日本低碳经济发展分析
|
摘要
本文以日本低碳经济为研究对象,对其战略构想、发展状况、创新机制以及“分业种减排方法”等问题进行了较为全面、系统的分析。首先,对低碳经济的相关概念和国内部分学者的观点进行总结,并简要介绍发达国家低碳经济的发展状况。其次,从“低碳经济”的提出背景和日本政府的具体行动两方面对日本低碳经济的战略构想进行系统的阐述。第三,重点探讨了日本发展低碳经济的创新机制和国际减排方案,并对“分业种减排方法”的推广阻力进行分析。第四,对制约日本低碳经济发展的主要因素进行了深入阐述。最后,针对我国经济发展的现状和发展低碳经济过程中面临的问题,借鉴日本经验,结合我国现阶段具体国情,对我国发展低碳经济提出了具体的建议。
Global warming and frequent natural disasters cause the reflections of unrestricted use of fossil fuels, unrestricted emissions of greenhouse gases in "high-carbon economy" development pattern.After the British Government primarily proposing the concept of"low-carbon economy" in 2003, the world's major developed countries have to develop a low carbon economy, promote low-carbon way of life as an important strategic action. They have taken various measures to vigorously promote the transformation to a low carbon economy, for their own economic development to find new growth.As a responsible developing country,China has been taken fighting climate change as an important task. In the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" ,it explicitly requested that the conservation of resources was a basic national policy.It was time to establish resource-saving and environment-friendly society. The Chinese government publicly committed to quantified emissions reduction targets to the world on the Meeting in Copenhagen, unit of gross domestic product of greenhouse gas emissions below 2005 levels by 40% -45%.2010, in "two sessions", the low-carbon economy is a hot topic. However, the development of low carbon economy in China is facing lots of difficulties and constraints,such as the energy endowment, level of development, technology research etc.
Japan is one of the most successful countries in the development of low-carbon economy. The concept of the development of energy saving has been 40 years. With the development of low carbon energy technologies and policies constantly changing, Japan has made great success in some areas.As the saying goes "Stones from other hills may serve to polish jade", there must be plenty of advanced experience that is worthy for us to study. Based on the above considerations, this paper select the development of Japan’s low-carbon economy as the research object, through more systematic and comprehensive analysis, I hope that I can get some useful inspiration.
Besides the Introduction,this paper consists of six chapters outlined as follows:
ChapterI:GeneralInformation of low-carbon economy. First discussed related concepts of low-carbon economy.As a new economic form and mode of development, Currently there is no agreed definition.This paper proposd its own definition based on some comprehensive and representative national concepts.Then the paper dicussed the conceptsof low-carbon technology, low-carbon energy and carbon footprint, for later discussion and analysisin the following. Finally described the development of the world's low-carbon economy,mainly introduced measures and results of the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Italy and other developed countries to develop low-carbon economy.
ChapterII:Japan's strategic concept of a low carbon economy. This chapter analyzed the background of a low carbon economy in Japan and the action plan for achieving a low-carbon society.Low-carbon economy is the only way for Japan to ease the pressure of energy shortage, finda new economic growth pointandcomplete the international commitments. In-depth study,the Japanese government proposed to to build a low carbon society, formulated some related action plans.
Chapter III: Innovative mechanisms for Japan’s development of low-carbon economy, including technology innovation,system innovation, cooperation innovation and lifestyle innovation mechanisms.Japanese government have established a government-led, technology innovations combined with the economic concept of the premise, to energy-saving environmental protection as the base axis, market-oriented enterprises as the mainstay, "academia, industry," the combination of integration, to achieve technology development,technology use and technology innovation mechanism universal trinity. Innovation mechanism embodied in the continuous improvement of its legal system, and establishing a complete legal system, the implementation of characteristic policy instruments and the establishment of an effective organization. Cooperation embodied in the launch of innovative cooperation in environmental protection initiatives, active bilateral and multilateral exchanges and cooperation and to increase funding for environmental protection efforts on international aid. Lifestyle innovation, the Japanese government through extensive publicity and education, launched a series of environmental activities, so that everywhere in daily life,. People have the idea of low-carbon. The developmentof low carbon economy in Japan has made some achievements, must rely on the series of innovative mechanisms.
Chapter IV: Japan and the new order of international emissions: Sectoral approach. This chapter analyzed the background of proposing“Sectoral approach”and the resistance in promoting it thoroughly. "Sub-industry kind of reduction method" (Sectoral approach), is a new emission reduction system according to Japan's own industrial structure and technology.Japan would like to achieve its emission reduction commitments under the framework;on the other hand, to expand its worldwide political, economic and technological influence. However, because of the uncertainty of the energy efficiency index and the unbalanced economic development of countries in the world,there are still a series of obstacles to promote the framework worldwide.
Chapter V analyzed major factors that restricted the development of Japan's low-carbon economy. With low-carbon energy technology development and the continuous adjustment of policies, Japan has made some successa in solar energy, steel, automobiles, road traffic system, construction and other fields.But as time goes on, some of the problems and difficulties in the development have gradually exposed.Such as, slow domestic economic growth, huge"low-carbon economy" investment demand, capital is difficult to return in short-term; different subjects of R&D may weaken the Government's dominant position;the Government’s emission reduction targets conflict with some of the industry.
Chapter VI analyzed implications of Japan's low-carbon economy for China. First analyzed the need for China to develop low carbon economy: the development of "low-carbon economy" can not only ease the international political pressure but also can grab a "low carbon" high-tech front, ahead of the times; "low-carbon energy" in China has great room for development. However, there are still many questions to be settled urgently, such as there is a huge contradiction with economic growth, social progress and "low carbon"; coal as main fuel, the energy structure of”high-carbon”is hard to change in short times; national emission reduction innsensitiveness , etc.. Learning from the successful experience of Japan, this paper proposeed the response of China to develop low-carbon economy,such as, actively guided by policies to encourage enterprises to invest in low carbon technology innovation and industry; advocating the whole society "green consumption" through extensive publicity, education;developpingtechnology-intensiveindustriesandthetertiaryindustry,increaseing energy efficiency,reducing energy consumption and developping clean energy and alternative energy, conversion of the energy mix.
Global warming and frequent natural disasters cause the reflections of unrestricted use of fossil fuels, unrestricted emissions of greenhouse gases in "high-carbon economy" development pattern.After the British Government primarily proposing the concept of"low-carbon economy" in 2003, the world's major developed countries have to develop a low carbon economy, promote low-carbon way of life as an important strategic action. They have taken various measures to vigorously promote the transformation to a low carbon economy, for their own economic development to find new growth.As a responsible developing country,China has been taken fighting climate change as an important task. In the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" ,it explicitly requested that the conservation of resources was a basic national policy.It was time to establish resource-saving and environment-friendly society. The Chinese government publicly committed to quantified emissions reduction targets to the world on the Meeting in Copenhagen, unit of gross domestic product of greenhouse gas emissions below 2005 levels by 40% -45%.2010, in "two sessions", the low-carbon economy is a hot topic. However, the development of low carbon economy in China is facing lots of difficulties and constraints,such as the energy endowment, level of development, technology research etc.
Japan is one of the most successful countries in the development of low-carbon economy. The concept of the development of energy saving has been 40 years. With the development of low carbon energy technologies and policies constantly changing, Japan has made great success in some areas.As the saying goes "Stones from other hills may serve to polish jade", there must be plenty of advanced experience that is worthy for us to study. Based on the above considerations, this paper select the development of Japan’s low-carbon economy as the research object, through more systematic and comprehensive analysis, I hope that I can get some useful inspiration.
Besides the Introduction,this paper consists of six chapters outlined as follows:
ChapterI:GeneralInformation of low-carbon economy. First discussed related concepts of low-carbon economy.As a new economic form and mode of development, Currently there is no agreed definition.This paper proposd its own definition based on some comprehensive and representative national concepts.Then the paper dicussed the conceptsof low-carbon technology, low-carbon energy and carbon footprint, for later discussion and analysisin the following. Finally described the development of the world's low-carbon economy,mainly introduced measures and results of the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Italy and other developed countries to develop low-carbon economy.
ChapterII:Japan's strategic concept of a low carbon economy. This chapter analyzed the background of a low carbon economy in Japan and the action plan for achieving a low-carbon society.Low-carbon economy is the only way for Japan to ease the pressure of energy shortage, finda new economic growth pointandcomplete the international commitments. In-depth study,the Japanese government proposed to to build a low carbon society, formulated some related action plans.
Chapter III: Innovative mechanisms for Japan’s development of low-carbon economy, including technology innovation,system innovation, cooperation innovation and lifestyle innovation mechanisms.Japanese government have established a government-led, technology innovations combined with the economic concept of the premise, to energy-saving environmental protection as the base axis, market-oriented enterprises as the mainstay, "academia, industry," the combination of integration, to achieve technology development,technology use and technology innovation mechanism universal trinity. Innovation mechanism embodied in the continuous improvement of its legal system, and establishing a complete legal system, the implementation of characteristic policy instruments and the establishment of an effective organization. Cooperation embodied in the launch of innovative cooperation in environmental protection initiatives, active bilateral and multilateral exchanges and cooperation and to increase funding for environmental protection efforts on international aid. Lifestyle innovation, the Japanese government through extensive publicity and education, launched a series of environmental activities, so that everywhere in daily life,. People have the idea of low-carbon. The developmentof low carbon economy in Japan has made some achievements, must rely on the series of innovative mechanisms.
Chapter IV: Japan and the new order of international emissions: Sectoral approach. This chapter analyzed the background of proposing“Sectoral approach”and the resistance in promoting it thoroughly. "Sub-industry kind of reduction method" (Sectoral approach), is a new emission reduction system according to Japan's own industrial structure and technology.Japan would like to achieve its emission reduction commitments under the framework;on the other hand, to expand its worldwide political, economic and technological influence. However, because of the uncertainty of the energy efficiency index and the unbalanced economic development of countries in the world,there are still a series of obstacles to promote the framework worldwide.
Chapter V analyzed major factors that restricted the development of Japan's low-carbon economy. With low-carbon energy technology development and the continuous adjustment of policies, Japan has made some successa in solar energy, steel, automobiles, road traffic system, construction and other fields.But as time goes on, some of the problems and difficulties in the development have gradually exposed.Such as, slow domestic economic growth, huge"low-carbon economy" investment demand, capital is difficult to return in short-term; different subjects of R&D may weaken the Government's dominant position;the Government’s emission reduction targets conflict with some of the industry.
Chapter VI analyzed implications of Japan's low-carbon economy for China. First analyzed the need for China to develop low carbon economy: the development of "low-carbon economy" can not only ease the international political pressure but also can grab a "low carbon" high-tech front, ahead of the times; "low-carbon energy" in China has great room for development. However, there are still many questions to be settled urgently, such as there is a huge contradiction with economic growth, social progress and "low carbon"; coal as main fuel, the energy structure of”high-carbon”is hard to change in short times; national emission reduction innsensitiveness , etc.. Learning from the successful experience of Japan, this paper proposeed the response of China to develop low-carbon economy,such as, actively guided by policies to encourage enterprises to invest in low carbon technology innovation and industry; advocating the whole society "green consumption" through extensive publicity, education;developpingtechnology-intensiveindustriesandthetertiaryindustry,increaseing energy efficiency,reducing energy consumption and developping clean energy and alternative energy, conversion of the energy mix.
引文
[1]庄贵阳.中国发展低碳经济的困难与障碍分析[J].江西社会科学,2009(7):21.
[2]张坤民.发展低碳经济要有紧迫感[J].求是,2009(23):50.
[3]鲍健强,苗阳,陈锋.低碳经济:人类经济发展方式的新变革[J].中国工业经济,2008(4):153.
[4]付允,马永欢,刘怡君,牛文元.低碳经济的发展模式研究[J].中国人口,2008,18(3):16.
[5]谢进.发展低碳电力是减少碳排放、电力工业可持续发展的要求[N].人民日报,2008-7-7(15).
[6]吴晓青.关于中国发展低碳经济的若干建议[J].特别关注,2008(3):22.
[7]德国发展低碳经济的政策措施: http://www.shandongbusiness.gov.cn/index/content/sid/82148.html。.
[8]日本完成京都议定书减排指标遇到困难[J].节能与环保,2007(4):7.
[9]蔡林海.低碳经济大格局:绿色革命与全球创新竞争[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2009(8):139.
[10]日本:为节能实行“领跑者”制度. http://opinion.stockstar.com/personage/farticle.aspx?id=JL,20091112,00002478.
[11]陈志恒.日本构建低碳社会行动及其主要进展[J].现代日本经济,2009(6): 5.
[12]B.W.Ang.Monitoring changes in economy-wide energy efficiency: From Energy-GDP ratio to compositeefficiency index[J].Energy Policy,2006, (34):574-582.
[13]B.W.Ang.A statistical analysis of energy coefficients [J]. Energy Economics,1991,13(2):93-110.
[14]周鹏,B.W.Ang,周德群.基于指数分解分析的宏观能源效率评价[J].能源技术与管理,2007(5):5-8.
[15]日本钢铁联盟会长要求日本政府再次商讨减排目标.共同网,2009年12月21日.
[16]鸠山减排高目标“雷”倒了日本的经济界.新华网,2009年9月9日.
[17]低碳经济本质是经济和政治话语权争夺.http://www.gushi360.com/ finance/hgfx/2010-01-16/572102.shtml.
[1]张坤民,潘家华,崔大鹏.低碳经济论[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2008.
[2]蔡林海.低碳经济大格局:绿色革命与全球创新竞争[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2009.
[1]郭印,王敏洁.国际低碳经济发展现状及趋势[J].生态经济,2009(11):58-61.
[2]陈志恒.日本构建低碳社会行动及其主要进展[J].现代日本经济,2009(6):1-5.
[3]王仕军.低碳经济研究综述[J].开放导报,2009(5):44-47.
[4]陈海嵩.日本新能源开发政策及立法探析[J].淮海工学院学报(社科版), 2009(4):36-39.
[5]宋德勇,卢忠宝.我国发展低碳经济的政策工具创新[J].华中科技大学学报(社科版),2009(3):85-91.
[6]张坤民.发展低碳经济要有紧迫感[J].求是,2009(23):50-52.
[7]金雪梅.日本国民节能意识及借鉴[J].科技和产业,2009,9(1):99-102.
[8]杜飞轮.对我国发展低碳经济的思考[J].中国经贸导刊,2009(10):30-31.
[9]金乐琴,刘瑞.低碳经济与中国经济发展模式转型[J].经济问题探索,2009(1):84-87.
[10]庄贵阳.中国发展低碳经济的困难与障碍分析[J].江西社会科学,2009(7):20-26.
[11]肖歆.探寻中国低碳经济的发展路径[J].经济师,2009(9):56-57.
[12]朱四海.低碳经济发展模式与中国的选择[J].发展研究,2009(5):10-14.
[13]田庆立.日本建设低碳社会的举措及对中国的启示[J].消费导刊,2009(12):23.
[14]郭万达,郑宇劼.低碳经济:未来四十年我国面临的机遇与挑战[J].开放导报,2009(4):5-9.
[15]庄贵阳.中国低碳经济发展的途径和潜力分析[J].国际技术经济研究,2005,8(3):8-12.
[16]黄海.发达国家发展低碳经济的政策导向及启示[J].环境经济,2009(11):176-179.
[17]任力.国外发展低碳经济的政策及启示[J].发展研究,2009(2):23-27.
[18]任奔,凌芳.国际低碳经济发展经济与启示[J].上海节能,2009(4):10-14.
[19]吕耀东.日本主办八国峰会的战略意图[J].瞭望,2008 (27):55.
[20]井志忠,陈立欣.日本的节能措施、成效与启示[J].日本学论坛,2008(4):15-22.
[21]杨杰,杨书臣.近年来日本节能新进展及其启示[J].现代日本经济,2008(2):26-30.
[22]国家发展改革委资源节约与环境保护司.值得关注的日本节能减排技术创新目标和技术路线[J].中国经贸导刊,2008(14):30-32.
[23]杨书臣.日本节能减排的特点举措及存在的问题[J].日本学刊,2008(1):15-25.
[24]付允,马永欢,刘怡君,牛文元.低碳经济的发展模式研究[J].中国人口,2008,18(3):14-19.
[25]鲍健强,苗阳,陈锋.低碳经济:人类经济发展方式的新变革[J].中国工业经济,2008(4):153-160.
[26]姚良军,孙成永.意大利的低碳经济发展政策[J].中国科技产业,2007(11):58-60.
[27]刘孟修.中日双边环境合作之初探[J].亚太研究通讯,2008(3):107-112.
[28]潘家华,陈迎,庄贵阳,吴向阳.英国低碳发展的激励措施及其借鉴[J].中国经贸导刊,2006(18):51-52.
[29]李俊峰,马玲娟.低碳经济是规制世界发展格局的新规则[J].世界环境,2008(2):17-20.
[30]唐丁丁.日本发展低碳经济的启示[J].世界环境,2009(5):62-64.
[31]陈柳钦.低碳经济:国外发展的动向及中国的选择[J].甘肃行政学院学报,2009(6):83-89.
[32]周鹏,B.W.Ang,周德群.基于指数分解分析的宏观能源效率评价[J].能源技术与管理,2007(5):5-8.
[33]王玲(摘译).日本减排二氧化碳的举措[J].全球科技经济瞭望,2002(4):53.
[1] Yasuo Fukuda. In pursuit of“Japan as a Low– carbonSociety”[EB/OL]. http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/hukudaspeech/2008/06/09speech_e. html,2008-06-09.
[2]Action Plan for Achieving a Low-carbon Society. http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/policy/ondanka/final080729.pdf:
[3]Energy Saving Labeling Program (Japan) (ECCJ). http://www.powerint.com/green-room/regulations-agency/energy-saving-labeling-program-japan-eccj
[4]GREEN PROCUREMENT, ENERGY/ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS Japan. http://www.greenlabelspurchase.net/bc-energy-labels-japan.html
[5]ACCLERATED DEPRECIATION: ESTABLISHING A HISTORICAL AND CONTEXTUAL PERSPECTIVE.http://apebhconference.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/nattawoot1.pdf
[6]Japan to launch carbon footprint labelling scheme. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/aug/20/carbonfootprints.carbonemissions
[7]德国发展低碳经济的政策措施. http://www.shandongbusiness.gov.cn/index/content/sid/82148.html
[8]低碳经济本质是经济和政治话语权争夺.http://www.gushi360.com/ finance/hgfx/2010-01-16/572102.shtml.
[9]The case for the‘sectoral approach’. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080607f1.html
[1] http://www.meti.go.jp/
[2] http://www.ditan360.com/
[3] http://www.stats.gov.cn/
[4] http://www.worldbank.org.cn/
[2]张坤民.发展低碳经济要有紧迫感[J].求是,2009(23):50.
[3]鲍健强,苗阳,陈锋.低碳经济:人类经济发展方式的新变革[J].中国工业经济,2008(4):153.
[4]付允,马永欢,刘怡君,牛文元.低碳经济的发展模式研究[J].中国人口,2008,18(3):16.
[5]谢进.发展低碳电力是减少碳排放、电力工业可持续发展的要求[N].人民日报,2008-7-7(15).
[6]吴晓青.关于中国发展低碳经济的若干建议[J].特别关注,2008(3):22.
[7]德国发展低碳经济的政策措施: http://www.shandongbusiness.gov.cn/index/content/sid/82148.html。.
[8]日本完成京都议定书减排指标遇到困难[J].节能与环保,2007(4):7.
[9]蔡林海.低碳经济大格局:绿色革命与全球创新竞争[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2009(8):139.
[10]日本:为节能实行“领跑者”制度. http://opinion.stockstar.com/personage/farticle.aspx?id=JL,20091112,00002478.
[11]陈志恒.日本构建低碳社会行动及其主要进展[J].现代日本经济,2009(6): 5.
[12]B.W.Ang.Monitoring changes in economy-wide energy efficiency: From Energy-GDP ratio to compositeefficiency index[J].Energy Policy,2006, (34):574-582.
[13]B.W.Ang.A statistical analysis of energy coefficients [J]. Energy Economics,1991,13(2):93-110.
[14]周鹏,B.W.Ang,周德群.基于指数分解分析的宏观能源效率评价[J].能源技术与管理,2007(5):5-8.
[15]日本钢铁联盟会长要求日本政府再次商讨减排目标.共同网,2009年12月21日.
[16]鸠山减排高目标“雷”倒了日本的经济界.新华网,2009年9月9日.
[17]低碳经济本质是经济和政治话语权争夺.http://www.gushi360.com/ finance/hgfx/2010-01-16/572102.shtml.
[1]张坤民,潘家华,崔大鹏.低碳经济论[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2008.
[2]蔡林海.低碳经济大格局:绿色革命与全球创新竞争[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2009.
[1]郭印,王敏洁.国际低碳经济发展现状及趋势[J].生态经济,2009(11):58-61.
[2]陈志恒.日本构建低碳社会行动及其主要进展[J].现代日本经济,2009(6):1-5.
[3]王仕军.低碳经济研究综述[J].开放导报,2009(5):44-47.
[4]陈海嵩.日本新能源开发政策及立法探析[J].淮海工学院学报(社科版), 2009(4):36-39.
[5]宋德勇,卢忠宝.我国发展低碳经济的政策工具创新[J].华中科技大学学报(社科版),2009(3):85-91.
[6]张坤民.发展低碳经济要有紧迫感[J].求是,2009(23):50-52.
[7]金雪梅.日本国民节能意识及借鉴[J].科技和产业,2009,9(1):99-102.
[8]杜飞轮.对我国发展低碳经济的思考[J].中国经贸导刊,2009(10):30-31.
[9]金乐琴,刘瑞.低碳经济与中国经济发展模式转型[J].经济问题探索,2009(1):84-87.
[10]庄贵阳.中国发展低碳经济的困难与障碍分析[J].江西社会科学,2009(7):20-26.
[11]肖歆.探寻中国低碳经济的发展路径[J].经济师,2009(9):56-57.
[12]朱四海.低碳经济发展模式与中国的选择[J].发展研究,2009(5):10-14.
[13]田庆立.日本建设低碳社会的举措及对中国的启示[J].消费导刊,2009(12):23.
[14]郭万达,郑宇劼.低碳经济:未来四十年我国面临的机遇与挑战[J].开放导报,2009(4):5-9.
[15]庄贵阳.中国低碳经济发展的途径和潜力分析[J].国际技术经济研究,2005,8(3):8-12.
[16]黄海.发达国家发展低碳经济的政策导向及启示[J].环境经济,2009(11):176-179.
[17]任力.国外发展低碳经济的政策及启示[J].发展研究,2009(2):23-27.
[18]任奔,凌芳.国际低碳经济发展经济与启示[J].上海节能,2009(4):10-14.
[19]吕耀东.日本主办八国峰会的战略意图[J].瞭望,2008 (27):55.
[20]井志忠,陈立欣.日本的节能措施、成效与启示[J].日本学论坛,2008(4):15-22.
[21]杨杰,杨书臣.近年来日本节能新进展及其启示[J].现代日本经济,2008(2):26-30.
[22]国家发展改革委资源节约与环境保护司.值得关注的日本节能减排技术创新目标和技术路线[J].中国经贸导刊,2008(14):30-32.
[23]杨书臣.日本节能减排的特点举措及存在的问题[J].日本学刊,2008(1):15-25.
[24]付允,马永欢,刘怡君,牛文元.低碳经济的发展模式研究[J].中国人口,2008,18(3):14-19.
[25]鲍健强,苗阳,陈锋.低碳经济:人类经济发展方式的新变革[J].中国工业经济,2008(4):153-160.
[26]姚良军,孙成永.意大利的低碳经济发展政策[J].中国科技产业,2007(11):58-60.
[27]刘孟修.中日双边环境合作之初探[J].亚太研究通讯,2008(3):107-112.
[28]潘家华,陈迎,庄贵阳,吴向阳.英国低碳发展的激励措施及其借鉴[J].中国经贸导刊,2006(18):51-52.
[29]李俊峰,马玲娟.低碳经济是规制世界发展格局的新规则[J].世界环境,2008(2):17-20.
[30]唐丁丁.日本发展低碳经济的启示[J].世界环境,2009(5):62-64.
[31]陈柳钦.低碳经济:国外发展的动向及中国的选择[J].甘肃行政学院学报,2009(6):83-89.
[32]周鹏,B.W.Ang,周德群.基于指数分解分析的宏观能源效率评价[J].能源技术与管理,2007(5):5-8.
[33]王玲(摘译).日本减排二氧化碳的举措[J].全球科技经济瞭望,2002(4):53.
[1] Yasuo Fukuda. In pursuit of“Japan as a Low– carbonSociety”[EB/OL]. http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/hukudaspeech/2008/06/09speech_e. html,2008-06-09.
[2]Action Plan for Achieving a Low-carbon Society. http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/policy/ondanka/final080729.pdf:
[3]Energy Saving Labeling Program (Japan) (ECCJ). http://www.powerint.com/green-room/regulations-agency/energy-saving-labeling-program-japan-eccj
[4]GREEN PROCUREMENT, ENERGY/ENVIRONMENTAL LABELS Japan. http://www.greenlabelspurchase.net/bc-energy-labels-japan.html
[5]ACCLERATED DEPRECIATION: ESTABLISHING A HISTORICAL AND CONTEXTUAL PERSPECTIVE.http://apebhconference.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/nattawoot1.pdf
[6]Japan to launch carbon footprint labelling scheme. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/aug/20/carbonfootprints.carbonemissions
[7]德国发展低碳经济的政策措施. http://www.shandongbusiness.gov.cn/index/content/sid/82148.html
[8]低碳经济本质是经济和政治话语权争夺.http://www.gushi360.com/ finance/hgfx/2010-01-16/572102.shtml.
[9]The case for the‘sectoral approach’. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080607f1.html
[1] http://www.meti.go.jp/
[2] http://www.ditan360.com/
[3] http://www.stats.gov.cn/
[4] http://www.worldbank.org.cn/