垄断法律与实践》,中国商务出版社2005年第1版,第147页。
20.许光耀:《欧共体竞争法通论》,武汉大学出版社2006年第1版,第443页。
21.尚明主编:《反垄断——主要国家与国际组织反垄断法律与实践》,中国商务出版社2005年第1版,第141页。
22.新条约第261条。
23.王晓晔:《欧共体竞争法》,中国法制出版社2001年第1版,第381页。
24.新条约第263条。
25.蔡红:《欧共体竞争法执行主体的权力配置研究》,载于《中国欧洲学会欧洲法律研究会》2008年年会论文集,第155页。
26.刘宁元主编:《中外反垄断法实施体制研究》,北京大学出版社2005年第1版,第1页。
27.刘宁元主编:《中外反垄断法实施体制研究》,北京大学出版社2005年第1版,第7页。
33.黄青燕:《我国反垄断执法机构设置问题及对策分析》,《宿州教育学院学报》2009年4月,第20页。
35.盛杰民:《中国反垄断法执行机制探析》,载于王晓晔主编:《反垄断立法热点问题》,社会科学文献出版社2007年第1版,第225-226页。
36.王晓晔:《我国反垄断执法机构的几个问题》,载于王晓晔主编:《反垄断立法热点问题》,社会科学文献出版社2007年第1版,第248页。
37. [香港]马克·威廉姆斯:《欧盟竞争法对中国竞争立法的启示》,林立新等译,《法学评论》1999年第6期,第6页。
38. [美]理查德·A·波斯纳:《反托拉斯法》(第二版),孙秋宁译,中国政法大学出版社2003年第1版,第313页。
39.商务部条法司编,尚明主编:《反垄断法理论与中外案例评析》,北京大学出版社2008年第1版,第457页。
40.许光耀:《欧共体竞争法的实施机制及对我国的启示》,《湘潭大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2006年1月,第57页。
41.许光耀:《欧共体竞争法的实施机制及对我国的启示》,《湘潭大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2006年1月,第58页。
42.徐英:《浅析我国反垄断法实施机制及其完善》,《中国工商管理研究》2008年6月,第56页。
1.游劝荣主编:《反垄断法比较研究》,人民法院出版社2006年第1版。
2.王晓晔主编:《反垄断立法热点问题》,社会科学文献出版社2007年第1版。
3.王晓晔:《欧共体竞争法》,中国法制出版社2001年第1版。
4.许光耀主编:《欧共体竞争立法》,武汉大学出版社2006年第1版。
5.许光耀:《欧共体竞争法通论》,武汉大学出版社2006年第1版。
6.许光耀主编:《欧共体竞争法研究》,法律出版社2002年第1版。
7.胡光志主编:《欧盟竞争法前沿研究》,法律出版社2005年第1版。
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2. Europa-Treaty of Lisbon, http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/full_text/index_en.htm.
3.《中华人民共和国商务部反垄断局重要职能》,“中华人民共和国商务部”, http://fldj.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/gywm/200809/20080905756026.html.
4.《中华人民共和国商务部反垄断局重要职能》,“中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会价格监督检查司”,http://jjs.ndrc.gov.cn/jgsz/default.html.
5.《中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理总局反垄断与反不正当竞争执法局的职责权限》,“中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理总局”,http://www.saic.gov.cn/zzjg/jgsz/200905/t20090523_48854.html.