现代生命科技对生命伦理的挑战与反思
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摘要
人类迈入21世纪以来,科学技术取得了迅猛发展,进入了一个全新的时代。当人类掌握越来越多的科学技术,并在许多领域取得卓越成就之后,便开始了转向对自身的探索。于是,生命科技越来越多地在医学上进行运用与发展,这对于人类增进健康、改善生命、提高生活质量、预防和治疗疾病、减轻痛苦等等发挥了巨大的促进作用,但同时也引发了一系列的伦理难题。本论文以生死为线索,立足于现代医学高技术,对其从伦理学的角度进行严肃、求实的探索和研究。
现代生命科技在医学上的应用取得了巨大的进展,但同时也对人类的生命产生了不同程度的影响:它使人工影响了自然,“天择”面临“人择”的挑战;人类能够驾驭生命进程、影响生命结果。这些影响促使传统的生命伦理遭受了巨大的冲击,尤其是对生命神圣观、生命自然观、生命价值观的冲击,使人们面临巨大的困惑。冲击有其合理存在的地方:它对维护生命尊严、提高生命质量、扩张生命选择权都有深远的意义。同时冲击也引发了新的伦理难题:如人权问题、人格同一性问题、生命工具化与商品化问题、人种退化问题等。面对这些现状,我们应进行深刻的反思,并对此作出回应,在尊重传统生命伦理的基础上,促进现代生命伦理的发展。通过科技实现“人”向“人”的呼唤,促成生命科技为人类造福,为生命科技的发展做出力所能及的贡献,是本文的出发点和最终归宿。
Since mankind entered the 21st century, the science and technologies have made rapid development and entered a new era. When human beings have master more and more science and technologies, and made achievements in many areas. Then they began to make explortions on themseleves. Therefore, more and more the science and technologies of life have been used and made development in the medicine. The life science and technology having been used and developed in medicine make a huge promotion, such as improve people's health, enhance the quality of life, prevent and treat illness, relieve pain and so on, but meanwhile has initiated a series of difficult ethics problems. Therefore the paper takes the life and death as a clue, bases on the modern medicine high technologies, carries on the exploration and study from the ethics angle seriously and honestly.
Modern life science and technology have made tremendous progress in the medical application, but also have made degrees of impact to human lives: It makes artificial impact on the natural, the "selection" face the challenges of the "people choose"; mankind can control the process of life and affect the results of life. These Influence make a great impact on the traditional ethics of the life, especially on the sacred concept of life, the life of nature and the life values, so that people face with tremendous confusion. There are reasonable impacts: it has far-reaching significance to safeguard the dignity of life, promote the value of life, improve the quality of life and expand the right to choose life. At the same time these impacts also cause a new ethical dilemma: such as the issue of human rights, personality identical question, life tool and commercialized question, the race degenerates question and so on. Facing with these present situation, we should take a deep reflection and make respond to, and promote the development of modern bioethics on the basis of respecting for traditional life ethics, this article's starting point and final destination is to achieve the summon of "the human" approaches "the human" through the science and technology, make the life science and technology benefit for humanity, make contributions for the development of the life science and technology within its capacity.
现代生命科技在医学上的应用取得了巨大的进展,但同时也对人类的生命产生了不同程度的影响:它使人工影响了自然,“天择”面临“人择”的挑战;人类能够驾驭生命进程、影响生命结果。这些影响促使传统的生命伦理遭受了巨大的冲击,尤其是对生命神圣观、生命自然观、生命价值观的冲击,使人们面临巨大的困惑。冲击有其合理存在的地方:它对维护生命尊严、提高生命质量、扩张生命选择权都有深远的意义。同时冲击也引发了新的伦理难题:如人权问题、人格同一性问题、生命工具化与商品化问题、人种退化问题等。面对这些现状,我们应进行深刻的反思,并对此作出回应,在尊重传统生命伦理的基础上,促进现代生命伦理的发展。通过科技实现“人”向“人”的呼唤,促成生命科技为人类造福,为生命科技的发展做出力所能及的贡献,是本文的出发点和最终归宿。
Since mankind entered the 21st century, the science and technologies have made rapid development and entered a new era. When human beings have master more and more science and technologies, and made achievements in many areas. Then they began to make explortions on themseleves. Therefore, more and more the science and technologies of life have been used and made development in the medicine. The life science and technology having been used and developed in medicine make a huge promotion, such as improve people's health, enhance the quality of life, prevent and treat illness, relieve pain and so on, but meanwhile has initiated a series of difficult ethics problems. Therefore the paper takes the life and death as a clue, bases on the modern medicine high technologies, carries on the exploration and study from the ethics angle seriously and honestly.
Modern life science and technology have made tremendous progress in the medical application, but also have made degrees of impact to human lives: It makes artificial impact on the natural, the "selection" face the challenges of the "people choose"; mankind can control the process of life and affect the results of life. These Influence make a great impact on the traditional ethics of the life, especially on the sacred concept of life, the life of nature and the life values, so that people face with tremendous confusion. There are reasonable impacts: it has far-reaching significance to safeguard the dignity of life, promote the value of life, improve the quality of life and expand the right to choose life. At the same time these impacts also cause a new ethical dilemma: such as the issue of human rights, personality identical question, life tool and commercialized question, the race degenerates question and so on. Facing with these present situation, we should take a deep reflection and make respond to, and promote the development of modern bioethics on the basis of respecting for traditional life ethics, this article's starting point and final destination is to achieve the summon of "the human" approaches "the human" through the science and technology, make the life science and technology benefit for humanity, make contributions for the development of the life science and technology within its capacity.
引文
[1]孙慕义,后现代卫生经济伦理学[M],北京:人民出版社,1999
[2]高崇明,张爱琴,生物伦理学十五讲[M],北京:北京大学出版社,2004
[3]余谋昌,高科技挑战道德[M],天津:天津科学技术出版社,2001
[4]万慧进,生命论理学与生命法学[M],浙江:浙江大学出版社,2004
[5]颜青山,挑战与回应--中国话语中死亡与垂死的德性之维[M],湖南:湖南师范大学出版社,2005
[6]蔡仲,后现代相对主义与反科学思潮--科学、修饰与权力[M],南京:南京大学出版社,2004
[7]韩跃红,护卫生命的尊严--现代生物技术中的伦理问题研究[M],北京:人民出版社,2004
[8]甘绍平,叶敬德,中国应用伦理学[M],北京:中央编译出版社,2003
[9]卢风,肖巍,应用伦理学导论[M],北京:当代中国出版社,2002
[10]托马斯.A.香农,生命伦理学导论[M],黑龙江:黑龙江人民出版社,2004
[11]许志伟,生命伦理对当代生命科技的道德评估[M],北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006
[12]杨建兵,王传中,生物医学论理学导论[M],武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007
[13]H.T.恩格尔哈特,生命伦理学基础[M],北京:北京大学出版社,2006
[14]孙慕义,徐道喜,邵永生,新生命伦理学[M],南京:东南大学出版社,2003
[15]沈铭贤,生命伦理学[M],北京:高等教育出版社,2003
[16]邱仁宗,翟晓梅,生命伦理学概论[M],北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2003
[17]徐宗良,刘学礼,生命伦理学理论与实践探索[M],上海:上海人民出版社,2002
[18]克劳斯.科赫,自然性的终结[M],北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005
[19]何伦,施卫星,生命的困惑--临床生命论理学导论[M],南京:东南大学出版社,2005
[20]王平,李海燕,死亡与医学伦理[M],武汉:武汉大学出版社,2005
[21]马文元,郑立娟,生命伦理学[M],辽宁:辽宁师范大学出版社,2006
[22]杜治政,医学伦理学探新[M],河南:河南医科大学出版社,2000
[23]刘虹,张宗明,医学哲学[M],南京:东南大学出版社,2004
[24]王一方,医学人文十五讲[M],北京:北京大学出版社,2006
[25]波伊曼,解构死亡[M],广州:广州出版社,1998
[26]韩松,人造人--克隆技术改变世界[M],北京:中国人事出版社,1997
[27]王延光,中国遗传伦理的争鸣与探索[M],北京:科学出版社,2006
[28]陈彬,安乐死的价值分析--应然与实然的无奈[J],法律与医学,2004年第3期
[29]董晓静,刘云,胡丽娜,辅助生殖技术对伦理学的挑战[J],中国性科学,2004年第12期
[30]王净,关于辅助生殖技术的理性思考[J],医学与哲学,2005年第5期
[31]秦健,对克隆技术的异议及传统伦理应有的宽容性[J],自然辨证法研究,2004年第9期
[32]彭世良,陈军,浅析生命科技、生命伦理的人文价值[J],中国人文科学,2003年第2期
[33]邱仁宗,21世纪生命伦理学展望[J],哲学研究,2000年第1期
[34]李建会,关于人类克隆的哲学思考[J],医学与哲学,2005年第6期
[35]孙俊辉,关于生命伦理学及若干问题的哲学思考[J],自然辩证法研究,1997年第5期
[36]林德宏,科技哲学与人类未来的命运[J],科学技术与辩证法,2000年第6期
[37]李桂花,科技异化与科技人化[J],哲学研究,2004年第1期
[38]傅静,试论现代科技发展对传统伦理观念的冲击[J],科学技术与辩证法,1998年第3期
[39]刘泽军,对器官移植资源分配的伦理反思[J],中国医学伦理学,2007 年第2期
[40]杨青,当代生命伦理所面临的难题[J],道德与文明,1997年第2期
[41]吴翠丹,浅谈植物人的生命权利[J],中国医学伦理学,2002年第3期
[42]肖健,生命伦理:认真对待权利[J],科学技术与辩证法,2005年第5期
[43]U.Korner,A.Bondolfi Ethical and Legal Aspects of Enteral Nutrition Clinical Nutrition,Volume 25,Issue 2,April 2006,Pages 196-202
[44]Christian Loeser,Ulrike von Herz Quality of life and nutritional state in patients on home enteral tube feeding Nutrition,Volume 19,Issues 7-8,July-August 2003,Pages 605-611
[45]John MacFie Ethics of Artificial Nutrition Medicine,Volume 31,Issue 4,1April 2003,Pages 36-37
[46]MERCE PLANAS and MARIA E.CAMILO Artificial nutrition:dilemmas in decision-making Clinical Nutrition,Volume 21,Issue 4,August 2002,Pages 355-361
[47]Ethics and nutritional support therapy:a clinician's view Clinical Nutrition,Volume 20,Supplement 1,June 2001,Pages 87-99
[2]高崇明,张爱琴,生物伦理学十五讲[M],北京:北京大学出版社,2004
[3]余谋昌,高科技挑战道德[M],天津:天津科学技术出版社,2001
[4]万慧进,生命论理学与生命法学[M],浙江:浙江大学出版社,2004
[5]颜青山,挑战与回应--中国话语中死亡与垂死的德性之维[M],湖南:湖南师范大学出版社,2005
[6]蔡仲,后现代相对主义与反科学思潮--科学、修饰与权力[M],南京:南京大学出版社,2004
[7]韩跃红,护卫生命的尊严--现代生物技术中的伦理问题研究[M],北京:人民出版社,2004
[8]甘绍平,叶敬德,中国应用伦理学[M],北京:中央编译出版社,2003
[9]卢风,肖巍,应用伦理学导论[M],北京:当代中国出版社,2002
[10]托马斯.A.香农,生命伦理学导论[M],黑龙江:黑龙江人民出版社,2004
[11]许志伟,生命伦理对当代生命科技的道德评估[M],北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006
[12]杨建兵,王传中,生物医学论理学导论[M],武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007
[13]H.T.恩格尔哈特,生命伦理学基础[M],北京:北京大学出版社,2006
[14]孙慕义,徐道喜,邵永生,新生命伦理学[M],南京:东南大学出版社,2003
[15]沈铭贤,生命伦理学[M],北京:高等教育出版社,2003
[16]邱仁宗,翟晓梅,生命伦理学概论[M],北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2003
[17]徐宗良,刘学礼,生命伦理学理论与实践探索[M],上海:上海人民出版社,2002
[18]克劳斯.科赫,自然性的终结[M],北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005
[19]何伦,施卫星,生命的困惑--临床生命论理学导论[M],南京:东南大学出版社,2005
[20]王平,李海燕,死亡与医学伦理[M],武汉:武汉大学出版社,2005
[21]马文元,郑立娟,生命伦理学[M],辽宁:辽宁师范大学出版社,2006
[22]杜治政,医学伦理学探新[M],河南:河南医科大学出版社,2000
[23]刘虹,张宗明,医学哲学[M],南京:东南大学出版社,2004
[24]王一方,医学人文十五讲[M],北京:北京大学出版社,2006
[25]波伊曼,解构死亡[M],广州:广州出版社,1998
[26]韩松,人造人--克隆技术改变世界[M],北京:中国人事出版社,1997
[27]王延光,中国遗传伦理的争鸣与探索[M],北京:科学出版社,2006
[28]陈彬,安乐死的价值分析--应然与实然的无奈[J],法律与医学,2004年第3期
[29]董晓静,刘云,胡丽娜,辅助生殖技术对伦理学的挑战[J],中国性科学,2004年第12期
[30]王净,关于辅助生殖技术的理性思考[J],医学与哲学,2005年第5期
[31]秦健,对克隆技术的异议及传统伦理应有的宽容性[J],自然辨证法研究,2004年第9期
[32]彭世良,陈军,浅析生命科技、生命伦理的人文价值[J],中国人文科学,2003年第2期
[33]邱仁宗,21世纪生命伦理学展望[J],哲学研究,2000年第1期
[34]李建会,关于人类克隆的哲学思考[J],医学与哲学,2005年第6期
[35]孙俊辉,关于生命伦理学及若干问题的哲学思考[J],自然辩证法研究,1997年第5期
[36]林德宏,科技哲学与人类未来的命运[J],科学技术与辩证法,2000年第6期
[37]李桂花,科技异化与科技人化[J],哲学研究,2004年第1期
[38]傅静,试论现代科技发展对传统伦理观念的冲击[J],科学技术与辩证法,1998年第3期
[39]刘泽军,对器官移植资源分配的伦理反思[J],中国医学伦理学,2007 年第2期
[40]杨青,当代生命伦理所面临的难题[J],道德与文明,1997年第2期
[41]吴翠丹,浅谈植物人的生命权利[J],中国医学伦理学,2002年第3期
[42]肖健,生命伦理:认真对待权利[J],科学技术与辩证法,2005年第5期
[43]U.Korner,A.Bondolfi Ethical and Legal Aspects of Enteral Nutrition Clinical Nutrition,Volume 25,Issue 2,April 2006,Pages 196-202
[44]Christian Loeser,Ulrike von Herz Quality of life and nutritional state in patients on home enteral tube feeding Nutrition,Volume 19,Issues 7-8,July-August 2003,Pages 605-611
[45]John MacFie Ethics of Artificial Nutrition Medicine,Volume 31,Issue 4,1April 2003,Pages 36-37
[46]MERCE PLANAS and MARIA E.CAMILO Artificial nutrition:dilemmas in decision-making Clinical Nutrition,Volume 21,Issue 4,August 2002,Pages 355-361
[47]Ethics and nutritional support therapy:a clinician's view Clinical Nutrition,Volume 20,Supplement 1,June 2001,Pages 87-99