基于光学遥感的海岛识别及算法研究
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摘要
海岛与国家海上安全和海洋权益密切相关。海岛调查是实现对岛屿及其邻近海域的有效管理,维护国家海洋权益的必要基础。传统的海岛调查是一个相当耗时费力的过程,利用遥感手段来获得海岛数量、地理位置、形态、面积以及开发利用现状,是行之有效的方法。论文以利用遥感数据自动识别海岛为核心,针对目前海岛遥感调查中存在几何纠正精度低、解译速度慢、工作量大、自动化程度低等问题,在深入分析遥感解译海岛算法的基础上,从理论算法、软件编程、图像后处理等方面入手,提出了海岛环境下的几何精纠正、像元灰度重采样、二值化提取海岛图斑、遥感(Remote Sensing,简称Rs)、地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,简称Gis)和数字高程模型(Digital ElevationModel,简称DEM)数据的一体化合成等改进算法。本文以浙江省为例,对长期以来海岛数量无法精确统计的原因作了分析,建立了海岛数量、面积和深水岸线的统计准则,利用遥感方法比较精确地统计了浙江省海岛数量、面积等。论文取得了以下成果:
1、针对海洋遥感中存在的可提供的地面控制点数量少且精度低的问题,首次提出了像元关联法的几何精纠正改进算法。通过先建立多光谱波段影像与地面投影坐标系统之间的几何精纠正模型,再建立多光谱波段影像像元坐标与全色波段影像像元坐标之间的关联模型。几何精纠正时,先对多光谱波段影像作几何精纠正,在其基础上,借助多光谱波影像与全色波段影像像元之间的关联,对全色波段影像作几何精纠正。这一改进算法,可有效解决高分辩率遥感数据在少地面控制点的海岛环境下影像数据融合易出现的“双眼皮”现象,对陆地环境下的遥感影像数据融合也同样适用。
2、提出了Lagrange等参单元插值法,并详细推导了计算公式。结果证明4节点一次Lagrange等参单元插值法等效于传统的双线性内插法,16节点三次Lagrange等参单元插值法等效于传统的立方卷积法。为了检验算法的精度,选择图像处理中常用的lena等12幅经典例图,对插值生成的影像进行了包括PSNR、倾斜指数、相关系数、扭曲度和均方根误差指标在内的图像质量评价,结果证明该插值算法的所有质量评价指标不次于传统的双线性内插法和立方卷积法。
为避免插值过程中出现计算值与参数真值严重偏离,改进了插值算法,增加了插值约束条件。经验证,采用插值约束条件可有效改善影像插值质量,提高影像视觉效果。
分析了造成9节点二次Lagrange等参单元插值法的误差原因。提出根据采样点位置不同,采用不同的插值算法的Lagrange等参单元混合插值法。
3、利用R型因子分析,分离ETM+影像各波段中的迭加信息。进行主因子旋转,提取能反映海岛信息的主因子。对能反映海岛信息的主因子进行动态阈值的二值化处理,生成二值化图像。对不同时相ETM+数据生成的二值化图像进行求交计算,可排除原影像中的活动目标。利用R型因子分析,求得海岛色斑信息,为遥感影像自动识别海岛奠定了坚实的理论基础。
4、提出了基于Rs、Gis和DEM数据和基于Rs、Gis和其它离散数据的一体化算法,填补了Rs、Gis和DEM一体化成图技术的空白。
5、建立了浙江省海岛数量统计及海岛面积计算准则。利用多时相TM、ETM+数据源、结合SPOT5、海图等资料,对浙江省的海岛进行识别。海岛数量及面积等数据的获得,对保护海岛生态系统,合理开发和利用海岛自然资源,维护海岛及其周边海域生态平衡,有着非常重要的意义。
6、提出了基于Rs、Gis和DEM数据的浙江省大陆及海岛深水岸线的自动识别算法,查清了舟山群岛一宁波港群深水岸线的分布状况,这些数据的获得,对浙江省港口规划和建设具有指导意义。
The sea islands link national maritime security and maritime rights and interests. The survey for sea islands is essential for national maritime security and the management of maritime space. Traditionally, survey for sea islands was quite a laborious and time-consuming process. Remote Sensing (Rs) is an efficient way to survey for the locations, shapes, areas, and coastline lengths, and the exploitation and utilization of sea islands. Aimed at Automatic Island Identification, this paper presents an improving algorithm for island accurate geometric correction, pixel gray-scale re-sampling, island polygons extraction by image binarization and integration of Rs, Gis and DEM data, in view of the problems of low precision of geometric correction, slow interpretation speed, heavy workload and low automatic level. After analyzing the cause of inaccurate statistics of the number of islands in Zhajiang Province, statistics rules have been established and applied to get the number, areas and deep-water shorelines of the islands in Zhajiang Province accurately. The main contributions of this paper are as follows:
1. An improving algorithm named pixel correlation method for accurate geometric correction has been first proposed. With consideration of the fact that remote sensing data could only provides a few ground control points with low accuracy level of islands. Geometric correction includes the following steps: Firstly, the model between multi-spectral images and projection on the ground coordinate system should be established, as well as the correlation model between multi-spectral image pixel coordinates and pan image pixel coordinates. Secondly, the accurate geometric correction of multi-spectral images be processed. Then, based on the correlation model, the accurate geometric correction of pan images could be done. The improving algorithm solves the double-fold phenomenon effectively caused by insufficient amount of ground control points under the circumstances of oceanic environment. It is also suitable for land.
2. A Lagrange isoperimetric element interpolation algorithm and detailed the formula process are proposed. The result proved that 4-node 1-order Lagrange isoperimetric element interpolation is equivalent to bilinear interpolation, while 16-node 3-order to cubic convolution. 12 pictures have been selected to evaluate the accuracy of the algorithm, including PSNR, bias index, correlation coefficient, warping degree and MSE. The result of all the image quality assessment index proved that Lagrange isoperimetric element interpolation algorithm is neither inferior to bilinear interpolation, nor to cubic convolution.
Constraint condition of interpolation was led in to avoid serious deviation between the calculation value and the true value, which has been proved that the image quality can be improved significantly.
The cause of 9-node 2-order interpolation error has been analyzed. The study proposed a mixed interpolation, which means that different mixture interpolation algorithm should be adapted according to the sampling position.
3. R-Factor analysis has been applied to separate the superposition information in ETM+ image. By rotating the main factor, the main index is extracted which indicate the features of the islands. Processing the main index by bi-value with dynamic threshold, bi-value image could be formed. Calculating the bi-value images of different ETM+, the moving target could be cleared and the polygons of island would show up. It is the theoretical basis of the island identification.
4. The paper proposed a algorithm based on Rs, Gis and DEM data, which fills up the blank of mapping techniques applying the integration of Rs, Gis and DEM data.
5. The paper established statistics rules of the number and area of islands in Zhejiang province. Utilizing multi-time TM and ETM+, as well as SPOT5 and oceanic maps, the islands could be identified. To obtain the information of the number and area of islands has important significance to protect the ecological system and rationally exploit and utilize the resources of islands.
6. An algorithm was proposed to identify the deep-water Shoreline based on the Rs, Gis , DEM data and the shoreline. It has great meaning for the port planning and construction in Zhejiang province.
1、针对海洋遥感中存在的可提供的地面控制点数量少且精度低的问题,首次提出了像元关联法的几何精纠正改进算法。通过先建立多光谱波段影像与地面投影坐标系统之间的几何精纠正模型,再建立多光谱波段影像像元坐标与全色波段影像像元坐标之间的关联模型。几何精纠正时,先对多光谱波段影像作几何精纠正,在其基础上,借助多光谱波影像与全色波段影像像元之间的关联,对全色波段影像作几何精纠正。这一改进算法,可有效解决高分辩率遥感数据在少地面控制点的海岛环境下影像数据融合易出现的“双眼皮”现象,对陆地环境下的遥感影像数据融合也同样适用。
2、提出了Lagrange等参单元插值法,并详细推导了计算公式。结果证明4节点一次Lagrange等参单元插值法等效于传统的双线性内插法,16节点三次Lagrange等参单元插值法等效于传统的立方卷积法。为了检验算法的精度,选择图像处理中常用的lena等12幅经典例图,对插值生成的影像进行了包括PSNR、倾斜指数、相关系数、扭曲度和均方根误差指标在内的图像质量评价,结果证明该插值算法的所有质量评价指标不次于传统的双线性内插法和立方卷积法。
为避免插值过程中出现计算值与参数真值严重偏离,改进了插值算法,增加了插值约束条件。经验证,采用插值约束条件可有效改善影像插值质量,提高影像视觉效果。
分析了造成9节点二次Lagrange等参单元插值法的误差原因。提出根据采样点位置不同,采用不同的插值算法的Lagrange等参单元混合插值法。
3、利用R型因子分析,分离ETM+影像各波段中的迭加信息。进行主因子旋转,提取能反映海岛信息的主因子。对能反映海岛信息的主因子进行动态阈值的二值化处理,生成二值化图像。对不同时相ETM+数据生成的二值化图像进行求交计算,可排除原影像中的活动目标。利用R型因子分析,求得海岛色斑信息,为遥感影像自动识别海岛奠定了坚实的理论基础。
4、提出了基于Rs、Gis和DEM数据和基于Rs、Gis和其它离散数据的一体化算法,填补了Rs、Gis和DEM一体化成图技术的空白。
5、建立了浙江省海岛数量统计及海岛面积计算准则。利用多时相TM、ETM+数据源、结合SPOT5、海图等资料,对浙江省的海岛进行识别。海岛数量及面积等数据的获得,对保护海岛生态系统,合理开发和利用海岛自然资源,维护海岛及其周边海域生态平衡,有着非常重要的意义。
6、提出了基于Rs、Gis和DEM数据的浙江省大陆及海岛深水岸线的自动识别算法,查清了舟山群岛一宁波港群深水岸线的分布状况,这些数据的获得,对浙江省港口规划和建设具有指导意义。
The sea islands link national maritime security and maritime rights and interests. The survey for sea islands is essential for national maritime security and the management of maritime space. Traditionally, survey for sea islands was quite a laborious and time-consuming process. Remote Sensing (Rs) is an efficient way to survey for the locations, shapes, areas, and coastline lengths, and the exploitation and utilization of sea islands. Aimed at Automatic Island Identification, this paper presents an improving algorithm for island accurate geometric correction, pixel gray-scale re-sampling, island polygons extraction by image binarization and integration of Rs, Gis and DEM data, in view of the problems of low precision of geometric correction, slow interpretation speed, heavy workload and low automatic level. After analyzing the cause of inaccurate statistics of the number of islands in Zhajiang Province, statistics rules have been established and applied to get the number, areas and deep-water shorelines of the islands in Zhajiang Province accurately. The main contributions of this paper are as follows:
1. An improving algorithm named pixel correlation method for accurate geometric correction has been first proposed. With consideration of the fact that remote sensing data could only provides a few ground control points with low accuracy level of islands. Geometric correction includes the following steps: Firstly, the model between multi-spectral images and projection on the ground coordinate system should be established, as well as the correlation model between multi-spectral image pixel coordinates and pan image pixel coordinates. Secondly, the accurate geometric correction of multi-spectral images be processed. Then, based on the correlation model, the accurate geometric correction of pan images could be done. The improving algorithm solves the double-fold phenomenon effectively caused by insufficient amount of ground control points under the circumstances of oceanic environment. It is also suitable for land.
2. A Lagrange isoperimetric element interpolation algorithm and detailed the formula process are proposed. The result proved that 4-node 1-order Lagrange isoperimetric element interpolation is equivalent to bilinear interpolation, while 16-node 3-order to cubic convolution. 12 pictures have been selected to evaluate the accuracy of the algorithm, including PSNR, bias index, correlation coefficient, warping degree and MSE. The result of all the image quality assessment index proved that Lagrange isoperimetric element interpolation algorithm is neither inferior to bilinear interpolation, nor to cubic convolution.
Constraint condition of interpolation was led in to avoid serious deviation between the calculation value and the true value, which has been proved that the image quality can be improved significantly.
The cause of 9-node 2-order interpolation error has been analyzed. The study proposed a mixed interpolation, which means that different mixture interpolation algorithm should be adapted according to the sampling position.
3. R-Factor analysis has been applied to separate the superposition information in ETM+ image. By rotating the main factor, the main index is extracted which indicate the features of the islands. Processing the main index by bi-value with dynamic threshold, bi-value image could be formed. Calculating the bi-value images of different ETM+, the moving target could be cleared and the polygons of island would show up. It is the theoretical basis of the island identification.
4. The paper proposed a algorithm based on Rs, Gis and DEM data, which fills up the blank of mapping techniques applying the integration of Rs, Gis and DEM data.
5. The paper established statistics rules of the number and area of islands in Zhejiang province. Utilizing multi-time TM and ETM+, as well as SPOT5 and oceanic maps, the islands could be identified. To obtain the information of the number and area of islands has important significance to protect the ecological system and rationally exploit and utilize the resources of islands.
6. An algorithm was proposed to identify the deep-water Shoreline based on the Rs, Gis , DEM data and the shoreline. It has great meaning for the port planning and construction in Zhejiang province.
引文
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