脂类物质分析技术运用于考古学的方法探索
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摘要
复原古代生态面貌是考古学研究中的一个重要课题,这与古环境直接相关,由此进而探讨很多重要的考古学和人类学问题。一般的环境考古研究主要通过比较植物遗存的形态以鉴定其种属,进而恢复古植被。但若未发现可供形态比较的植物遗存,?就必须运用分子生物学和有机地球化学的研究方法,通过检测分子标志物,深入挖掘有关古代动植物的潜信息。因此,筛选合适的分子标志物并建立相应的有效的分析方法具有重大的学术价值。随着科技考古的蓬勃发展,大分子量的分子标志物(如DNA)的研究体系已基本建立,而对小分子量的分子标志物的研究在国内外都尚在起步阶段,它对未出土可供形态比较的生物遗存的考古研究尤为重要。
鉴于此,本文先对脂类物质分析的实验影响因素做了初步探讨,并对新石器早期的浙江小黄山遗址出土的陶片里的残留物做了脂肪酸分析。再以GC-MS的检测结果为依据,对有机地球化学中的几种常用的脂类物质分析实验方法,从提取方法、溶剂的选择和洗脱三步做了一系列比较和细节上的改进,初步得出适用于考古学研究中痕量分析的脂类物质的分析方法,并将其应用于小黄山和安徽禹会遗址剖面的各地层土壤沉积物中的正构烷烃分析中,其结果揭示了一定程度的古环境意义。
通过本文的分析和初步试验结果表明,对于未发现可供形态比较的植物遗存的考古遗址,烷烃分析技术是环境考古研究的有效办法之一,因之具有广阔的发展和应用前景。同时也就考古学研究的现实提出了一些问题,说明该研究思路和实验方法要与其他的研究手段所得结果相互印证才能较好地反映古环境。
One of the major issues in Archaeological research is to recover the ecological scenario in the ancient time, which is directly related to the paleo-environment, and through which, many important questions in Archaeology and Anthropology can be solved. Conventional methodology in Environmental Archaeology is to identify the taxonomic status of the plant remains by comparative studies on morphology, based on which paleo-vegetation can be investigated. However, if there are no plant remains suitable for morphological studies, techniques in Molecular Biology and Organic Geochemistry must be employed to search deeply for the buried information about the ancient bio-organisms through the investigation of Molecular Biomarker. Therefore, it is of great Archaeological significance to search for the proper candidates for Molecular Biomarker and to set up effective protocols to analyse them.
With the vigorous development of Archaeometry, the experimental system for large bio-molecules (e.g. aDNA) has already been established,while the system for the low weight Molecular Biomarker is only far from completion, which is crucial for the Archaeological investigation based on the heavily degraded organic remains.
In this consideration, in this project, the factors affecting the labotorial analysis of the low weight molecular biomarkers are investigated,and some residue study is done for the early Neolithic site Xiaohuangshan through Fatty acid analysis. What is more, we did the methodological study on the common techniques for lipid analysis in Organic Geochemistry by comparing the extraction and purification protocols,based on the test result by GC-MS. With some optimizations in the details, a dedicated labotorial system is customized for the effective trace analysis in Archaeological research, which is then applied to the study of n-Alkane analysis in the soil sediment in the stratums of Xiaohuangshan Site in Zhejiang and Yuhui Site in Anhui.
To a certain degree, paleo-environmental significance is revealed by the result, which proves that n-Alkane, originated from the cuticular wax lipid of palnts, is a feasible indicator for paleo-environment. Meanwhile, some issues are addressed to meet the reality and unique academic requirement of Archaeological research, which illustrate that much work have to be done before this approach could be applied conventionally in Archaeological research. Furthermore, to get a more reliable scenario of paleo-environment, results from lipid analysis must be combined with the evidence revealed by other approach.
鉴于此,本文先对脂类物质分析的实验影响因素做了初步探讨,并对新石器早期的浙江小黄山遗址出土的陶片里的残留物做了脂肪酸分析。再以GC-MS的检测结果为依据,对有机地球化学中的几种常用的脂类物质分析实验方法,从提取方法、溶剂的选择和洗脱三步做了一系列比较和细节上的改进,初步得出适用于考古学研究中痕量分析的脂类物质的分析方法,并将其应用于小黄山和安徽禹会遗址剖面的各地层土壤沉积物中的正构烷烃分析中,其结果揭示了一定程度的古环境意义。
通过本文的分析和初步试验结果表明,对于未发现可供形态比较的植物遗存的考古遗址,烷烃分析技术是环境考古研究的有效办法之一,因之具有广阔的发展和应用前景。同时也就考古学研究的现实提出了一些问题,说明该研究思路和实验方法要与其他的研究手段所得结果相互印证才能较好地反映古环境。
One of the major issues in Archaeological research is to recover the ecological scenario in the ancient time, which is directly related to the paleo-environment, and through which, many important questions in Archaeology and Anthropology can be solved. Conventional methodology in Environmental Archaeology is to identify the taxonomic status of the plant remains by comparative studies on morphology, based on which paleo-vegetation can be investigated. However, if there are no plant remains suitable for morphological studies, techniques in Molecular Biology and Organic Geochemistry must be employed to search deeply for the buried information about the ancient bio-organisms through the investigation of Molecular Biomarker. Therefore, it is of great Archaeological significance to search for the proper candidates for Molecular Biomarker and to set up effective protocols to analyse them.
With the vigorous development of Archaeometry, the experimental system for large bio-molecules (e.g. aDNA) has already been established,while the system for the low weight Molecular Biomarker is only far from completion, which is crucial for the Archaeological investigation based on the heavily degraded organic remains.
In this consideration, in this project, the factors affecting the labotorial analysis of the low weight molecular biomarkers are investigated,and some residue study is done for the early Neolithic site Xiaohuangshan through Fatty acid analysis. What is more, we did the methodological study on the common techniques for lipid analysis in Organic Geochemistry by comparing the extraction and purification protocols,based on the test result by GC-MS. With some optimizations in the details, a dedicated labotorial system is customized for the effective trace analysis in Archaeological research, which is then applied to the study of n-Alkane analysis in the soil sediment in the stratums of Xiaohuangshan Site in Zhejiang and Yuhui Site in Anhui.
To a certain degree, paleo-environmental significance is revealed by the result, which proves that n-Alkane, originated from the cuticular wax lipid of palnts, is a feasible indicator for paleo-environment. Meanwhile, some issues are addressed to meet the reality and unique academic requirement of Archaeological research, which illustrate that much work have to be done before this approach could be applied conventionally in Archaeological research. Furthermore, to get a more reliable scenario of paleo-environment, results from lipid analysis must be combined with the evidence revealed by other approach.
引文
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