论WTO框架下服务贸易保障措施制度之建立
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摘要
随着国际服务贸易的迅速发展,因服务贸易产生之纠纷日益增多,建立完善的国际服务贸易法律体系,特别是具有贸易救济特征的保障措施规范成为了WTO各成员关注的焦点。从理论上来讲,建立服务贸易保障措施具有当然的必要性,而现实中货物贸易保障措施又为其提供了较为完善的法律框架。然而国际社会上仍存在质疑服务贸易保障必要性的争论,在建立模式上亦难达成一致。
笔者在本文中主要分五部分对WTO框架下的服务贸易保障措施的建立作了阐述:首先简要介绍了WTO贸易保障措施的基本概念、法源,接着分析了建立服务贸易保障措施的必要性,进而讨论了国际条约、区域性协定和各主要国家国内法是建立服务贸易保障措施的制度基础,又进一步探讨了《服务贸易总协定》对保障措施规范的影响和作用,最后参考各成员已经提交的建议文件,并考虑到货物贸易保障措施的借鉴价值,对建立服务贸易保障措施的可行性进行初步探究,并就建立服务贸易保障措施的可能途径作一阐述。
As the rapid development of the international trade in services, issues caused by them were raised, and a whole legal system of the international trade in services is much more needed and focused than before, especially the safeguard measures which are created to protect the trade. Theoretically, safeguard in services are indeed desirable; meanwhile safeguard in goods has offered a perfect legal framework. Even though the desirability of the safeguard measures was argued in almost every forum and an agreement concerning the establishing mode could not be reached.
The author hereby analyses this question in the following five parts: the basic concepts and the original of safeguard measures; the practical and theoretical necessity for establishing the legal system of safeguard measures; the institutional foundation and legitimacy of safeguard measures therein the international treaties, the regional agreements and the internal law of main countries; the influence and function of the General agreements on trade in services therein the scope of safeguard in services; then taking into account the advice papers of some members and the homologous model of trade in goods, tries to make it clear the feasibilities of establishing safeguard measures in services and the way it operates.
笔者在本文中主要分五部分对WTO框架下的服务贸易保障措施的建立作了阐述:首先简要介绍了WTO贸易保障措施的基本概念、法源,接着分析了建立服务贸易保障措施的必要性,进而讨论了国际条约、区域性协定和各主要国家国内法是建立服务贸易保障措施的制度基础,又进一步探讨了《服务贸易总协定》对保障措施规范的影响和作用,最后参考各成员已经提交的建议文件,并考虑到货物贸易保障措施的借鉴价值,对建立服务贸易保障措施的可行性进行初步探究,并就建立服务贸易保障措施的可能途径作一阐述。
As the rapid development of the international trade in services, issues caused by them were raised, and a whole legal system of the international trade in services is much more needed and focused than before, especially the safeguard measures which are created to protect the trade. Theoretically, safeguard in services are indeed desirable; meanwhile safeguard in goods has offered a perfect legal framework. Even though the desirability of the safeguard measures was argued in almost every forum and an agreement concerning the establishing mode could not be reached.
The author hereby analyses this question in the following five parts: the basic concepts and the original of safeguard measures; the practical and theoretical necessity for establishing the legal system of safeguard measures; the institutional foundation and legitimacy of safeguard measures therein the international treaties, the regional agreements and the internal law of main countries; the influence and function of the General agreements on trade in services therein the scope of safeguard in services; then taking into account the advice papers of some members and the homologous model of trade in goods, tries to make it clear the feasibilities of establishing safeguard measures in services and the way it operates.
引文
1《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》(对外贸易合作部国际经贸关系司译),北京·法律出版社,2000年版,第454页。
2黄文俊:《保障措施法研究——理论框架与实证分析》,北京·法律出版社,2004年版,第1页。
3 Henty Campell Black, Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th edition, West Publishing Co. 1991, pp.488.
4伯纳德·霍克曼、迈克尔·考斯泰基:《世界贸易体制的政治经济学——从关贸总协定到贸易组织》(刘平、洪晓东、许明德等译),北京·法律出版社,1999年版,第159-160页。
5黄文俊:前引书,第127页。
6张玉卿、李成钢:《WTO与保障措施争端》(王新奎、刘光溪主编),上海人民出版社,2001年版,第66-71页。
7詹宁斯、瓦茨修订:《奥本海国际法》(王铁崖等译),第1卷第2分册,北京·中国大百科全书出版社1998年版,第680-681页。
8《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》,第275页。
9莫世健:《贸易保障措施研究》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第43-50页。
10陈卫东:《WTO例外条款解读》,北京·对外经济贸易出版社,2002年版,第120-121,132-135页。
11 Rudolf Adlung,“Negotiations on safeguards and subsidies in service: a never-ending story?”Journal of International Economic Law (June 2007),pp.1.
12卡·马克思:《剩余价值理论》,载《马克思恩格斯全集》第26卷第1分册,北京·人民出版社,1972年版,第160页。
16石静霞、陈卫东:《WTO国际服务贸易成案研究(1996-2005)》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第2页。
17戴超平:《国际服务贸易概论》,北京·中国金融出版社,1997年版,第47页。
18 Ministerial Declaration on the Uruguay Round(MIN 86/6),转引自丁维香、何宁等编:《国际服务贸易与中国服务业》,北京·中国对外经济贸易出版社,1995年版,第77页。
19第19条具体承诺的谈判,第1款:“……各成员应不迟于《WTO协定》生效之日起5年开始并在此后定期进行连续回合的谈判……”。
20 Guidelines and Procedures for the Negotiations on Trade in Service, adopted by the Special Session of the Council for Trade in Services on 28 March 2001, S/L/93,29 March 2001.
21 Rudolf Adlung,“Negotiations on safeguards and subsidies in service: a never-ending story?”Journal of International Economic Law (June 2007),pp.19.
22 Doha Work Programme, Decision Adopted by the General Council on 1 August 2004, T/L/579.
23陶凯元:前引书,第59页。
24 WTO统计资料。
25 Communication from ASEAN:“Concept Paper: Elements of a Possible Agreed Draft of Rules on Emergency Safeguard Measures for Trade in Services(GATS Article X)”, 14 March 2000,S/WPGR/W/30.
26 Note from the Chairperson:“Negotiations on Safeguards under Article X of the GATS”, 29 March 2000, Job No.1979 and Job No. 1979/Rev.1.6 October2000,转引自石静霞:《服务贸易领域的紧急保障措施探析》,http://www.chinalawedu.com/news/2004_7/26/0850086063.htm.
27 Note by the Secretariat:“Report of the Meeting of 25 February 2003”, 12 March 2003, S/WPGR/M/41.
28陈卫东:前引书,第146页。
29黄文俊:前引书,第142页。
30注:香格里拉为虚拟的国名。
31黄文俊:前引书,第143页。
32 DOHA WORK PROGRAMME Ministerial Declaration, Adopted on 18 December 2005, Annex C Services, WT/MIN (05)/DEC, 22 December 2005.
33 Members must intensify their efforts to conclude the negotiations on rule-making under GATS Articles X, XIII, and XV in accordance with their respective mandates and timelines: (a) Members should engage in more focused discussions in connection with the technical and procedural questions relating to the operation and application of any possible emergency safeguard measures in services.
34《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》,第294页。
35第21条:减让表的修改:(a)一成员(本条中称“修改成员”)可依照本条的规定,在减让表中任何承诺生效之日起3年期满后的任何时间修改或撤销该承诺。(b)修改成员应将其根据本条修改或撤销一承诺的意向,在不迟于实施修改或撤销的预定日期前3个月通知服务贸易理事会。
36《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》,第294页。
37《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》,第294页。
38朱晓勤主编:《发展中国家与WTO法律制度研究》,北京大学出版社,2006年版,第361页。
39《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》,第286-288页。
40朱晓勤主编:前引书,第363页。
41 http://tradeinservices.mofcom.gov.cn/g/2007-11-30/16562.shtml。
42 2004年修订的《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》第45条。
43刘庆林:《国际服务贸易》,北京·人民邮电出版社,2004年版,第116-118页。
44黄文俊:前引文,第128-131页。
45黄文俊:前引书,第8-17页。
46《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》,第275-283页。
47宋和平、黄文俊主编:《反倾销法律制度概论》,北京·中国检察出版社,2001年版,第26页。印度发起的保障措施全部集中在1997年以后,仅仅1998年1月19日至5月24日5个月内就发动了5起调查,让人不得不联想到这些调查与当时东南亚经济危机之间的关系。参见黄文俊:前引书,第93页
48朱晓勤主编:前引书,第324页。
49陶凯元:前引书,第173页。
50注:但后两者都没有关于保障措施的规定。
51陶凯元:前引书,第173页。
52《The Europe Agreements between the EC and Central and Eastern European countries》
53 WTO Document, S/WPR/W/4/Add. 1, 20 February 2003.
54 Rudolf Adlung,“Negotiations on safeguards and subsidies in service: a never-ending story?”Journal of International Economic Law (June 2007) , pp.7.
55中国服务贸易指南网:http://tradeinservices.mofcom.gov.cn/b/2007-09-05/5801.shtml
56黄文俊:前引书,第90页。
57宋和平、黄文俊:《反倾销法律制度概论》,北京·中国检察出版社,2001年版,第26页。
58注:本节所引用的条文和术语均引自:《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》,第284-307页。
59 Facilitate the increasing participation of developing countries in trade in services.
60 Taking particular account of the serious difficulty of the least-developing countries.
61 Increasing Participation of Developing Counties.
62 in the process of economic development.
63 economic transition.和非洲国家的支持。
65 Malcolm Bosworth/ Dionisius A. Narjoko,“Desirability, Feasibility and Options for Establishing ESM within the AFAS”, REPSE No. 05/007(2006), pp.1-4.
66注:本条所指的垄断服务提供者是指政府授予的垄断,而不包括企业自然获得的垄断地位。参见GATS第28条(h)。
67陶铠元:前引书,第328页。
68 Rudolf Adlung/Martin Roy,“Turning Hills into Mountains?–Current Commitments Under the General Agreement on Trade in Service and Prospects for Change”, World Trade Organization Economic Research and Statistics Division. Staff Working Paper ERSD-2005-01, March 2005, pp.10.
69 Guidelines for the scheduling of specific commitments under the general agreement on trade in service(GATS), Adopted by the Council for Trade in Services on 23 March 2001, WTO Document,S/L/92 28 March 2001,pp.16.
70 Rudolf Adlung,“Negotiations on safeguards and subsidies in service: a never-ending story?”Journal of International Economic Law (June 2007),pp.1.
71 Rudolf Adlung,“Negotiations on safeguards and subsidies in service: a never-ending story?”Journal of International Economic Law (June 2007),pp.19.
72 Pierre Sauvé,“Completing the GATS Framework: Addressing Uruguay Round Leftovers”, Aussenwirtschaft, 57(3), Jahrgang (2002), pp.314.
73 Following Pierre Sauvé, ibid pp.326-331.
74 Rudolf Adlung,“Negotiations on safeguards and subsidies in service: a never-ending story?”Journal of International Economic Law (June 2007),pp.7.
75陶凯元:前引书,第134页。
76 Rudolf Adlung,“Negotiations on safeguards and subsidies in service: a never-ending story?”Journal of International Economic Law (June 2007), pp.6.
77 Communication from the United States, Desirability of a Safeguard Mechanism for Service: Promoting Liberalization of Trade in Service, S/WPGR/W/37, 2 October 2001, pp 2-3.
78朱晓勤主编:前引书,第363页。
79 Communication from the European Communities and their Member States ,Scope for Emergency Safeguard Measures(ESM) in the GATS, S/WPGR/W/41, 3 March 2003, pp 2-4.
80注:如GATS允许最惠国待遇原则的例外;国民待遇原则也受制于列出的条件和资格;在市场准入方面,只是要求各成员在其时间表中具体承诺的领域允许市场准入,各成员可以将一定的部门和模式从其承诺中排除;GATS第21条允许各成员对时间表承诺重新进行谈判。GATS的这种灵活性为各成员在事前承诺和事后修改其承诺方面提供了极大的余地。
81 Communication from the European Communities and their Member States ,Scope for Emergency Safeguard Measures(ESM) in the GATS, S/WPGR/W/41, 3 March 2003, pp. 2-4.
82陈卫东:前引书,第147页。
83 Safeguards and Services: Noted by the Secretariat, MTN. GNS/W/70, 13 September 1989, pp.1.
84 Communication from the United States, Emergency Safeguards, S/WPGR/W/17, 13 March 1997, pp. 2.
85 S/WPGR/W/37, pp.9.
86《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》,第286页。
87 Communication from AESAN, Concept Paper: Elements of a Possible Agreed Draft of Rules on Emergency Safeguard Measures for Trade in Services (GATS Article X), S/WPGR/W/30, 14 March 2002.
88 S/WPGR/W/17.pp.2.
89朱晓勤:前引书,第368页。
90 WTO, Working Party on GATS Rules, Communication from U.S-Desirability of a Safeguard Mechanism for Services: Promoting Liberalization of Trade in Services, S/WPGR/W/37, 2 October 2001.
91 Emergency Safeguard Measures in GATS: The Applicability of Concepts Applied in the WTO Agreement on Safeguards, Note by the Secretariet, S/WPGR/W/8. 6 March 1996, para.6.
94《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》第275-283页。
95朱晓勤:前引书,第371页。
96房东:《〈服务贸易总协定〉法律拘束力研究》(陈安、曾华群总主编),北京大学出版社,2006年版,第176页。
97 Aaditya Mattoo, China’s Accession to the WTO: The Service Dimension, 1 December 2002, pp. 1, 4-6. http:// wwwl.worldbank.org/wbiep/trade/papers/mattoo_service. pdf.
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1、《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》(对外贸易合作部国际经贸关系司译),北京·法律出版社,2000年版。
2、《中国入世议定书》,上海人民出版社,2001年版。
3、《中国服务贸易发展报告2007》。
4、2004年修订的《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》。
5、Doha Work Programme , Decision Adopted by the General Council on 1 August 2004, T/L/579.
6、Communication from ASEAN:“Concept Paper: Elements of a Possible Agreed Draft of Rules on Emergency Safeguard Measures for Trade in Services (GATS Article X)”, S/WPGR/W/30, 14 March 2000.
7、Guidelines and Procedures for the Negotiations on Trade in Service, adopted by the Special Session of the Council for Trade in Services on 28 March 2001, S/L/93,29 March 2001.
8、Note by the Secretariat:“Report of the Meeting of 25 February 2003”, S/WPGR/M/41, 12 March 2003.
9、DOHA WORK PROGRAMME Ministerial Declaration, Adopted on 18 December 2005, Annex C Services, WT/MIN(05)/DEC, 22 December 2005.
10、WTO document S/WPR/W/4/Add. 1, 20 February 2003.
11、Guidelines for the scheduling of specific commitments under the general agreement on trade in service(GATS), Adopted by the Council for Trade in Services on 23 March 2001, WTO Document,S/L/92, 28 March 2001.
12、Communication from the United States, Desirability of a Safeguard Mechanism for Service: Promoting Liberalization of Trade in Service, S/WPGR/W/37, 2 October 2001.
13、Communication from the European Communities and their Member States: Scope for Emergency Safeguard Measures (ESM) in the GATS, S/WPGR/W/41, 3 March 2003.
14、Safeguards and Services: Noted by the Secretariat, MTN.GNS/W/70, 13 September 1989.
15、Emergency Safeguard Measures in GATS: The Applicability of Concepts Applied in the WTO Agreement on Safeguards, Note by the Secretariats, S/WPGR/W/8. 6 March 1996.
1、谢康:《论服务贸易对中国外贸环境的影响》,载《亚太经济》,1999年第1期。
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5、张若思:《WTO金融服务贸易法律制度》,载《法学研究》,2000年第6期。
6、Murray Gibbs, Mina Mashayekhi,“Elements of a Multilateral Framework for Trade in Service”HeinOnLine, (Jan 1989).
7、Rudolf Adlung,“Negotiations on safeguards and subsidies in service: a never-ending story?”Journal of International Economic Law(June 2007).
8、Malcolm Bosworth, Dionisius A. Narjoko,“Desirability, Feasibility and Options for Establishing ESM within the AFAS”, REPSE No. 05/007(2006).
9、Rudolf Adlung/ Martin Roy,“Turning Hills into Mountains?–Current Commitments Under the General Agreement on Trade in Service and Prospects for Change”, World Trade Organization Economic Research and Statistics Division. Staff Working Paper ERSD-2005-01, March 2005.
10、Pierre Sauvé,“Completing the GATS Framework: Addressing Uruguay Round Leftovers”, Aussenwirtschaft, 57(3), Jahrgang (2002).
2黄文俊:《保障措施法研究——理论框架与实证分析》,北京·法律出版社,2004年版,第1页。
3 Henty Campell Black, Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th edition, West Publishing Co. 1991, pp.488.
4伯纳德·霍克曼、迈克尔·考斯泰基:《世界贸易体制的政治经济学——从关贸总协定到贸易组织》(刘平、洪晓东、许明德等译),北京·法律出版社,1999年版,第159-160页。
5黄文俊:前引书,第127页。
6张玉卿、李成钢:《WTO与保障措施争端》(王新奎、刘光溪主编),上海人民出版社,2001年版,第66-71页。
7詹宁斯、瓦茨修订:《奥本海国际法》(王铁崖等译),第1卷第2分册,北京·中国大百科全书出版社1998年版,第680-681页。
8《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》,第275页。
9莫世健:《贸易保障措施研究》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第43-50页。
10陈卫东:《WTO例外条款解读》,北京·对外经济贸易出版社,2002年版,第120-121,132-135页。
11 Rudolf Adlung,“Negotiations on safeguards and subsidies in service: a never-ending story?”Journal of International Economic Law (June 2007),pp.1.
12卡·马克思:《剩余价值理论》,载《马克思恩格斯全集》第26卷第1分册,北京·人民出版社,1972年版,第160页。
16石静霞、陈卫东:《WTO国际服务贸易成案研究(1996-2005)》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第2页。
17戴超平:《国际服务贸易概论》,北京·中国金融出版社,1997年版,第47页。
18 Ministerial Declaration on the Uruguay Round(MIN 86/6),转引自丁维香、何宁等编:《国际服务贸易与中国服务业》,北京·中国对外经济贸易出版社,1995年版,第77页。
19第19条具体承诺的谈判,第1款:“……各成员应不迟于《WTO协定》生效之日起5年开始并在此后定期进行连续回合的谈判……”。
20 Guidelines and Procedures for the Negotiations on Trade in Service, adopted by the Special Session of the Council for Trade in Services on 28 March 2001, S/L/93,29 March 2001.
21 Rudolf Adlung,“Negotiations on safeguards and subsidies in service: a never-ending story?”Journal of International Economic Law (June 2007),pp.19.
22 Doha Work Programme, Decision Adopted by the General Council on 1 August 2004, T/L/579.
23陶凯元:前引书,第59页。
24 WTO统计资料。
25 Communication from ASEAN:“Concept Paper: Elements of a Possible Agreed Draft of Rules on Emergency Safeguard Measures for Trade in Services(GATS Article X)”, 14 March 2000,S/WPGR/W/30.
26 Note from the Chairperson:“Negotiations on Safeguards under Article X of the GATS”, 29 March 2000, Job No.1979 and Job No. 1979/Rev.1.6 October2000,转引自石静霞:《服务贸易领域的紧急保障措施探析》,http://www.chinalawedu.com/news/2004_7/26/0850086063.htm.
27 Note by the Secretariat:“Report of the Meeting of 25 February 2003”, 12 March 2003, S/WPGR/M/41.
28陈卫东:前引书,第146页。
29黄文俊:前引书,第142页。
30注:香格里拉为虚拟的国名。
31黄文俊:前引书,第143页。
32 DOHA WORK PROGRAMME Ministerial Declaration, Adopted on 18 December 2005, Annex C Services, WT/MIN (05)/DEC, 22 December 2005.
33 Members must intensify their efforts to conclude the negotiations on rule-making under GATS Articles X, XIII, and XV in accordance with their respective mandates and timelines: (a) Members should engage in more focused discussions in connection with the technical and procedural questions relating to the operation and application of any possible emergency safeguard measures in services.
34《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》,第294页。
35第21条:减让表的修改:(a)一成员(本条中称“修改成员”)可依照本条的规定,在减让表中任何承诺生效之日起3年期满后的任何时间修改或撤销该承诺。(b)修改成员应将其根据本条修改或撤销一承诺的意向,在不迟于实施修改或撤销的预定日期前3个月通知服务贸易理事会。
36《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》,第294页。
37《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》,第294页。
38朱晓勤主编:《发展中国家与WTO法律制度研究》,北京大学出版社,2006年版,第361页。
39《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》,第286-288页。
40朱晓勤主编:前引书,第363页。
41 http://tradeinservices.mofcom.gov.cn/g/2007-11-30/16562.shtml。
42 2004年修订的《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》第45条。
43刘庆林:《国际服务贸易》,北京·人民邮电出版社,2004年版,第116-118页。
44黄文俊:前引文,第128-131页。
45黄文俊:前引书,第8-17页。
46《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》,第275-283页。
47宋和平、黄文俊主编:《反倾销法律制度概论》,北京·中国检察出版社,2001年版,第26页。印度发起的保障措施全部集中在1997年以后,仅仅1998年1月19日至5月24日5个月内就发动了5起调查,让人不得不联想到这些调查与当时东南亚经济危机之间的关系。参见黄文俊:前引书,第93页
48朱晓勤主编:前引书,第324页。
49陶凯元:前引书,第173页。
50注:但后两者都没有关于保障措施的规定。
51陶凯元:前引书,第173页。
52《The Europe Agreements between the EC and Central and Eastern European countries》
53 WTO Document, S/WPR/W/4/Add. 1, 20 February 2003.
54 Rudolf Adlung,“Negotiations on safeguards and subsidies in service: a never-ending story?”Journal of International Economic Law (June 2007) , pp.7.
55中国服务贸易指南网:http://tradeinservices.mofcom.gov.cn/b/2007-09-05/5801.shtml
56黄文俊:前引书,第90页。
57宋和平、黄文俊:《反倾销法律制度概论》,北京·中国检察出版社,2001年版,第26页。
58注:本节所引用的条文和术语均引自:《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》,第284-307页。
59 Facilitate the increasing participation of developing countries in trade in services.
60 Taking particular account of the serious difficulty of the least-developing countries.
61 Increasing Participation of Developing Counties.
62 in the process of economic development.
63 economic transition.和非洲国家的支持。
65 Malcolm Bosworth/ Dionisius A. Narjoko,“Desirability, Feasibility and Options for Establishing ESM within the AFAS”, REPSE No. 05/007(2006), pp.1-4.
66注:本条所指的垄断服务提供者是指政府授予的垄断,而不包括企业自然获得的垄断地位。参见GATS第28条(h)。
67陶铠元:前引书,第328页。
68 Rudolf Adlung/Martin Roy,“Turning Hills into Mountains?–Current Commitments Under the General Agreement on Trade in Service and Prospects for Change”, World Trade Organization Economic Research and Statistics Division. Staff Working Paper ERSD-2005-01, March 2005, pp.10.
69 Guidelines for the scheduling of specific commitments under the general agreement on trade in service(GATS), Adopted by the Council for Trade in Services on 23 March 2001, WTO Document,S/L/92 28 March 2001,pp.16.
70 Rudolf Adlung,“Negotiations on safeguards and subsidies in service: a never-ending story?”Journal of International Economic Law (June 2007),pp.1.
71 Rudolf Adlung,“Negotiations on safeguards and subsidies in service: a never-ending story?”Journal of International Economic Law (June 2007),pp.19.
72 Pierre Sauvé,“Completing the GATS Framework: Addressing Uruguay Round Leftovers”, Aussenwirtschaft, 57(3), Jahrgang (2002), pp.314.
73 Following Pierre Sauvé, ibid pp.326-331.
74 Rudolf Adlung,“Negotiations on safeguards and subsidies in service: a never-ending story?”Journal of International Economic Law (June 2007),pp.7.
75陶凯元:前引书,第134页。
76 Rudolf Adlung,“Negotiations on safeguards and subsidies in service: a never-ending story?”Journal of International Economic Law (June 2007), pp.6.
77 Communication from the United States, Desirability of a Safeguard Mechanism for Service: Promoting Liberalization of Trade in Service, S/WPGR/W/37, 2 October 2001, pp 2-3.
78朱晓勤主编:前引书,第363页。
79 Communication from the European Communities and their Member States ,Scope for Emergency Safeguard Measures(ESM) in the GATS, S/WPGR/W/41, 3 March 2003, pp 2-4.
80注:如GATS允许最惠国待遇原则的例外;国民待遇原则也受制于列出的条件和资格;在市场准入方面,只是要求各成员在其时间表中具体承诺的领域允许市场准入,各成员可以将一定的部门和模式从其承诺中排除;GATS第21条允许各成员对时间表承诺重新进行谈判。GATS的这种灵活性为各成员在事前承诺和事后修改其承诺方面提供了极大的余地。
81 Communication from the European Communities and their Member States ,Scope for Emergency Safeguard Measures(ESM) in the GATS, S/WPGR/W/41, 3 March 2003, pp. 2-4.
82陈卫东:前引书,第147页。
83 Safeguards and Services: Noted by the Secretariat, MTN. GNS/W/70, 13 September 1989, pp.1.
84 Communication from the United States, Emergency Safeguards, S/WPGR/W/17, 13 March 1997, pp. 2.
85 S/WPGR/W/37, pp.9.
86《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》,第286页。
87 Communication from AESAN, Concept Paper: Elements of a Possible Agreed Draft of Rules on Emergency Safeguard Measures for Trade in Services (GATS Article X), S/WPGR/W/30, 14 March 2002.
88 S/WPGR/W/17.pp.2.
89朱晓勤:前引书,第368页。
90 WTO, Working Party on GATS Rules, Communication from U.S-Desirability of a Safeguard Mechanism for Services: Promoting Liberalization of Trade in Services, S/WPGR/W/37, 2 October 2001.
91 Emergency Safeguard Measures in GATS: The Applicability of Concepts Applied in the WTO Agreement on Safeguards, Note by the Secretariet, S/WPGR/W/8. 6 March 1996, para.6.
94《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》第275-283页。
95朱晓勤:前引书,第371页。
96房东:《〈服务贸易总协定〉法律拘束力研究》(陈安、曾华群总主编),北京大学出版社,2006年版,第176页。
97 Aaditya Mattoo, China’s Accession to the WTO: The Service Dimension, 1 December 2002, pp. 1, 4-6. http:// wwwl.worldbank.org/wbiep/trade/papers/mattoo_service. pdf.
1、黄文俊:《保障措施法研究》,北京·法律出版社,2004年版。
2、陈卫东:《WTO例外条款解读》,北京·对外经济贸易大学出版社,2002年版。
3、陶凯元:《国际服务贸易法律的多边化与中国对外服务贸易法制》,北京·法律出版社,2000年版。
4、任泉:《GATT乌拉圭回合内幕》,北京·世界知识出版社,1996年版。
5、朱晓勤主编:《发展中国家与WTO法律制度研究》,北京大学出版社,2006年版。
6、孙南申:《中国对外服务贸易法律制度研究》,北京·法律出版社,2000年版。
7、莫世健:《贸易保障措施研究》,北京大学出版社,2005年版。
8、石静霞、陈卫东:《WTO国际服务贸易成案研究(1996-2005)》,北京大学出版社,2005年版。
10、李国安:《服务贸易多边规则》,北京大学出版社,2006年版。
11、李善同、侯永志编:《加入WTO与中国服务贸易》,北京·商务印书馆,2003年版。
12、施本植:《异军突起的国际竞争新领域——国际服务贸易与营销学引论》,北京·经济科学出版社,1998年版。
13、郭根龙:《服务贸易自由化与竞争力》,北京·经济科学出版社,2007年版。
14、王亚菲:《无国界服务贸易:多统计系统研究》,北京·中国财政经济出版社,2007年版。
15、丁维香、何宁等编:《国际服务贸易与中国服务业》,北京·中国对外贸易出版社,1995年版。
16、戴超平:《国际服务贸易概论》,北京·中国金融出版社,1997年版。
17、伯纳曼·霍克曼、迈克尔·考斯泰基:《世界贸易体制的政治经济学——从关贸总协定到贸易组织》(刘平、洪晓东、许明德译),北京·法律出版社,1999年版。
18、张玉卿、李成钢:《WTO与保障措施争端》,上海人民出版社,2001年版。
20、卡·马克思:《剩余价值理论》,载《马克思恩格斯全集》第26卷第1分册,北京·人民出版社,1972年版
21、刘庆林:《国际服务贸易》,北京·人民邮电出版社,2004年版。
22、宋和平、黄文俊主编:《反倾销法律制度概论》,北京·中国检察出版社,2001年版。
23、杨斐主编:《WTO服务贸易法》,北京·中国对外经贸出版社,2003年版。
24、许军珂:《国际服务贸易法律与实务》,北京·人民法院出版社,2000年版。
25、赵维田:《世贸组织(WTO)法律制度》》,长春·吉林人民出版社,2000年版。
26、曾令良:《世贸组织法》,武汉大学出版社,1996年版。
27、房东:《〈服务贸易总协定〉法律拘束力研究》(陈安、曾华群总主编),北京大学出版社,2006年版。
28、陈立虎、黄涧秋:《保障措施法比较研究》(陈安、曾华群总主编),北京大学出版社,2006年版。
29、Bernard M. Hoekman, Michel M. Kostecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System (Great Britain: Oxford University Press, 2001).
1、《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果·法律文本》(对外贸易合作部国际经贸关系司译),北京·法律出版社,2000年版。
2、《中国入世议定书》,上海人民出版社,2001年版。
3、《中国服务贸易发展报告2007》。
4、2004年修订的《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》。
5、Doha Work Programme , Decision Adopted by the General Council on 1 August 2004, T/L/579.
6、Communication from ASEAN:“Concept Paper: Elements of a Possible Agreed Draft of Rules on Emergency Safeguard Measures for Trade in Services (GATS Article X)”, S/WPGR/W/30, 14 March 2000.
7、Guidelines and Procedures for the Negotiations on Trade in Service, adopted by the Special Session of the Council for Trade in Services on 28 March 2001, S/L/93,29 March 2001.
8、Note by the Secretariat:“Report of the Meeting of 25 February 2003”, S/WPGR/M/41, 12 March 2003.
9、DOHA WORK PROGRAMME Ministerial Declaration, Adopted on 18 December 2005, Annex C Services, WT/MIN(05)/DEC, 22 December 2005.
10、WTO document S/WPR/W/4/Add. 1, 20 February 2003.
11、Guidelines for the scheduling of specific commitments under the general agreement on trade in service(GATS), Adopted by the Council for Trade in Services on 23 March 2001, WTO Document,S/L/92, 28 March 2001.
12、Communication from the United States, Desirability of a Safeguard Mechanism for Service: Promoting Liberalization of Trade in Service, S/WPGR/W/37, 2 October 2001.
13、Communication from the European Communities and their Member States: Scope for Emergency Safeguard Measures (ESM) in the GATS, S/WPGR/W/41, 3 March 2003.
14、Safeguards and Services: Noted by the Secretariat, MTN.GNS/W/70, 13 September 1989.
15、Emergency Safeguard Measures in GATS: The Applicability of Concepts Applied in the WTO Agreement on Safeguards, Note by the Secretariats, S/WPGR/W/8. 6 March 1996.
1、谢康:《论服务贸易对中国外贸环境的影响》,载《亚太经济》,1999年第1期。
2、王衡:《WTO框架下竞争规制研究:现状与未来——兼评我国应有对策》,载《中国人民大学书报资料中心——国际法学》,2007年第1期。
3、乔生、陶绪翔:《WTO法面临的挑战及其完善》,载《中国人民大学书报资料中心——国际法学》,2007年第3期。
4、王衡:《WTO条约解释演进与中国服务谈判策略选择》,载《中国人民大学书报资料中心——国际法学》,2007年第3期。
5、张若思:《WTO金融服务贸易法律制度》,载《法学研究》,2000年第6期。
6、Murray Gibbs, Mina Mashayekhi,“Elements of a Multilateral Framework for Trade in Service”HeinOnLine, (Jan 1989).
7、Rudolf Adlung,“Negotiations on safeguards and subsidies in service: a never-ending story?”Journal of International Economic Law(June 2007).
8、Malcolm Bosworth, Dionisius A. Narjoko,“Desirability, Feasibility and Options for Establishing ESM within the AFAS”, REPSE No. 05/007(2006).
9、Rudolf Adlung/ Martin Roy,“Turning Hills into Mountains?–Current Commitments Under the General Agreement on Trade in Service and Prospects for Change”, World Trade Organization Economic Research and Statistics Division. Staff Working Paper ERSD-2005-01, March 2005.
10、Pierre Sauvé,“Completing the GATS Framework: Addressing Uruguay Round Leftovers”, Aussenwirtschaft, 57(3), Jahrgang (2002).