森林—草原交错带动物群落结构与多样性研究
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摘要
生态交错带(Ecotone)是相邻生态系统之间的过渡带,是生态结构和功能在时间尺度、空间尺度上变化较快的区域,是生物多样性出现区、全球变化敏感区、边缘效应表达区,而特定的生态交错带只能在特定的时间空间尺度才能监测到,因此,生态交错带的研究成为人们进行早期生态预警以及生态管理理论探讨和实践的核心问题。
森林-草原交错带是陆地生态交错带的重要类型之一,目前有关我国森林草原交错带的研究主要集中在植物学的研究上,而有关我国森林草原交错带动物群落的研究尚缺乏资料系统报道。
内蒙古高原东南缘森林-草原交错带位于河北省围场县至内蒙古自治区赤峰市克什克腾旗以及锡林郭勒盟多伦县的接壤处(116°32′-117°33′E,42°10′-43°18′N),为内蒙古高原东南缘与大兴安岭和冀北山地的交汇地带,植被呈森林和草原镶嵌排列,系我国典型的大尺度森林-草原交错带。2004年4月至2007年10月,利用样带调查法,采取人工网捕法、高枝剪抽样法、全株调查法、Tullgren干漏斗法、Baermann湿漏斗法、样线法等方法对该地区节肢动物、土壤动物和脊椎动物的群落结构与多样性进行了研究,结果如下:
内蒙古高原东南缘森林-草原交错带动物群落组成比较丰富。共有节肢动物2纲15目77科326种;土壤动物6门11纲27目(类),陆生脊椎动物4纲23目54科126属195种。其中,优势类群和优势种类包括节肢动物的蜘蛛目、双翅目、同翅目、膜翅目;大型土壤动物的小蚓类、鞘翅目、柄眼目,中小型土壤动物的蜱螨目、弹尾目,湿生土壤动物的小杆目;脊椎动物的丽斑麻蜥,沼泽山雀、黄眉柳莺、三道眉草鸦、北红尾鸲、喜鹊、红尾伯劳,草兔、达乌尔黄鼠、花鼠等。
动物群落结构与多样性随交错带水平环境梯度变化而呈现出明显的梯度变化。在各个动物类群中,交错带均具有最高的动物个体数、物种(类群)数和物种(类群)多样性,且高于或显著高于两侧的森林带和草原带,表明大尺度森林草原交错带具有显著的边缘效应;且脊椎动物(鸟类)物种替代速率随植被地带逐级发生显著变化,物种替代速率与环境梯度“陡度”有密切关系。不同植被类型之间动物群落差异显著,但不同动物类群表现出不同的变化规律;节肢动物在林间带具有最高的物种数、个体数、物种丰富度和物种多样性,同坡向多数针叶林比阔叶林具有较高的物种丰富度与多样性;多数阔叶林中小型土壤动物的个体数与类群数高于针叶林。针叶林鸟类的物种数和密度高于阔叶林。
动物群落结构与多样性随交错带垂直环境梯度变化而呈现出明显的梯度变化。节肢动物群落在林冠层、灌木层、草间层和枯落物层4个垂直层次之间有极显著差异,草间层具有最高的物种数、个体数、多样性指数和均匀度指数。土壤动物在枯枝落叶层、0-5cm层、5-10cm层和10-15am层4个垂直层次之间存在垂直变化,土壤动物个体数量和类群数均以枯枝落叶层最多,具有明显的表聚性;其中,从枯枝落叶层到0-5cm层这一阶段变化最为显著,0-5cm层到10-15cm层变化不显著,但油松林类群数具有反层的现象。鸟类群落在不同植被地带表现出不同的垂直变化规律;在栖息高度(地面、0～5m、5～10m、10～15m和＞15m五个层次)维上,森林带和森林草甸区物种多样性最高的范围是5～10m,草甸草原区物种多样性最高的范围是0～5m;在栖位(树干、树枝和地面三个层次)维上,各植被地带物种多样性最高的栖位均为树枝层。
不同动物类群的群落结构与多样性均随时间变化而表现出明显的季节变化。节肢动物群落在7月下旬-8月初具有最高的物种数、个体数和多样性指数;土壤动物群落在夏季具有最高的类群数,秋季具有最高的个体数量和多样性指数;鸟类群落在春季具有最高的鸟种组成,春夏季节鸟类群落的主体是候鸟(夏候鸟),秋冬季节鸟类群落的主体是留鸟。
动物群落结构与多样性与环境因子密切相关。节肢动物物种多样性、均匀度与森林斑块数和森林覆盖率呈显著相关性,个体数、物种数均与森林斑块数、森林斑块平均面积和森林覆盖率呈显著相关性;土壤动物群落的个体数量和类群数量与土壤PH值和湿度呈显著的正相关,物种多样性与PH值呈负相关而与湿度呈正相关;鸟类物种数、密度和物种多样性与森林斑块数呈显著正相关。节肢动物群落和脊椎动物(鸟类)群落与大尺度空间环境因子密切相关,森林斑块数、森林斑块平均面积或森林覆盖率是影响其群落结构与多样性的主要因素。土壤PH值和湿度是影响土壤动物群落的主要因素。
人工针叶林恢复对退化森林生态系统鸟类群落物种多样性和鸟类取食集团具有重要影响。经过40a人工恢复形成的人工针叶林提供了当地58.97%的鸟种数。同自然恢复相比,人工针叶林恢复不仅提高了鸟类群落的物种数,还显著提高了鸟类的密度,特别是显著提高了沼泽山雀、黄眉柳莺的密度。在鸟类4个取食集团中,经过40a演替的人工针叶林可以显著提高食虫鸟的密度。
Ecotone is the transitional zone between the adjacent ecosystems, which ecological structure and function change rapidly in the time scale and spatial scale, and which is a special area to have high biodiversity, sensitive to global changes and edge effects. But, the specific ecotone only can be monitored in a specific time and space scales, so ecotone is the core issues to proceed early ecological warning and ecological management.
Forest-steppe ecotone is an important type of land ecotone. At present, the study on China's forest-steppe ecotone is focused on the botany, but the animal communities is lack of the information to be reported.
The forest-steppe ecotone of Inner Mongolia plateau southeast edge locates in the border between the Weichang County of Hebei Province and Chifeng City of Inner Mongolia (116°32'-117°33'E, 42°10'-43°18'N). The area belong to the intersection area of the southeast edge of Inner Mongolia plateau, DaXing'an Mountains and the northern Hebei mountain, which is a typical large-scale forest t-steppe ecotone in China, and the forest and grassland is inlaid with in the area. The animal community structure and diversity of Arthropods, soil animals and Vertebrates were studied from April 2004 to October 2007 by the method of strip transect sampling. The results showed that:
The composition of animal community was rich in the forest-steppe ecotone of Inner Mongolia plateau southeast edge. Total of 2 classes 15 orders 77 families 326 species of Arthropods, 6 Phylum 11 classes 27 orders (groups) of soil animals and 4 classes 23 orders 54 families 126 genus 195 species of Vertebrates were found. Ominant groups of Arthropods were Araneida, Diptera, Homoptera and Hymenoptera. Ominant groups of large-sized soil animal included Microdrile oligochaetes, Coleoptera and Stylommatophora, ominant groups of middle-small-sized soil animal included Acarina and Collembola, ominant group of wetlands soil animal was Rhabditidia. Ominant species of Vertebrates were Eremias argus, Parus palustris hellmayri, Phylloscopus inornatus inornatus, Emberiza coides weigololi, Phoenicurus auroreus auroreus, Pica pica cenicea, Lanius cristatus lucionensis, Lepus capensis, Citellus dauricus and Eutamias sibiricus.
Animal community structure and diversity showed a marked gradient changes with the level environmental gradients. In all the animal groups, there were the maximum individual number, species (groups) number and species (groups) diversity, which were higher or significantly higher than that of either side of the forest zone and steppe zone, and the result showed that the large-scale forest-steppe ecotone had a significant edge effects. The species replacement rate of Vertebrates (birds) changed significantly with vegetation zones in step by step, the relation between replacement rate of species and the environment gradient "steepness" was closely. The animal communities between different types of vegetation were different significantly, and different animal groups changed in different way. The individual number, species number and species diversity of Arthropods were the maximum in belt between forests, the species diversity in most of coniferous forest were higher than it in broad-leaved forest. The individual number and group number in most of broad-leaved forest were higher than it in coniferous forest. The individual number and species number in coniferous forest were higher than it in broad-leaved forest.
Animal community structure and diversity showed a marked gradient changes with the vertical environmental gradients. Arthropods communities were extremely significant difference among the tree layer, shrub layer, herbaceous layer and leaf litter layer, the individual number, species number, species diversity and evenness index of Arthropods were the maximum in herbaceous layer. The soil animal communities were different among the leaf litter layer, 0～5cm layer、5～10cm layer and 10～15 layer, the largest number of the individual number and groups number were in the leaf litter layer. The most notable changes happened from leaf litter layer to 0～5cm layer, and there were on notable changes from 5～10cm layer to 10～15 layer, but the groups number of Pinus tabulaeformis forest showed the opposite phenomenon. Bird communities showed different vertical changes in different vegetation zones. In habitat height (five layers of Ground, 0～5m、5～10m、10～15m and >15m), the species diversity were the maximum in 5～10m layer of forest zone and forest-meadow, and the maximum in 0～5m layer of meadow-steppe. In habitat position (three layers of branch, trunck and ground) , all of the species diversity were the maximum in trunck.
Animal community structure and diversity showed the marked seasonal changes., The maximum of Arthropod's individual number, species number and species diversity were in late July - early August. The groups number of soil animals was the maximum in summer, and the individual number was the maximum in autumn. The species number of birds; was the maximum in spring, the main species of bird community were migratory birds (summer migratory birds) in spring and summer, and the main species of bird community were resident birds in autumn and winter.
Animal community structure and diversity are closely related with environmental factors. There was a significant correlation between the species diversity, evenness index of Arthropods and forest patch number, forest coverage rate, and a significant correlation between the individual number, species number and forest patch number, average patch size, forest coverage rate. There was a significant positive correlation between the individual number, groups number of soil animals and PH value, humidity of soil. The species diversity had a positive correlation with PH value of soil and a a negative correlation with humidity of soil. There was a significant positive correlation between the bird's individual number, species number, species diversity and forest patch number. There was a significant correlation between the Arthropods, Vertebrates (birds) and large-scale space environmental factors, the main factors to affect their community structure and diversity were forest patch number, average patch size or forest coverage rate. The main factors to affect soil animals community were PH value and humidity of soil.
The artificial coniferous forest plantations restoration had the evident effect to the species diversity and feeding guilds of bird communities in degraded forest ecosystem. The artificial coniferous forest had provided 58.97 percent of local bird species after restoration for 40 years. Compared with the natural recovery, artificial coniferous forest not only increased the number of species of bird community, but also significantly increased the density of birds, especially to significantly increase the density of Parus palustris hellmayri and Phylloscopus inornatus inornatus. In four birds feeding guilds, the density of insectivore had significantly increased in artificial coniferous forest after restoration for 40 years.
森林-草原交错带是陆地生态交错带的重要类型之一,目前有关我国森林草原交错带的研究主要集中在植物学的研究上,而有关我国森林草原交错带动物群落的研究尚缺乏资料系统报道。
内蒙古高原东南缘森林-草原交错带位于河北省围场县至内蒙古自治区赤峰市克什克腾旗以及锡林郭勒盟多伦县的接壤处(116°32′-117°33′E,42°10′-43°18′N),为内蒙古高原东南缘与大兴安岭和冀北山地的交汇地带,植被呈森林和草原镶嵌排列,系我国典型的大尺度森林-草原交错带。2004年4月至2007年10月,利用样带调查法,采取人工网捕法、高枝剪抽样法、全株调查法、Tullgren干漏斗法、Baermann湿漏斗法、样线法等方法对该地区节肢动物、土壤动物和脊椎动物的群落结构与多样性进行了研究,结果如下:
内蒙古高原东南缘森林-草原交错带动物群落组成比较丰富。共有节肢动物2纲15目77科326种;土壤动物6门11纲27目(类),陆生脊椎动物4纲23目54科126属195种。其中,优势类群和优势种类包括节肢动物的蜘蛛目、双翅目、同翅目、膜翅目;大型土壤动物的小蚓类、鞘翅目、柄眼目,中小型土壤动物的蜱螨目、弹尾目,湿生土壤动物的小杆目;脊椎动物的丽斑麻蜥,沼泽山雀、黄眉柳莺、三道眉草鸦、北红尾鸲、喜鹊、红尾伯劳,草兔、达乌尔黄鼠、花鼠等。
动物群落结构与多样性随交错带水平环境梯度变化而呈现出明显的梯度变化。在各个动物类群中,交错带均具有最高的动物个体数、物种(类群)数和物种(类群)多样性,且高于或显著高于两侧的森林带和草原带,表明大尺度森林草原交错带具有显著的边缘效应;且脊椎动物(鸟类)物种替代速率随植被地带逐级发生显著变化,物种替代速率与环境梯度“陡度”有密切关系。不同植被类型之间动物群落差异显著,但不同动物类群表现出不同的变化规律;节肢动物在林间带具有最高的物种数、个体数、物种丰富度和物种多样性,同坡向多数针叶林比阔叶林具有较高的物种丰富度与多样性;多数阔叶林中小型土壤动物的个体数与类群数高于针叶林。针叶林鸟类的物种数和密度高于阔叶林。
动物群落结构与多样性随交错带垂直环境梯度变化而呈现出明显的梯度变化。节肢动物群落在林冠层、灌木层、草间层和枯落物层4个垂直层次之间有极显著差异,草间层具有最高的物种数、个体数、多样性指数和均匀度指数。土壤动物在枯枝落叶层、0-5cm层、5-10cm层和10-15am层4个垂直层次之间存在垂直变化,土壤动物个体数量和类群数均以枯枝落叶层最多,具有明显的表聚性;其中,从枯枝落叶层到0-5cm层这一阶段变化最为显著,0-5cm层到10-15cm层变化不显著,但油松林类群数具有反层的现象。鸟类群落在不同植被地带表现出不同的垂直变化规律;在栖息高度(地面、0～5m、5～10m、10～15m和＞15m五个层次)维上,森林带和森林草甸区物种多样性最高的范围是5～10m,草甸草原区物种多样性最高的范围是0～5m;在栖位(树干、树枝和地面三个层次)维上,各植被地带物种多样性最高的栖位均为树枝层。
不同动物类群的群落结构与多样性均随时间变化而表现出明显的季节变化。节肢动物群落在7月下旬-8月初具有最高的物种数、个体数和多样性指数;土壤动物群落在夏季具有最高的类群数,秋季具有最高的个体数量和多样性指数;鸟类群落在春季具有最高的鸟种组成,春夏季节鸟类群落的主体是候鸟(夏候鸟),秋冬季节鸟类群落的主体是留鸟。
动物群落结构与多样性与环境因子密切相关。节肢动物物种多样性、均匀度与森林斑块数和森林覆盖率呈显著相关性,个体数、物种数均与森林斑块数、森林斑块平均面积和森林覆盖率呈显著相关性;土壤动物群落的个体数量和类群数量与土壤PH值和湿度呈显著的正相关,物种多样性与PH值呈负相关而与湿度呈正相关;鸟类物种数、密度和物种多样性与森林斑块数呈显著正相关。节肢动物群落和脊椎动物(鸟类)群落与大尺度空间环境因子密切相关,森林斑块数、森林斑块平均面积或森林覆盖率是影响其群落结构与多样性的主要因素。土壤PH值和湿度是影响土壤动物群落的主要因素。
人工针叶林恢复对退化森林生态系统鸟类群落物种多样性和鸟类取食集团具有重要影响。经过40a人工恢复形成的人工针叶林提供了当地58.97%的鸟种数。同自然恢复相比,人工针叶林恢复不仅提高了鸟类群落的物种数,还显著提高了鸟类的密度,特别是显著提高了沼泽山雀、黄眉柳莺的密度。在鸟类4个取食集团中,经过40a演替的人工针叶林可以显著提高食虫鸟的密度。
Ecotone is the transitional zone between the adjacent ecosystems, which ecological structure and function change rapidly in the time scale and spatial scale, and which is a special area to have high biodiversity, sensitive to global changes and edge effects. But, the specific ecotone only can be monitored in a specific time and space scales, so ecotone is the core issues to proceed early ecological warning and ecological management.
Forest-steppe ecotone is an important type of land ecotone. At present, the study on China's forest-steppe ecotone is focused on the botany, but the animal communities is lack of the information to be reported.
The forest-steppe ecotone of Inner Mongolia plateau southeast edge locates in the border between the Weichang County of Hebei Province and Chifeng City of Inner Mongolia (116°32'-117°33'E, 42°10'-43°18'N). The area belong to the intersection area of the southeast edge of Inner Mongolia plateau, DaXing'an Mountains and the northern Hebei mountain, which is a typical large-scale forest t-steppe ecotone in China, and the forest and grassland is inlaid with in the area. The animal community structure and diversity of Arthropods, soil animals and Vertebrates were studied from April 2004 to October 2007 by the method of strip transect sampling. The results showed that:
The composition of animal community was rich in the forest-steppe ecotone of Inner Mongolia plateau southeast edge. Total of 2 classes 15 orders 77 families 326 species of Arthropods, 6 Phylum 11 classes 27 orders (groups) of soil animals and 4 classes 23 orders 54 families 126 genus 195 species of Vertebrates were found. Ominant groups of Arthropods were Araneida, Diptera, Homoptera and Hymenoptera. Ominant groups of large-sized soil animal included Microdrile oligochaetes, Coleoptera and Stylommatophora, ominant groups of middle-small-sized soil animal included Acarina and Collembola, ominant group of wetlands soil animal was Rhabditidia. Ominant species of Vertebrates were Eremias argus, Parus palustris hellmayri, Phylloscopus inornatus inornatus, Emberiza coides weigololi, Phoenicurus auroreus auroreus, Pica pica cenicea, Lanius cristatus lucionensis, Lepus capensis, Citellus dauricus and Eutamias sibiricus.
Animal community structure and diversity showed a marked gradient changes with the level environmental gradients. In all the animal groups, there were the maximum individual number, species (groups) number and species (groups) diversity, which were higher or significantly higher than that of either side of the forest zone and steppe zone, and the result showed that the large-scale forest-steppe ecotone had a significant edge effects. The species replacement rate of Vertebrates (birds) changed significantly with vegetation zones in step by step, the relation between replacement rate of species and the environment gradient "steepness" was closely. The animal communities between different types of vegetation were different significantly, and different animal groups changed in different way. The individual number, species number and species diversity of Arthropods were the maximum in belt between forests, the species diversity in most of coniferous forest were higher than it in broad-leaved forest. The individual number and group number in most of broad-leaved forest were higher than it in coniferous forest. The individual number and species number in coniferous forest were higher than it in broad-leaved forest.
Animal community structure and diversity showed a marked gradient changes with the vertical environmental gradients. Arthropods communities were extremely significant difference among the tree layer, shrub layer, herbaceous layer and leaf litter layer, the individual number, species number, species diversity and evenness index of Arthropods were the maximum in herbaceous layer. The soil animal communities were different among the leaf litter layer, 0～5cm layer、5～10cm layer and 10～15 layer, the largest number of the individual number and groups number were in the leaf litter layer. The most notable changes happened from leaf litter layer to 0～5cm layer, and there were on notable changes from 5～10cm layer to 10～15 layer, but the groups number of Pinus tabulaeformis forest showed the opposite phenomenon. Bird communities showed different vertical changes in different vegetation zones. In habitat height (five layers of Ground, 0～5m、5～10m、10～15m and >15m), the species diversity were the maximum in 5～10m layer of forest zone and forest-meadow, and the maximum in 0～5m layer of meadow-steppe. In habitat position (three layers of branch, trunck and ground) , all of the species diversity were the maximum in trunck.
Animal community structure and diversity showed the marked seasonal changes., The maximum of Arthropod's individual number, species number and species diversity were in late July - early August. The groups number of soil animals was the maximum in summer, and the individual number was the maximum in autumn. The species number of birds; was the maximum in spring, the main species of bird community were migratory birds (summer migratory birds) in spring and summer, and the main species of bird community were resident birds in autumn and winter.
Animal community structure and diversity are closely related with environmental factors. There was a significant correlation between the species diversity, evenness index of Arthropods and forest patch number, forest coverage rate, and a significant correlation between the individual number, species number and forest patch number, average patch size, forest coverage rate. There was a significant positive correlation between the individual number, groups number of soil animals and PH value, humidity of soil. The species diversity had a positive correlation with PH value of soil and a a negative correlation with humidity of soil. There was a significant positive correlation between the bird's individual number, species number, species diversity and forest patch number. There was a significant correlation between the Arthropods, Vertebrates (birds) and large-scale space environmental factors, the main factors to affect their community structure and diversity were forest patch number, average patch size or forest coverage rate. The main factors to affect soil animals community were PH value and humidity of soil.
The artificial coniferous forest plantations restoration had the evident effect to the species diversity and feeding guilds of bird communities in degraded forest ecosystem. The artificial coniferous forest had provided 58.97 percent of local bird species after restoration for 40 years. Compared with the natural recovery, artificial coniferous forest not only increased the number of species of bird community, but also significantly increased the density of birds, especially to significantly increase the density of Parus palustris hellmayri and Phylloscopus inornatus inornatus. In four birds feeding guilds, the density of insectivore had significantly increased in artificial coniferous forest after restoration for 40 years.
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