东营北部复合含油气系统研究
|
摘要
东营凹陷是一个含油气十分丰富的第三纪裂谷盆地。经过三十多年的勘探与研究，探明了一大批油气田，并取得了许多重大成果与认识。然而，随着勘探的推进，勘探难度增大，勘探领域由中浅层转向中深层，油气藏由构造油气藏转向隐蔽性油气藏。传统的油气地质研究已满足不了生产的需要，要求在成烃成藏方面不断创新与开拓，才能促进勘探工作的新进展。从国外油气地质研究看，有两点发展趋势比较明确，在烃源岩地球化学方面，加强了新技术、新方法的应用，轻烃、重烃、非烃所含地球化学信息越来越受到重视，同位素分析技术在油气成因研究方面将发挥重大作用；在成藏方面，开展多期多源复合型含油气系统的成藏规律的研究，地球化学与地质背景相结合的综合性研究方法成为国际学术界的热点问题。在这种背景下，本研究针对东营凹陷北部生烃成藏存在的上述理论与实际问题，采用了一系列先进技术手段，如激光显微探针，激光诱导荧光显微镜，显微光度计，GC-MS，碳同位素分析技术，流体包裹体研究技术，对东营凹陷北部含油气系统进行研究，取得了如下几点创新性成果：
1．东营凹陷生油岩存在明显的反射率抑制作用，针对东营凹陷生油岩生烃母质特征，建立起了镜质组反射率校正方法，并且建立起了埋藏深度与VRo相关图版；
2．对东营北部原油地化特征进行了系统研究，并提出了将原油分为三种类型：这三类原油的特点是：类型Ⅰ：较低Pr／Ph，较高含量的伽玛蜡烷指数，较高比例的C_(29)甾烷，Ts／Tm较低；类型Ⅲ：较高Pr／Ph，伽玛蜡烷指数很低，一般不到0.1，Ts／Tm值较高，介于0.80-1.30，C_(29)甾烷比例较低；类型Ⅱ：其特征介于Ⅰ类原油与Ⅲ类原油之间。
3．通过对东营凹陷生油岩的研究，可将生油岩分为二种类型：第一类母质类型以Ⅰ型为主，特点是较低Pr／Ph，较高含量的伽玛蜡烷指数；第二类是母质类型以Ⅱ型为主，特点是较高Pr／Ph，伽玛蜡烷指数很低。建立起了东营凹陷不同类型原油有效油源对比指标，提出：第Ⅰ类原油与第一类生油岩具有较好的可比性；第Ⅲ类原油与第Ⅱ类生油岩具有可比性，而第Ⅱ类原油具有混源的特点。
4．东营北部构成一个完整的含油气系统，它不是一个简单的含油气系统，而是一个复合型含油气系统。典型特点是：发育两套生油岩；两个生油期；多套储盖组合；发育多种储油模式；原油成因较复杂；包括两个成烃事件，油气藏 围绕生油洼陷呈环状分布；
6．建立起了东营北部油气藏成藏模式。将油气藏类型分为构造、构造岩性及岩性油气藏。提出了五种成藏模式：上倾尖灭型，背斜型，断裂切割封档型，薄泥岩封盖型和砂岩透镜体，在综合研究的基础上，提出了6个有利勘探目标。总预测储量超过2000万吨。
本研究成果具有重大理论与实际意义。在理论上，丰富了含油气系统理论与方法，在应用上对东营北部油气勘探具有重大指导作用。
The Dongying Depression is a Tertiary rift basin with rich petroleum resources. More than 30 years' exploration and research has been carried out in this area, and many data and important recognition on petroleum geology and geochemistry have been obtained and a number of petroleum pools have been discovered. However, with the progress of petroleum exploration in this area, exploration has become more and more difficult since the targeting areas have moved from middle -shallow strata to middle- deep strata, and types of oil pool from structures to hidden types. Thus, conventional petroleum geological investigation methods can not meet the need of exploration, which requires creative ideas and new methods to get more deep scientific information to guide exploration. From the tread of petroleum geochemistry, two aspects should be noticed. One is in the field of petroleum-generating geochemistry, new techniques and methods have been applied, and great attention has been paid to the original information of petro
leum from light hydrocarbon, heavy hydrocarbon, non-hydrocarbon geochemistry, and isotopic data. Another is in the field of formation of petroleum reservoirs. Formation of oil pools and their distribution pattern in a hybrid petroleum system with multi-sources, multiphase petroleum events become a hot academic point in the world. Under this background, the petroleum system of the Northern Dongying Area has been investigated by some new methods and techniques, such as laser microprobe, Laser-induced fluorescent microscopy, MPV III microscopy, GC-MS, carbon isotopic instrument, fluid inclusion analysis technique. The following results have been achieved:
1. A strong vitrinite reflectance suppression in the ES3-ES4 source rocks were found. Based on the source matter of these source rocks, a method was suggested which are used to get an equivalent VRo from the measured VRo. A model plot of VRo and depth has been established in this area.
2. The crude oils can be subdivided into three types. Type I is characterized by lower Pr/Ph and Ts/Tm, relatively higher content of gammaceral and C29 sterane, and conversely, Type III by higher Pr/Ph and Ts/Tm, lower content of gammaceral parameter and C29 sterane. Type II is between both.
3. The source rocks can be largely subdivided into two types based on their geochemical characteristics. Type I has the feature of lower Pr/Ph and Ts/Tm, relatively higher content of gammaceral, but Type II is with higher Pr/Ph and Ts/Tm, relatively lower content of gammaceral. The source /oil correlation based on biomarker and carbon isotopic data shown that Type I oil has a original relationship with Type I source rock, and Type III oil can be compared with Type II source rock. There are no source rocks having a obvious relationship with Type II oil, and it was believed to form from a mixture sources.
4. The Northern Dongying Area forms a complete petroleum system, It is not a simple one, but belongs to a hybrid petroleum system. This petroleum system has some outstanding characteristics, such as two types of source rocks, three types of crude oils, a few sets of reservoir-cap rock combination, complicated oil pools, two petroleum events, and a round distribution of oil pools around depressions.
5. The formation model of oil pools in this area was established, including three types and five models. On the basis of this, seven prospecting structures were indicated as for further important exploration areas with a total petroleum resources over than 2000 x 104 tons.
1．东营凹陷生油岩存在明显的反射率抑制作用，针对东营凹陷生油岩生烃母质特征，建立起了镜质组反射率校正方法，并且建立起了埋藏深度与VRo相关图版；
2．对东营北部原油地化特征进行了系统研究，并提出了将原油分为三种类型：这三类原油的特点是：类型Ⅰ：较低Pr／Ph，较高含量的伽玛蜡烷指数，较高比例的C_(29)甾烷，Ts／Tm较低；类型Ⅲ：较高Pr／Ph，伽玛蜡烷指数很低，一般不到0.1，Ts／Tm值较高，介于0.80-1.30，C_(29)甾烷比例较低；类型Ⅱ：其特征介于Ⅰ类原油与Ⅲ类原油之间。
3．通过对东营凹陷生油岩的研究，可将生油岩分为二种类型：第一类母质类型以Ⅰ型为主，特点是较低Pr／Ph，较高含量的伽玛蜡烷指数；第二类是母质类型以Ⅱ型为主，特点是较高Pr／Ph，伽玛蜡烷指数很低。建立起了东营凹陷不同类型原油有效油源对比指标，提出：第Ⅰ类原油与第一类生油岩具有较好的可比性；第Ⅲ类原油与第Ⅱ类生油岩具有可比性，而第Ⅱ类原油具有混源的特点。
4．东营北部构成一个完整的含油气系统，它不是一个简单的含油气系统，而是一个复合型含油气系统。典型特点是：发育两套生油岩；两个生油期；多套储盖组合；发育多种储油模式；原油成因较复杂；包括两个成烃事件，油气藏 围绕生油洼陷呈环状分布；
6．建立起了东营北部油气藏成藏模式。将油气藏类型分为构造、构造岩性及岩性油气藏。提出了五种成藏模式：上倾尖灭型，背斜型，断裂切割封档型，薄泥岩封盖型和砂岩透镜体，在综合研究的基础上，提出了6个有利勘探目标。总预测储量超过2000万吨。
本研究成果具有重大理论与实际意义。在理论上，丰富了含油气系统理论与方法，在应用上对东营北部油气勘探具有重大指导作用。
The Dongying Depression is a Tertiary rift basin with rich petroleum resources. More than 30 years' exploration and research has been carried out in this area, and many data and important recognition on petroleum geology and geochemistry have been obtained and a number of petroleum pools have been discovered. However, with the progress of petroleum exploration in this area, exploration has become more and more difficult since the targeting areas have moved from middle -shallow strata to middle- deep strata, and types of oil pool from structures to hidden types. Thus, conventional petroleum geological investigation methods can not meet the need of exploration, which requires creative ideas and new methods to get more deep scientific information to guide exploration. From the tread of petroleum geochemistry, two aspects should be noticed. One is in the field of petroleum-generating geochemistry, new techniques and methods have been applied, and great attention has been paid to the original information of petro
leum from light hydrocarbon, heavy hydrocarbon, non-hydrocarbon geochemistry, and isotopic data. Another is in the field of formation of petroleum reservoirs. Formation of oil pools and their distribution pattern in a hybrid petroleum system with multi-sources, multiphase petroleum events become a hot academic point in the world. Under this background, the petroleum system of the Northern Dongying Area has been investigated by some new methods and techniques, such as laser microprobe, Laser-induced fluorescent microscopy, MPV III microscopy, GC-MS, carbon isotopic instrument, fluid inclusion analysis technique. The following results have been achieved:
1. A strong vitrinite reflectance suppression in the ES3-ES4 source rocks were found. Based on the source matter of these source rocks, a method was suggested which are used to get an equivalent VRo from the measured VRo. A model plot of VRo and depth has been established in this area.
2. The crude oils can be subdivided into three types. Type I is characterized by lower Pr/Ph and Ts/Tm, relatively higher content of gammaceral and C29 sterane, and conversely, Type III by higher Pr/Ph and Ts/Tm, lower content of gammaceral parameter and C29 sterane. Type II is between both.
3. The source rocks can be largely subdivided into two types based on their geochemical characteristics. Type I has the feature of lower Pr/Ph and Ts/Tm, relatively higher content of gammaceral, but Type II is with higher Pr/Ph and Ts/Tm, relatively lower content of gammaceral. The source /oil correlation based on biomarker and carbon isotopic data shown that Type I oil has a original relationship with Type I source rock, and Type III oil can be compared with Type II source rock. There are no source rocks having a obvious relationship with Type II oil, and it was believed to form from a mixture sources.
4. The Northern Dongying Area forms a complete petroleum system, It is not a simple one, but belongs to a hybrid petroleum system. This petroleum system has some outstanding characteristics, such as two types of source rocks, three types of crude oils, a few sets of reservoir-cap rock combination, complicated oil pools, two petroleum events, and a round distribution of oil pools around depressions.
5. The formation model of oil pools in this area was established, including three types and five models. On the basis of this, seven prospecting structures were indicated as for further important exploration areas with a total petroleum resources over than 2000 x 104 tons.
引文
1．洪志华，陈致林等，1989，牛38井沙三中、下亚段600米系统取芯生油岩地球化学参数综合研究，石油技术(内部资料)，4-35。
2．郑和荣，郭汝泰，1995，东营凹陷中北部沙三、沙四上等时地层格架及砂体模式重建研究，胜利石油管理局地质科学研究院内部报告，1-26。
3．郑和荣，1992，东营凹陷第三系沉积层序和沉积体系分析及盆地充填史研究，胜利石油管理局科研成果，1-47。
4．杨申镳，洪志华，1994，济阳坳陷二次资源评价报告．胜利石油管理局地质科学研究院(内部报告)
5．胜利石油管理局地质科学研究院，1999，济阳坳陷下第三纪含油性，内部报告。
6．张林晔，陈致林，张春荣等，1999，济阳坳陷未熟-低熟石油判识标志，成烃特征、成藏条件和资源预测，内部报告，1-228。
7．张守春，宋一涛，张林晔，1999，碎屑岩系统烃源岩生排烃定量模型，“九五”攻关项目报告，胜利石油管理局地质科学研究院，1-105。
8．孔凡仙，付瑾平，1994，东营凹陷构造研究，胜利石油管理局科技攻关成果，内部报告，1-76。
9．中国石油地质志(卷2)——胜利油田，石油工业出版社，北京，1-518。
10．张林晔，张春荣著，1999，低熟油生成机理及成油体系，地质出版社，北京，1-130。
11．宋一涛，吴庆余，1998，胜利油区生物成烃机理及低熟稠油成因分析，胜利石油管理局地质科学研究院，科技项目成果报告，1-214。
12．潘元林，孔凡仙，郑和荣，2000，济阳坳陷第三系沉积、构造及含油性，中石化集团公司胜利石油管理局，“九五”重点科技项目，1-74。
13. Mango, F. D., 1994, The origin of light hydrocarbons in petroleum: ring proference in the closure of carbocyclic rings, Geochem. Gosmochim. Acta. 58: 895-901.
14. Bjoroy, M., Hall, P. B., Hustad, E., et al., 1992, Variation in stable carbon isocope ratios of individual hydrocarbon as a function of artificial maturity. Org. Geochem., 19: 89-105.
15. Xiao, X. M., Song, Z. G., Liu, D. H., et al., 2000, Tazhong hybrid petroleum system, Tarim Basin. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 17(1):1-12.
16．郭汝泰，王建宝，肖贤明等，2001，复合型含油气系统的特与描述：以塔中含油气系统为例，地球化学，30(5)：425-432。
17．胡见义，徐树宝，童晓光，1986，渤海湾盆地复式油气聚集(区)带的形成与分布，石油勘探与开发，13(1)：1-8．
18．李伟，方向，1996，中国陆相含油气系统的成因类型与分布，石油勘探与开发，23(1)：1-6．
19．赵文智，何凳发，1996，含油气系统理论在油气勘探中的应用，勘探家，1(2)：12-19
20．胡朝元，廖曦，1996，成油系统概念在中国的提出及其应用，石油学报，17(1)：10-16
21．胡见义，赵文智主编，1997，中国含油气系统的应用与进展，北京：石油工业出版社，1-45；99-148
22．姜振学，赵文智，李伟，1997，含油气系统划分方法及其松辽盆地北京的应用．中国含油气系
统的应用与进展．北京：石油工业出版社：233～238。
23．李丕龙，1999，济阳坳陷复式油气聚集模式，复式油气田，(2)：1～3
24．廖曦，1997，成油气系统的概念、划分原则及其在川东地区的应用实例，中国含油气系统的应用与进展．北京：石油工业出版社：246～257
25. Magoon L B, 1987, The petroleum system-a classification scheme for research, and resource assessmentand exploration(abs.), AAPG, 71(5): 587
26. Magoon L B, 1988, The petroleum system--a classification scheme for search, exploration, and resource assessment, Petroleum systems of the United States, USGS, 1870: 2-15
27. Magoon L B, 1989, Identified petroleum systems within the United States--1990, in L B Magoon, ed., The petroleum system-status of research and methods, 1990, USGS Bull 1912: 2-9
27. Demaison G and BJ Huizinga, 1991, Genetic classification of petroleum system, AAPG, 75(10): 1626-1643
29. Perrodon A, 1992, Petroleum System: models and applications, J Pet Geol, 15(3): 319-326
30. Magoon L B ed., 1992a, The petroleum system-status of research and methods, 1992, USGS Bull 2007:98
31. Magoon L B, et al., 1994, The petroleum system: from source to trop, AAPG Memoir 60:3-49
32．邬立言等，1986，生油岩热解快速定量评价，科学出版社，北京，1-198。
33．肖贤明著，1992，有机岩石学及其在油气评价中的应用，广东省科技出版社，广州，P12-64。
34. Teimuller M and Durand B, 1983, Fluorescence microscopical rank studies on liptinites and vitrinite in peat and coals and comparison with results of the Rock-Eval pyrolysis, Int J Coal Geol, 2(2): 197-230
35. Stach, E, 1982, Stach's Textbook of Coal Petrology. The third revised and enlarged edition, Berlin, 381-445.
36．肖贤明，1991，生油岩镜质组类型及其反射率分布规律，石油学报，15(2)：78-85
37. Teichmuller M and Durand B, 1983, Fluorescence microscopical rank studies on liptinites and vitrinite in peat and coals and comparison with results of the Rock-Eval pyrolysis, Int J Coal Geol, 2(2): 197-230
38．金奎励，1997，当代煤和有机岩石学研究新技术，北京：地质出版社，1-6；33：55-61
39. Price L C et al., 1985, Suppression of vitrinite reflectance in amorphous rich kergen-a major unrecognised problem, J Pet Geol, 8(1): 59-84
40. Fermont W J J, 1988, Possible cause of abnormal vitrinite reflectance values in paralic deposits of the carboniferous in the Achterhoed area, the Netherlands, Org Geochem, 21(4): 401-411
41. Ottenjann K, 1988, Fluorescence alteration and its value foy studies of materation and bituminization, Org Geochem, 12 (4): 309-321
42. Lo.B, 1993, Correction criteria for the suppression of vitrinite reflectance in
hydrocarbon-rich kergens: preliminary guidelines, Org Geochem, 20(6): 653-657
43. Mukhopadhyay P K, 1992, Maturation of organic matter as revealed by microscopic methods: applications and limitations of vitrinite reflectance, and contuinuous spectral and pulsed laser fluorescence spectroscopy. In Diagenesis Ⅲ(Edited by Wolf, et al.), Der Sedimente, 435-510, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
44. Han Z W, Crelling J C and Zhou Y, 1993, Fluorescence intensity and alteration of coal macerals and their relation to coalification, Org Geochem, 20 (6): 653-657
45. Wilkins R W T et al., 1992, Fluorescene alteration and the suppression of vitrinite reflectance, Org Geochem, 18(5): 629-640
46. Wilkins R W T et al., 1995, Should fluorescence alteration replace vitrinite reflectance as a major tool for thermal maturity determination in oil exploration?, Org Geochem, 22(1): 191-209
47. Wilkins R W T et al., 1998, The current status of the FAMM thermal maturity technique for petroleum exploration in Australia, The APPEA J, 38:421-437
48. Veld H, Wilkins R W T, Xiao Xianming and Buchingham C P, 1997, A fluorescence alteration of multiple macerals(FAMM) study of Netherlands coal with 'nornmal' or 'deviating' vitrinite reflectance, Org Geochem, 26 (3): 247-255
49．肖贤明，1992，显微组分成烃作用模式，科学通报，37(12)：356-360．
50. Hood, A., 1974, Organic metamorphism: its relationship to petroleum generation and application to studies of authienic minerals. Techn. Bull.8, 85-118.
51. Lopatin, N. V., 1971, Temperature and geologic time as factors in coalification. Akad. Nauk SSSR, ser. Geol. lzvestiya, No.3, 95-106.
52. Karweil. J. 1956, Die Metamorphose der kohlen vom standopunkt der physikalischen chemie.-Z.deutsch. geol. Ges. 107,132-139.
53．刘金钟，唐永春，1998，用干酪根生烃动力学方法预测甲烷生成量，科学通报，43(11)，1187-1991。
54. Ungerer, P., 1990, State of the art of research in kinetics modeling of oil formation and expulsion, Org. Geochem., 16(1-3):1-25
55. Tang, Y., Perry, J., Jenden, P. D., et al., 2000, Mathematical modeling of stable carbon isotope ratios in natural gases, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64(15): 2673-2687
56．R．B．约翰期主编，1991，沉积记录中生物标志物，科学出版社，北京，王铁冠等译，1-286。
57．R．P．菲尔普著，1987，化石燃料生物标志物应用与普图，傅家谟，盛国英译，科学出版社，1-268。
58. Clayton, L. J., Bjoroy, M. Effect of maturity on 13C/12C rations of individual compounds in North sea oils Org. Geochem., 194, 21:737-750.
59．刘洛夫，康永昌，运用原油吡咯类含氮化合物研究塔里木盆地塔中地区石油的二次运移，地球化学，1998，(5)：475-482。
60. Marray R C, 1957, Hydrocarbon fluid inclusion in quartz, AAPG, 41(6): 950-952
61. Roedder E, 1979, Fluid inclusion evidence on the environments of sedimentary diagensis,
SEPM,Spec Publ,26:89-107
62． Pagel M and Poty B,1983,The evolution of composition temperature and pressure of sedimentary fluid over time:a fluid inclusion reconstruction.In:DurandB,ed.Thermal phenomena in sedimentary basins,Houston:Gulf Pub Comp,71-88
63． Pagel M,Walgenwitz F,Dubessy J,1985,Fluid inclusion in oil and gas-bearing sedimentary formations.In:Burruss J,ed.Thermal modeling in sedimentary basins.Houston,Texas:Gulf Publishing Comp,565-583
64． Mclimans R K,1987,The application of fluid inclusions to migration of oil and diagenesis in petroleum reservoirs,Applied Geochemistry,2 (5/6) :585-603
65． Burley S D,Mullis J,Matter A,1989,Timing diagensis in the Tartan reservoir(UK North Sea):constrains from combined cathodoluminescence microscopy and fluid inclusion studies,Mar Petrol Geol,6:98-120
66． Tilley B J,Nesbitt B,Longstaffe F J,1989,Thermal histry of Alberta Deep Basin: comparative study of fluid inclusion and vitrinite reflectance data,AAPG,73(10) :1206-1222
67． Osbome M,Haszeldine S,1993,Evidence for resetting of fluid inclusion temperatures from quartz cements in oilfields,Mar Petrol Geol,10(3) :271-294
68． 施继锡，李本超，傅家谟等，1987，有机包裹体及其与油气的关系，中国科学(B辑)，(3) ： 318-325
69． 刘德汉，1995，包裹体研究-盆地流体追踪的有力工具，地学前缘，2(5) ：149-154
70． A.C.Aplin,G.Macleod,S.R.Larter,K.S.Pedersen,H.Sorensen,T.Bbbth.Combined use of Confocal Laser Microscopy and PVT simulation for estimating the composition and physical properties of petroleum in fluid inclusions.Marine and Petrolum geology,1999,16:98-101．
71． A.C.Aplin,S.R.Larter,M.A.Bigge,G,Macleod,R.E.Swarbrick,D.Grunberger.PVTX history of the North sea's Judy oilfield.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2000,60-70:641~644．
72． Roeder,E.,Bodnar,R.J,Geologic pressure determinations from fluid inclusion studies.Ann.Rev.Earth.Planet.Sci.1980,8,263-301．
73． Mclimams R.The application of fluid inclusions to migration of oil and diagenesis in petroleum reservoirs.Applied Geochemistry,1987,2(5/6) :585-603
74． Tilley B J,Nesbitt B E,Longstaffe F J.Thermal history of Alberta deep basin:comparative study of fluid inclusion and vitrinite reflectance data.AAPG,1989,73(10) :1206-1222
75． Xiao Xianming,Liu Zufa,Mi Jiaku,Liu Dehan,Shen Jiagui,Song Zhiguang,Dating formation of natural gas pools using fluid inclusion data from reservoirs.Chinese Science Bulletin,2002,47(18) ,1567-1572
76． 肖贤明，刘祖发，刘德汉等，应用储层流体包裹体住处研究天然气气藏的成藏时间，2002， 科学通报，47(12) ：957-960。
2．郑和荣，郭汝泰，1995，东营凹陷中北部沙三、沙四上等时地层格架及砂体模式重建研究，胜利石油管理局地质科学研究院内部报告，1-26。
3．郑和荣，1992，东营凹陷第三系沉积层序和沉积体系分析及盆地充填史研究，胜利石油管理局科研成果，1-47。
4．杨申镳，洪志华，1994，济阳坳陷二次资源评价报告．胜利石油管理局地质科学研究院(内部报告)
5．胜利石油管理局地质科学研究院，1999，济阳坳陷下第三纪含油性，内部报告。
6．张林晔，陈致林，张春荣等，1999，济阳坳陷未熟-低熟石油判识标志，成烃特征、成藏条件和资源预测，内部报告，1-228。
7．张守春，宋一涛，张林晔，1999，碎屑岩系统烃源岩生排烃定量模型，“九五”攻关项目报告，胜利石油管理局地质科学研究院，1-105。
8．孔凡仙，付瑾平，1994，东营凹陷构造研究，胜利石油管理局科技攻关成果，内部报告，1-76。
9．中国石油地质志(卷2)——胜利油田，石油工业出版社，北京，1-518。
10．张林晔，张春荣著，1999，低熟油生成机理及成油体系，地质出版社，北京，1-130。
11．宋一涛，吴庆余，1998，胜利油区生物成烃机理及低熟稠油成因分析，胜利石油管理局地质科学研究院，科技项目成果报告，1-214。
12．潘元林，孔凡仙，郑和荣，2000，济阳坳陷第三系沉积、构造及含油性，中石化集团公司胜利石油管理局，“九五”重点科技项目，1-74。
13. Mango, F. D., 1994, The origin of light hydrocarbons in petroleum: ring proference in the closure of carbocyclic rings, Geochem. Gosmochim. Acta. 58: 895-901.
14. Bjoroy, M., Hall, P. B., Hustad, E., et al., 1992, Variation in stable carbon isocope ratios of individual hydrocarbon as a function of artificial maturity. Org. Geochem., 19: 89-105.
15. Xiao, X. M., Song, Z. G., Liu, D. H., et al., 2000, Tazhong hybrid petroleum system, Tarim Basin. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 17(1):1-12.
16．郭汝泰，王建宝，肖贤明等，2001，复合型含油气系统的特与描述：以塔中含油气系统为例，地球化学，30(5)：425-432。
17．胡见义，徐树宝，童晓光，1986，渤海湾盆地复式油气聚集(区)带的形成与分布，石油勘探与开发，13(1)：1-8．
18．李伟，方向，1996，中国陆相含油气系统的成因类型与分布，石油勘探与开发，23(1)：1-6．
19．赵文智，何凳发，1996，含油气系统理论在油气勘探中的应用，勘探家，1(2)：12-19
20．胡朝元，廖曦，1996，成油系统概念在中国的提出及其应用，石油学报，17(1)：10-16
21．胡见义，赵文智主编，1997，中国含油气系统的应用与进展，北京：石油工业出版社，1-45；99-148
22．姜振学，赵文智，李伟，1997，含油气系统划分方法及其松辽盆地北京的应用．中国含油气系
统的应用与进展．北京：石油工业出版社：233～238。
23．李丕龙，1999，济阳坳陷复式油气聚集模式，复式油气田，(2)：1～3
24．廖曦，1997，成油气系统的概念、划分原则及其在川东地区的应用实例，中国含油气系统的应用与进展．北京：石油工业出版社：246～257
25. Magoon L B, 1987, The petroleum system-a classification scheme for research, and resource assessmentand exploration(abs.), AAPG, 71(5): 587
26. Magoon L B, 1988, The petroleum system--a classification scheme for search, exploration, and resource assessment, Petroleum systems of the United States, USGS, 1870: 2-15
27. Magoon L B, 1989, Identified petroleum systems within the United States--1990, in L B Magoon, ed., The petroleum system-status of research and methods, 1990, USGS Bull 1912: 2-9
27. Demaison G and BJ Huizinga, 1991, Genetic classification of petroleum system, AAPG, 75(10): 1626-1643
29. Perrodon A, 1992, Petroleum System: models and applications, J Pet Geol, 15(3): 319-326
30. Magoon L B ed., 1992a, The petroleum system-status of research and methods, 1992, USGS Bull 2007:98
31. Magoon L B, et al., 1994, The petroleum system: from source to trop, AAPG Memoir 60:3-49
32．邬立言等，1986，生油岩热解快速定量评价，科学出版社，北京，1-198。
33．肖贤明著，1992，有机岩石学及其在油气评价中的应用，广东省科技出版社，广州，P12-64。
34. Teimuller M and Durand B, 1983, Fluorescence microscopical rank studies on liptinites and vitrinite in peat and coals and comparison with results of the Rock-Eval pyrolysis, Int J Coal Geol, 2(2): 197-230
35. Stach, E, 1982, Stach's Textbook of Coal Petrology. The third revised and enlarged edition, Berlin, 381-445.
36．肖贤明，1991，生油岩镜质组类型及其反射率分布规律，石油学报，15(2)：78-85
37. Teichmuller M and Durand B, 1983, Fluorescence microscopical rank studies on liptinites and vitrinite in peat and coals and comparison with results of the Rock-Eval pyrolysis, Int J Coal Geol, 2(2): 197-230
38．金奎励，1997，当代煤和有机岩石学研究新技术，北京：地质出版社，1-6；33：55-61
39. Price L C et al., 1985, Suppression of vitrinite reflectance in amorphous rich kergen-a major unrecognised problem, J Pet Geol, 8(1): 59-84
40. Fermont W J J, 1988, Possible cause of abnormal vitrinite reflectance values in paralic deposits of the carboniferous in the Achterhoed area, the Netherlands, Org Geochem, 21(4): 401-411
41. Ottenjann K, 1988, Fluorescence alteration and its value foy studies of materation and bituminization, Org Geochem, 12 (4): 309-321
42. Lo.B, 1993, Correction criteria for the suppression of vitrinite reflectance in
hydrocarbon-rich kergens: preliminary guidelines, Org Geochem, 20(6): 653-657
43. Mukhopadhyay P K, 1992, Maturation of organic matter as revealed by microscopic methods: applications and limitations of vitrinite reflectance, and contuinuous spectral and pulsed laser fluorescence spectroscopy. In Diagenesis Ⅲ(Edited by Wolf, et al.), Der Sedimente, 435-510, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
44. Han Z W, Crelling J C and Zhou Y, 1993, Fluorescence intensity and alteration of coal macerals and their relation to coalification, Org Geochem, 20 (6): 653-657
45. Wilkins R W T et al., 1992, Fluorescene alteration and the suppression of vitrinite reflectance, Org Geochem, 18(5): 629-640
46. Wilkins R W T et al., 1995, Should fluorescence alteration replace vitrinite reflectance as a major tool for thermal maturity determination in oil exploration?, Org Geochem, 22(1): 191-209
47. Wilkins R W T et al., 1998, The current status of the FAMM thermal maturity technique for petroleum exploration in Australia, The APPEA J, 38:421-437
48. Veld H, Wilkins R W T, Xiao Xianming and Buchingham C P, 1997, A fluorescence alteration of multiple macerals(FAMM) study of Netherlands coal with 'nornmal' or 'deviating' vitrinite reflectance, Org Geochem, 26 (3): 247-255
49．肖贤明，1992，显微组分成烃作用模式，科学通报，37(12)：356-360．
50. Hood, A., 1974, Organic metamorphism: its relationship to petroleum generation and application to studies of authienic minerals. Techn. Bull.8, 85-118.
51. Lopatin, N. V., 1971, Temperature and geologic time as factors in coalification. Akad. Nauk SSSR, ser. Geol. lzvestiya, No.3, 95-106.
52. Karweil. J. 1956, Die Metamorphose der kohlen vom standopunkt der physikalischen chemie.-Z.deutsch. geol. Ges. 107,132-139.
53．刘金钟，唐永春，1998，用干酪根生烃动力学方法预测甲烷生成量，科学通报，43(11)，1187-1991。
54. Ungerer, P., 1990, State of the art of research in kinetics modeling of oil formation and expulsion, Org. Geochem., 16(1-3):1-25
55. Tang, Y., Perry, J., Jenden, P. D., et al., 2000, Mathematical modeling of stable carbon isotope ratios in natural gases, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64(15): 2673-2687
56．R．B．约翰期主编，1991，沉积记录中生物标志物，科学出版社，北京，王铁冠等译，1-286。
57．R．P．菲尔普著，1987，化石燃料生物标志物应用与普图，傅家谟，盛国英译，科学出版社，1-268。
58. Clayton, L. J., Bjoroy, M. Effect of maturity on 13C/12C rations of individual compounds in North sea oils Org. Geochem., 194, 21:737-750.
59．刘洛夫，康永昌，运用原油吡咯类含氮化合物研究塔里木盆地塔中地区石油的二次运移，地球化学，1998，(5)：475-482。
60. Marray R C, 1957, Hydrocarbon fluid inclusion in quartz, AAPG, 41(6): 950-952
61. Roedder E, 1979, Fluid inclusion evidence on the environments of sedimentary diagensis,
SEPM,Spec Publ,26:89-107
62． Pagel M and Poty B,1983,The evolution of composition temperature and pressure of sedimentary fluid over time:a fluid inclusion reconstruction.In:DurandB,ed.Thermal phenomena in sedimentary basins,Houston:Gulf Pub Comp,71-88
63． Pagel M,Walgenwitz F,Dubessy J,1985,Fluid inclusion in oil and gas-bearing sedimentary formations.In:Burruss J,ed.Thermal modeling in sedimentary basins.Houston,Texas:Gulf Publishing Comp,565-583
64． Mclimans R K,1987,The application of fluid inclusions to migration of oil and diagenesis in petroleum reservoirs,Applied Geochemistry,2 (5/6) :585-603
65． Burley S D,Mullis J,Matter A,1989,Timing diagensis in the Tartan reservoir(UK North Sea):constrains from combined cathodoluminescence microscopy and fluid inclusion studies,Mar Petrol Geol,6:98-120
66． Tilley B J,Nesbitt B,Longstaffe F J,1989,Thermal histry of Alberta Deep Basin: comparative study of fluid inclusion and vitrinite reflectance data,AAPG,73(10) :1206-1222
67． Osbome M,Haszeldine S,1993,Evidence for resetting of fluid inclusion temperatures from quartz cements in oilfields,Mar Petrol Geol,10(3) :271-294
68． 施继锡，李本超，傅家谟等，1987，有机包裹体及其与油气的关系，中国科学(B辑)，(3) ： 318-325
69． 刘德汉，1995，包裹体研究-盆地流体追踪的有力工具，地学前缘，2(5) ：149-154
70． A.C.Aplin,G.Macleod,S.R.Larter,K.S.Pedersen,H.Sorensen,T.Bbbth.Combined use of Confocal Laser Microscopy and PVT simulation for estimating the composition and physical properties of petroleum in fluid inclusions.Marine and Petrolum geology,1999,16:98-101．
71． A.C.Aplin,S.R.Larter,M.A.Bigge,G,Macleod,R.E.Swarbrick,D.Grunberger.PVTX history of the North sea's Judy oilfield.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2000,60-70:641~644．
72． Roeder,E.,Bodnar,R.J,Geologic pressure determinations from fluid inclusion studies.Ann.Rev.Earth.Planet.Sci.1980,8,263-301．
73． Mclimams R.The application of fluid inclusions to migration of oil and diagenesis in petroleum reservoirs.Applied Geochemistry,1987,2(5/6) :585-603
74． Tilley B J,Nesbitt B E,Longstaffe F J.Thermal history of Alberta deep basin:comparative study of fluid inclusion and vitrinite reflectance data.AAPG,1989,73(10) :1206-1222
75． Xiao Xianming,Liu Zufa,Mi Jiaku,Liu Dehan,Shen Jiagui,Song Zhiguang,Dating formation of natural gas pools using fluid inclusion data from reservoirs.Chinese Science Bulletin,2002,47(18) ,1567-1572
76． 肖贤明，刘祖发，刘德汉等，应用储层流体包裹体住处研究天然气气藏的成藏时间，2002， 科学通报，47(12) ：957-960。