凡纳滨对虾游泳行为生理生态学实验研究
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摘要
本文详细综述了水生生物的游泳能力及环境因子对水生生物游泳行为生理生态学的研究进展，并以凡纳滨对虾为研究对象，采用行为学和生理学等方法，研究了凡纳滨对虾游泳能力的测定方法及温度、盐度和溶解氧对凡纳滨对虾临界游速、持续游泳时间和弹跳速度的影响，同时分析了凡纳滨对虾游泳疲劳的生理机制和溶解氧变动对对虾生长、存活、呼吸代谢、能量代谢及氧化应激反应的影响。主要研究结果如下：
1．凡纳滨对虾临界游速测定方法的探讨
应用临界游速（Ucrit）法测定水生生物游泳能力时，游速提升的时间间隔和速度增量的选取至关重要，设定值是否合理将直接影响测定结果的准确性与可靠性。实验利用垂直回流循环水槽在不同游速提升的时间间隔（10、20、30、40、50min）和速度增量（1/2BL s-1、3/4BLs-1、BL s-1）下，测定了3个体长组凡纳滨对虾的临界游速。结果表明，时间间隔和速度增量的改变对临界游速值影响显著。L1体长组实验虾的Ucrit随着时间间隔的延长呈现先降低后增加的趋势，但各测定值之间无显著差异。当时间间隔<40min时，L2体长组实验虾在1/2BL s-1速度增量下的Ucrit显著高于其他处理组，且随着时间间隔的延长而降低；当速度增量达到3/4BL s-1时，实验虾Ucrit随着时间间隔的延长呈现先降低后增高的趋势。当时间间隔<30min时，L3体长组实验虾在1/2BL s-1速度增量下的Ucrit显著高于其他处理，且Ucrit随时间间隔的延长而降低。在较高速度增量条件下（BLs-1），时间间隔对各处理组实验虾的Ucrit均无显著影响。实验证明，时间间隔为20min，速度增量为1/2BL s-1时，测得的临界游速接近最大值。
2．温度对凡纳滨对虾临界游速(Ucrit)及游泳疲劳后生理指标的影响
实验测定了凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei在4个温度梯度（17、20、25和29℃）下的临界游速(Ucrit)。分析了温度及游泳行为对对虾血浆中生理指标的影响。结果表明，温度对凡纳滨对虾的临界游速影响显著。凡纳滨对虾的临界游速随温度的升高而增加，其与温度呈线性关系：Ucirt=1.5916t+0.8892，R2=0.9992；且各温度处理组临界游速值差异显著。生理实验结果表明，温度17℃处理组实验虾血糖含量显著高于其他处理组；游泳疲劳后，在温度20和25℃处理组实验虾血糖含量显著升高；游泳疲劳导致凡纳滨对虾血浆总蛋白水平在温度28℃处理组显著下降，血浆乳酸含量在温度25和28℃处理组显著升高。实验证明，在温度29℃条件下，凡纳滨对虾的临界游速最大。
3．盐度对凡纳滨对虾临界游速(Ucrit)和弹跳速度(Stf)及游泳疲劳后生理指标的影响
实验测定了凡纳滨对虾在不同盐度(20‰,25‰,30‰,35‰和40‰)条件下的临界游速(Ucrit)和弹跳速度(Stf)。分析了游泳和弹跳行为及盐度的改变对对虾不同组织器官各生理指标的影响。结果表明，盐度由20‰增加到40‰时，凡纳滨对虾的Ucrit和Stf均随盐度的升高呈现先增加后降低的趋势，二者与盐度之间的相关关系可用二次方程表示：Ucirt=-0.0171s2+1.2371s+20.497，R2=0.7667；Stf=-0.2386s2+15.528s-145.12, R2=0.9693。临界游速实验所测得的最适盐度和相应最大临界游速分别为36.17‰和42.87cm/s；弹跳实验所测得的最适盐度和相应弹跳速度分别为：32.54‰和107.52cm/s。生理指标分析结果表明：盐度显著影响对虾血浆总蛋白，肝胰脏总蛋白，肌肉乳酸，血浆乳酸，血糖，肝胰脏和肌肉糖原含量。游泳疲劳导致盐度30、35和40‰处理组凡纳滨对虾的血浆总蛋白水平显著下降；而弹跳疲劳导致盐度20、25、30和35‰处理组凡纳滨对虾的肝胰脏糖原显著降低，血浆乳酸和甘油三酯含量在各盐度处理组显著升高。研究结果为评估对虾在不同盐度条件下的游泳能力及运动与渗透调节生理提供了参考依据。
4．溶解氧对凡纳滨对虾游泳能力和游泳疲劳恢复的影响
实验测定了凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei在不同溶解氧条件下(T1:1.9,T2:3.8, T3:6.8, T4:13.6mg/L)的弹跳速度(Stf)、临界游速(Ucrit)和5个设定流速下的持续游泳时间。分析了游泳疲劳后各处理组实验虾血浆、肝胰脏和肌肉组织各生理指标在恢复过程中的变化，用以评价溶解氧和游泳疲劳对对虾生理机能的影响。结果表明，游泳持续时间随着流速的增加而降低，二者之间表现出幂函数关系；凡纳滨对虾的弹跳速度、临界游速和游泳能力指数（SAI）SAI=∫90000vdt均随着溶解氧的升高而逐渐增加，其与溶解氧之间的相关关系分别可用幂函数方程表示：Stf=75.621DO0.1753, R2=0.9981；Ucrit=31.534DO0.0788, R2=0.9805；SAI=27.947DO0.137, R2=0.9312。生理指标分析结果表明，溶解氧含量显著影响对虾的各种生理参数；低氧胁迫导致实验虾乳酸和能量物质含量显著增加。6.8和13.6mg/L溶解氧处理组实验虾弹跳疲劳后血糖含量显著降低，4个溶氧处理组实验虾弹跳疲劳后的血浆乳酸含量显著增加。由此说明，对虾在弹跳运动中使用无氧糖酵解提供能量，而乳酸的大量积累是导致弹跳疲劳的主要原因。游泳实验中，凡纳滨对虾在较低溶解氧条件下游泳使用无氧糖酵解和蛋白质代谢提供能量，导致体内总蛋白和糖原含量降低，乳酸含量增加。高氧条件下游泳疲劳后实验虾能量代谢底物大量消耗，而乳酸含量变化不显著，说明能量物质的大量消耗是高氧条件下游泳疲劳的主要原因。在疲劳恢复阶段，高溶解氧加快了对虾乳酸的清除和能量代谢底物的恢复。低氧驯化的实验虾在疲劳恢复阶段糖原合成能力较差，乳酸持续积累，说明此时无氧糖酵解仍占能量代谢的主要部分。研究结果为评价溶解氧对对虾游泳能力的影响，解析对虾在不同溶解氧水体中的运动疲劳生理提供了基础数据。
5．溶解氧对凡纳滨对虾生长及生理机制的影响
本实验以凡纳滨对虾为研究对象，在测定了溶解氧对其游泳能力影响的基础上，分析了溶解氧变化对对虾生长和存活的影响，并从生理学角度探讨了这些影响产生的内在机制。实验共分4个部分，在水温25.0±0.5℃条件下，研究了30d养殖周期内4个梯度溶解氧水平（T1：2.0±0.3、T2：4.2±0.3、T3：6.8±0.7、T4：13.6±2.1mg/L DO）对凡纳滨对虾生长及消化酶活性、呼吸代谢、能量代谢和氧化应激的影响。
实验结果表明，溶解氧对各处理组凡纳滨对虾生长及消化酶活力的影响在养殖10d后才出现明显差异。当水体溶解氧低于4.2mg/L时实验虾生长受到抑制。低溶解氧处理组实验虾存活率较低，死亡实验虾甲壳薄软、残食等现象较多；食物转化效率和消化酶活力随水体溶解氧的升高而显著增加，高氧处理组（T4）显著高于其他处理组。低氧驯化30d的凡纳滨对虾，其窒息点显著低于正常和超饱和溶解氧处理组；实验虾的呼吸频率随溶解氧的降低而加快；养殖30d后，实验虾的鳃重比(Rgw)随溶解氧降低有升高的趋势，其变化可以用幂函数来表示：Rgw=1.2379DO-0.0786R2=0.7826；凡纳滨对虾3h耗氧率和排氨率均随溶解氧含量升高而增加，O:N随溶解氧水平升高而降低。养殖5d后，低氧处理组实验虾血浆和肝胰脏总蛋白，血糖，血浆甘油三酯和乳酸含量及肝胰脏乳酸水平均显著增加。养殖5d后， T1和T2处理组实验虾血浆及组织中的丙二醛MDA含量显著低于T3处理组，且组织中的抗超氧阴离子及超氧化物歧化酶SOD活力和总抗氧化能力与T3处理组相比均显著降低。T4处理组实验虾血浆中丙二醛含量显著低于T3处理组，且组织中的总抗氧化能力与T3处理组相比显著升高。
研究结果表明，凡纳滨对虾在较低溶解氧水平下通过厌氧糖酵解补充能量以维持机体代谢。但是随着养殖时间的延长，低氧驯化组一度增高的各项生理指标开始逐渐降低，最终恢复到与正常处理组无显著差异。凡纳滨对虾的氧化损伤和抗氧化防御存在组织特异性，且在较低溶解氧水平下的氧化应激反应较高溶解氧水平强烈。环境条件波动时，对虾会改变代谢底物组成，降低呼吸代谢以应对缺氧胁迫，缺氧胁迫会使凡纳滨对虾生长受到抑制、死亡率升高；而超饱和溶解氧则促进对虾的饵料转化效率、保证其较高的存活率。由此推断，溶解氧是影响凡纳滨对虾生长和存活的重要环境因素之一。
6．对虾游泳能力应用研究的探讨
根据不同温度、盐度和溶解氧条件下对虾游泳能力的研究结果，论文在最后一章针对环境因子与对虾游泳、运动行为的相关性进行了综合分析，比较了环境因子的变化对对虾弹跳、游速和游泳时间等的影响。探讨了对虾游泳行为研究在远洋捕捞和活虾运输等方面的应用潜力。分析认为，环境因子对对虾游泳能力影响显著，海上捕捞生产要根据海区水纹环境特征制定相关作业参数；同时在对虾增殖放流活动中，放流对虾的规格、海区理化因子及流速变化等均会对放流群体的洄游、迁移产生较大影响，根据不同规格对虾的游泳能力，确定放流规格和放流海区，是提高增殖放流效果的前提条件之一。为此，本论文设计了凡纳滨对虾游泳能力查询系统，以供开展捕捞生产或增殖放流查询使用。另外，本研究根据对虾特有的行为方式，设计了涡流式活虾运输水槽，以提高在活虾运输过程中的存活率。
This paper reviews the research advances regarding the swimming performance,effects of environmental factors on the swimming ability of aquatic animals, and theeffect of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on the physiological ecology incrustacean. This paper also investigate the effect of different measures on the criticalswimming speed of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, measures the effects oftemperature, salinity and DO concentration on the critical swimming speed (Ucrit),swimming endurance, tail-flip speed (Stf) and physiological mechanisms of whitelegshrimp L. vannamei, and studies the effect of DO concentration on the growth,survival, oxygen consumption, respiratory metabolism, and oxidative stress ofwhiteleg shrimp L. vannamei. The main results are as follows:1. The effect of different measures on the critical swimming speed of whiteleg shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei
In the literature, the magnitude of the velocity increments (U2) and the prescribedtime interval for each swimming period (T2) vary considerably. These variations areimportant, as they can profoundly influence Ucritand by extension can profoundlyinfluence the results of intraspecific studies. This study is to compare the methods thathave been used in studies involving the critical swimming speed (Ucrit) of whitelegshrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The Ucritof L. vannamei was determined in a flumetank at different body length (L1:6.5, L2:8.8, and L3:11.5cm), time interval (10,20,30,40, and50min) and velocity increment (1/2BL s-1,3/4BLs-1, and BL s-1). Timeinterval (T2) and velocity increment (U2) had significant effects on Ucritof L.vannamei in the three body length groups. For L1the Ucritdecreased and thenincreased as the time interval increased, whereas no significant differences occurredin this BL group. For L2, when the T2ranges between10and30min, the Ucritin U2of1/2BL s-1were significantly higher than those in the other velocity increment groups. The Ucritdecreased as the T2increased in the U2of1/2BL s-1, and the Ucritdecreasedand then increased as the T2increased in the U2of3/4BL s-1, whereas Ucritshowed nosignificant differences with the time interval in the U2of BL s-1. For L3the Ucritat U2of1/2BL s-1in T2of10and20min were significantly higher than those in the othervelocity increment groups. The Ucritdecreased as the T2increased in the U2of1/2BLs-1, whereas Ucritshowed no significant differences with time interval in the othervelocity increment groups. The standard critical swimming speed of L. vannamei wasachieved at T2of20min and U2of1/2BL s-1in all three BL groups2. The effect of temperature on the critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and physiologicresponse of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
The effect of different temperature (17,20,25, and29℃) on the criticalswimming speed (Ucirt) of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was determinedunder laboratory conditions. Metabolite concentrations in plasma were measuredbefore and immediately after swimming fatigue to evaluate the physiologic effects offatigue in L. vannamei. Temperature significantly affects on the Ucritof L. vannamei.The Ucritspeed of L. vannamei increased as the temperature increased. Therelationship between temperature and Ucirtcan be described by the linear model asUcirt=1.5916t+0.8892，R2=0.9992, and the Ucirtof shrimps in different temperatureswere significantly different. The plasma glucose concentration of shrimps at17℃was significantly higher than those in the other temperature groups. After swimmingfatigue, the plasma glucose concentration of shrimps at20and25℃increasedsignificantly. The Swimming fatigue leads to severe loss of plasma total proteinconcentration in28℃, whereas the plasma lactate levels of L. vannamei increased at25and28℃after swimming fatigue. The maximum critical swimming speed of L.vannamei was at temperature29℃.3. The effect of salinity on the critical swimming speed (Ucrit), tail-flip speed (Stf) andphysiologic response of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
The critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and tail-flip speed (Stf) of whiteleg shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei that were exposed to various salinities (20‰,25‰,30‰,35‰,and40‰) were determined under laboratory conditions. Metabolite concentrations in the plasma, muscles, and hepatopancreas were measured before and immediately afterfatigue to evaluate the physiologic effects of fatigue in L. vannamei. Salinity affectsthe Ucritand Stfof L. vannamei. The Ucritand Stfincreased and subsequently decreasedas salinity increased from20‰to40‰. The relationship between salinity (s,‰) andUcritor Stfcan be described by the quadratic model as Ucirt=-0.0171s2+1.2371s+20.497，R2=0.7667; Stf=-0.2386s2+15.528s-145.12, R2=0.9693. The optimumsalinity and corresponding maximum Ucirtwere36.17‰and42.87cm/s, respectively.The optimum salinity and corresponding maximum Stfwere32.54‰and107.52cm/s,respectively. The different salinities directly affected the physiology of the shrimp,inducing changes in hepatopancreas total protein, plasma total protein, abdominalmuscle lactate, plasma lactate, plasma glucose, hepatopancreas glycogen, andabdominal muscle glycogen concentration. Fatigue from swimming led to severe lossof plasma total protein levels under20,25,30, and35‰salinity. Fatigue fromtail-flip led to severe loss of hepatopancreas glycogen under20‰salinity and plasmaglucose under25‰,30‰, and35‰salinity. The triglyceride and lactate in theplasma concentration increased significantly in a range of salinities after tail-flip.These results are of particular value in evaluating the locomotory ability of whitelegshrimp in different salinities and understanding its ecological processes to improvecapture and rearing techniques.4. The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on the swimming ability andphysiologic response of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
In the DO concentration experiment, the effect of different dissolved oxygen(DO) levels (2.0±0.3mg/L, T1;3.8±0.4mg/L, T2;6.8±0.7mg/L, T3and13.6±2.1mg/L, T4) on the critical swimming speed (Ucrit), tail-flip speed (Stf), and swimmingendurance of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was tested under laboratoryconditions. Metabolite concentrations in plasma and tissues of the experimentalshrimp were measured at control and subsequent recovery after swimming fatigue toevaluate the physiologic response of L. vannamei. Using a swimming flume, theendurance was tested at swimming speeds ranging from v1to v5.The power model(ν·tb=a) can be used to show the relationship between swimming endurance and swimming speed at any of DO concentration tested. The swimming ability index(SAI), defined as SAI=∫90000vdt (cm), was found to be DO-dependent in L.vannamei. The Ucrit,Stf, and SAI all increased as the DO concentration increased from1.9mg/L to13.6mg/L. The relationship among those can be described by the powermodel as Ucrit=31.534DO0.0788, R2=0.9805; Stf=75.621DO0.1753, R2=0.9981; andSAI=27.947DO0.137, R2=0.9312.
The different DO concentrations directly affected the physiology of the shrimp.Lower DO concentration led to an increase in lactate and energy charge. Fatigue fromtail-flip led to a severe loss of plasma glucose under T1and T2, and the plasma lactateconcentration increased significantly in all DO groups. The tail-flip fatigue ofL.vannamei in the present study may be due to the accumulation of lactate in theplasma. L．vannamei responded to experimental lower DO and swimming stress withclassical anaerobic metabolism mainly characterized by an decrease in total protein,utilization of glycogen and triglyceride, and accumulation of lactate. At higher oxygenconcentrations, the swimming ability of the shrimp could be determined by theirmuscular capabilities or energy source. During recovery the shrimp maintained athigher DO concentration removed lactate and recovered energy charge to pre-exerciselevels more quickly than shrimp maintained at lower DO concentration. L vannameiexposed to lower DO concentrations showed a lower capacity for glyconeogenesis,accumulation of lactate, and a slow replenishment of energy charge, implying thatanaerobic glycolysis made a significant contribution to the recovery. These results areof particular value in evaluating the locomotory ability of whiteleg shrimp in differentDO concentrations and understanding its ecological processes to improve capture andrearing techniques.
5. The effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on the growth and thephysiologic mechanism of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
Hypoxic or hyperoxic exposure can affect the physiological capabilities anddefine regulatory limits. Based on the effect of DO on the swimming ability ofwhiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, the effect of different dissolved oxygen (DO) levels (2.0±0.3mg/L, T1;4.2±0.3mg/L, T2;6.8±0.7mg/L, T3and13.6±2.1mg/L,T4) on the growth and digestive enzyme activities, respiratory metabolism, energymetabolism and oxidative stress of L. vannamei were tested under25℃. Theexperiment lasted for30d.
The results showed that when DO was below4.2mg/L, the growth of shrimpwas depressed. The feed conversion efficiency and digestive enzyme activitydecreased with the decrease of DO, and both of them in T4were significantly higherthan those in the other DO groups. The survival rate of shrimp in T4was higher thanthat in the other DO groups. The lethal dissolved oxygen (LDO) content of the shrimpin T1and T2were significantly lower than those in T3and T4, whereas therespiratory frequency decreased as the DO increased. The relationship between DO(mg/L) and gill weight per unit body weight (Rgw) can be described by the powermodel as: Rgw=1.2379DO-0.0786, R2=0.7826. Both oxygen consumption andammonia-N excretion by L. vannamei increased with increasing DO levels, whereasthe trend was found to be reversed in O:N. In T1and T2, the levels of the total protein,glucose, triglyceride, and lactate in plasma and the total protein and lactate inhepatopancreas of the shrimp were significantly higher than that in T3and T4. Theresults showed that when the shrimp are stressed by severe hypoxia the originalrespiration rate can not be maintained, and the shrimps have to resort to anaerobicrespiration. Most parameters were returned to homeostasis after15d of experiment.In T1and T2, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma and tissues of theshrimp were significantly lower than that in T3, and activities of anti-superoxideradical and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the total antioxidant capacity status intissues were significantly lower than those in the other DO groups. In T4, the levels ofMDA in plasma of the shrimp was significantly lower than that in T3, whereas thetotal antioxidant capacity status in muscle of the shrimp was significantly higher thanthose in other DO groups.
The results indicated that DO was an important factor affecting the amount andfitness of shrimp stock because hypoxia could cause a high rate of mortality andgrowth depression and higher DO could enhance the feed digestive activity and survival rate. The decreased oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion,increased respiratory frequency and transient increases in metabolic demand mayaccount for shrimp hypoxic tolerance. The noted tissue specificities of the oxidativestress most likely reflected different metabolic activities and different responses toenvironmental conditions in the examined tissues. A scheme on possible ways ofregulating antioxidant enzymes by different oxygen levels is proposed. Under thecondition of25.0±0.5°C, salinity32±1, L. vannamei showed an ability to tolerate andadapt to the change of DO concentrations.
6. The application of study on the swimming ability of penaeid shrimp
According to the results of the effects of temperature, salinity and dissolvedoxygen levels on the swimming ability of L.vannamei, the application of swimmingability in the shrimp were discussed in this chapter. The different environmentalfactors significantly affect the swimming ability of the shrimp. Knowledge of themaximum swimming speed and swimming endurance is important because itinfluences the ability or otherwise of shrimp to escape from various parts of the trawl.The swimming capability of shrimp also plays an important role in selecting size inshrimp stock enhancement and live transport of the shrimp. A visual software packagewas designed for swimming ability to determine the critical swimming speed andtail-flip speed at different temperature, salinity, DO and body length. A newtransportation device was designed for live transport of the shrimp based on theswimming ability, containing a recirculating system to reduce intraspecific aggression,and provision for water exchange, aeration and securing the shrimp.
1．凡纳滨对虾临界游速测定方法的探讨
应用临界游速（Ucrit）法测定水生生物游泳能力时，游速提升的时间间隔和速度增量的选取至关重要，设定值是否合理将直接影响测定结果的准确性与可靠性。实验利用垂直回流循环水槽在不同游速提升的时间间隔（10、20、30、40、50min）和速度增量（1/2BL s-1、3/4BLs-1、BL s-1）下，测定了3个体长组凡纳滨对虾的临界游速。结果表明，时间间隔和速度增量的改变对临界游速值影响显著。L1体长组实验虾的Ucrit随着时间间隔的延长呈现先降低后增加的趋势，但各测定值之间无显著差异。当时间间隔<40min时，L2体长组实验虾在1/2BL s-1速度增量下的Ucrit显著高于其他处理组，且随着时间间隔的延长而降低；当速度增量达到3/4BL s-1时，实验虾Ucrit随着时间间隔的延长呈现先降低后增高的趋势。当时间间隔<30min时，L3体长组实验虾在1/2BL s-1速度增量下的Ucrit显著高于其他处理，且Ucrit随时间间隔的延长而降低。在较高速度增量条件下（BLs-1），时间间隔对各处理组实验虾的Ucrit均无显著影响。实验证明，时间间隔为20min，速度增量为1/2BL s-1时，测得的临界游速接近最大值。
2．温度对凡纳滨对虾临界游速(Ucrit)及游泳疲劳后生理指标的影响
实验测定了凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei在4个温度梯度（17、20、25和29℃）下的临界游速(Ucrit)。分析了温度及游泳行为对对虾血浆中生理指标的影响。结果表明，温度对凡纳滨对虾的临界游速影响显著。凡纳滨对虾的临界游速随温度的升高而增加，其与温度呈线性关系：Ucirt=1.5916t+0.8892，R2=0.9992；且各温度处理组临界游速值差异显著。生理实验结果表明，温度17℃处理组实验虾血糖含量显著高于其他处理组；游泳疲劳后，在温度20和25℃处理组实验虾血糖含量显著升高；游泳疲劳导致凡纳滨对虾血浆总蛋白水平在温度28℃处理组显著下降，血浆乳酸含量在温度25和28℃处理组显著升高。实验证明，在温度29℃条件下，凡纳滨对虾的临界游速最大。
3．盐度对凡纳滨对虾临界游速(Ucrit)和弹跳速度(Stf)及游泳疲劳后生理指标的影响
实验测定了凡纳滨对虾在不同盐度(20‰,25‰,30‰,35‰和40‰)条件下的临界游速(Ucrit)和弹跳速度(Stf)。分析了游泳和弹跳行为及盐度的改变对对虾不同组织器官各生理指标的影响。结果表明，盐度由20‰增加到40‰时，凡纳滨对虾的Ucrit和Stf均随盐度的升高呈现先增加后降低的趋势，二者与盐度之间的相关关系可用二次方程表示：Ucirt=-0.0171s2+1.2371s+20.497，R2=0.7667；Stf=-0.2386s2+15.528s-145.12, R2=0.9693。临界游速实验所测得的最适盐度和相应最大临界游速分别为36.17‰和42.87cm/s；弹跳实验所测得的最适盐度和相应弹跳速度分别为：32.54‰和107.52cm/s。生理指标分析结果表明：盐度显著影响对虾血浆总蛋白，肝胰脏总蛋白，肌肉乳酸，血浆乳酸，血糖，肝胰脏和肌肉糖原含量。游泳疲劳导致盐度30、35和40‰处理组凡纳滨对虾的血浆总蛋白水平显著下降；而弹跳疲劳导致盐度20、25、30和35‰处理组凡纳滨对虾的肝胰脏糖原显著降低，血浆乳酸和甘油三酯含量在各盐度处理组显著升高。研究结果为评估对虾在不同盐度条件下的游泳能力及运动与渗透调节生理提供了参考依据。
4．溶解氧对凡纳滨对虾游泳能力和游泳疲劳恢复的影响
实验测定了凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei在不同溶解氧条件下(T1:1.9,T2:3.8, T3:6.8, T4:13.6mg/L)的弹跳速度(Stf)、临界游速(Ucrit)和5个设定流速下的持续游泳时间。分析了游泳疲劳后各处理组实验虾血浆、肝胰脏和肌肉组织各生理指标在恢复过程中的变化，用以评价溶解氧和游泳疲劳对对虾生理机能的影响。结果表明，游泳持续时间随着流速的增加而降低，二者之间表现出幂函数关系；凡纳滨对虾的弹跳速度、临界游速和游泳能力指数（SAI）SAI=∫90000vdt均随着溶解氧的升高而逐渐增加，其与溶解氧之间的相关关系分别可用幂函数方程表示：Stf=75.621DO0.1753, R2=0.9981；Ucrit=31.534DO0.0788, R2=0.9805；SAI=27.947DO0.137, R2=0.9312。生理指标分析结果表明，溶解氧含量显著影响对虾的各种生理参数；低氧胁迫导致实验虾乳酸和能量物质含量显著增加。6.8和13.6mg/L溶解氧处理组实验虾弹跳疲劳后血糖含量显著降低，4个溶氧处理组实验虾弹跳疲劳后的血浆乳酸含量显著增加。由此说明，对虾在弹跳运动中使用无氧糖酵解提供能量，而乳酸的大量积累是导致弹跳疲劳的主要原因。游泳实验中，凡纳滨对虾在较低溶解氧条件下游泳使用无氧糖酵解和蛋白质代谢提供能量，导致体内总蛋白和糖原含量降低，乳酸含量增加。高氧条件下游泳疲劳后实验虾能量代谢底物大量消耗，而乳酸含量变化不显著，说明能量物质的大量消耗是高氧条件下游泳疲劳的主要原因。在疲劳恢复阶段，高溶解氧加快了对虾乳酸的清除和能量代谢底物的恢复。低氧驯化的实验虾在疲劳恢复阶段糖原合成能力较差，乳酸持续积累，说明此时无氧糖酵解仍占能量代谢的主要部分。研究结果为评价溶解氧对对虾游泳能力的影响，解析对虾在不同溶解氧水体中的运动疲劳生理提供了基础数据。
5．溶解氧对凡纳滨对虾生长及生理机制的影响
本实验以凡纳滨对虾为研究对象，在测定了溶解氧对其游泳能力影响的基础上，分析了溶解氧变化对对虾生长和存活的影响，并从生理学角度探讨了这些影响产生的内在机制。实验共分4个部分，在水温25.0±0.5℃条件下，研究了30d养殖周期内4个梯度溶解氧水平（T1：2.0±0.3、T2：4.2±0.3、T3：6.8±0.7、T4：13.6±2.1mg/L DO）对凡纳滨对虾生长及消化酶活性、呼吸代谢、能量代谢和氧化应激的影响。
实验结果表明，溶解氧对各处理组凡纳滨对虾生长及消化酶活力的影响在养殖10d后才出现明显差异。当水体溶解氧低于4.2mg/L时实验虾生长受到抑制。低溶解氧处理组实验虾存活率较低，死亡实验虾甲壳薄软、残食等现象较多；食物转化效率和消化酶活力随水体溶解氧的升高而显著增加，高氧处理组（T4）显著高于其他处理组。低氧驯化30d的凡纳滨对虾，其窒息点显著低于正常和超饱和溶解氧处理组；实验虾的呼吸频率随溶解氧的降低而加快；养殖30d后，实验虾的鳃重比(Rgw)随溶解氧降低有升高的趋势，其变化可以用幂函数来表示：Rgw=1.2379DO-0.0786R2=0.7826；凡纳滨对虾3h耗氧率和排氨率均随溶解氧含量升高而增加，O:N随溶解氧水平升高而降低。养殖5d后，低氧处理组实验虾血浆和肝胰脏总蛋白，血糖，血浆甘油三酯和乳酸含量及肝胰脏乳酸水平均显著增加。养殖5d后， T1和T2处理组实验虾血浆及组织中的丙二醛MDA含量显著低于T3处理组，且组织中的抗超氧阴离子及超氧化物歧化酶SOD活力和总抗氧化能力与T3处理组相比均显著降低。T4处理组实验虾血浆中丙二醛含量显著低于T3处理组，且组织中的总抗氧化能力与T3处理组相比显著升高。
研究结果表明，凡纳滨对虾在较低溶解氧水平下通过厌氧糖酵解补充能量以维持机体代谢。但是随着养殖时间的延长，低氧驯化组一度增高的各项生理指标开始逐渐降低，最终恢复到与正常处理组无显著差异。凡纳滨对虾的氧化损伤和抗氧化防御存在组织特异性，且在较低溶解氧水平下的氧化应激反应较高溶解氧水平强烈。环境条件波动时，对虾会改变代谢底物组成，降低呼吸代谢以应对缺氧胁迫，缺氧胁迫会使凡纳滨对虾生长受到抑制、死亡率升高；而超饱和溶解氧则促进对虾的饵料转化效率、保证其较高的存活率。由此推断，溶解氧是影响凡纳滨对虾生长和存活的重要环境因素之一。
6．对虾游泳能力应用研究的探讨
根据不同温度、盐度和溶解氧条件下对虾游泳能力的研究结果，论文在最后一章针对环境因子与对虾游泳、运动行为的相关性进行了综合分析，比较了环境因子的变化对对虾弹跳、游速和游泳时间等的影响。探讨了对虾游泳行为研究在远洋捕捞和活虾运输等方面的应用潜力。分析认为，环境因子对对虾游泳能力影响显著，海上捕捞生产要根据海区水纹环境特征制定相关作业参数；同时在对虾增殖放流活动中，放流对虾的规格、海区理化因子及流速变化等均会对放流群体的洄游、迁移产生较大影响，根据不同规格对虾的游泳能力，确定放流规格和放流海区，是提高增殖放流效果的前提条件之一。为此，本论文设计了凡纳滨对虾游泳能力查询系统，以供开展捕捞生产或增殖放流查询使用。另外，本研究根据对虾特有的行为方式，设计了涡流式活虾运输水槽，以提高在活虾运输过程中的存活率。
This paper reviews the research advances regarding the swimming performance,effects of environmental factors on the swimming ability of aquatic animals, and theeffect of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on the physiological ecology incrustacean. This paper also investigate the effect of different measures on the criticalswimming speed of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, measures the effects oftemperature, salinity and DO concentration on the critical swimming speed (Ucrit),swimming endurance, tail-flip speed (Stf) and physiological mechanisms of whitelegshrimp L. vannamei, and studies the effect of DO concentration on the growth,survival, oxygen consumption, respiratory metabolism, and oxidative stress ofwhiteleg shrimp L. vannamei. The main results are as follows:1. The effect of different measures on the critical swimming speed of whiteleg shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei
In the literature, the magnitude of the velocity increments (U2) and the prescribedtime interval for each swimming period (T2) vary considerably. These variations areimportant, as they can profoundly influence Ucritand by extension can profoundlyinfluence the results of intraspecific studies. This study is to compare the methods thathave been used in studies involving the critical swimming speed (Ucrit) of whitelegshrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The Ucritof L. vannamei was determined in a flumetank at different body length (L1:6.5, L2:8.8, and L3:11.5cm), time interval (10,20,30,40, and50min) and velocity increment (1/2BL s-1,3/4BLs-1, and BL s-1). Timeinterval (T2) and velocity increment (U2) had significant effects on Ucritof L.vannamei in the three body length groups. For L1the Ucritdecreased and thenincreased as the time interval increased, whereas no significant differences occurredin this BL group. For L2, when the T2ranges between10and30min, the Ucritin U2of1/2BL s-1were significantly higher than those in the other velocity increment groups. The Ucritdecreased as the T2increased in the U2of1/2BL s-1, and the Ucritdecreasedand then increased as the T2increased in the U2of3/4BL s-1, whereas Ucritshowed nosignificant differences with the time interval in the U2of BL s-1. For L3the Ucritat U2of1/2BL s-1in T2of10and20min were significantly higher than those in the othervelocity increment groups. The Ucritdecreased as the T2increased in the U2of1/2BLs-1, whereas Ucritshowed no significant differences with time interval in the othervelocity increment groups. The standard critical swimming speed of L. vannamei wasachieved at T2of20min and U2of1/2BL s-1in all three BL groups2. The effect of temperature on the critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and physiologicresponse of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
The effect of different temperature (17,20,25, and29℃) on the criticalswimming speed (Ucirt) of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was determinedunder laboratory conditions. Metabolite concentrations in plasma were measuredbefore and immediately after swimming fatigue to evaluate the physiologic effects offatigue in L. vannamei. Temperature significantly affects on the Ucritof L. vannamei.The Ucritspeed of L. vannamei increased as the temperature increased. Therelationship between temperature and Ucirtcan be described by the linear model asUcirt=1.5916t+0.8892，R2=0.9992, and the Ucirtof shrimps in different temperatureswere significantly different. The plasma glucose concentration of shrimps at17℃was significantly higher than those in the other temperature groups. After swimmingfatigue, the plasma glucose concentration of shrimps at20and25℃increasedsignificantly. The Swimming fatigue leads to severe loss of plasma total proteinconcentration in28℃, whereas the plasma lactate levels of L. vannamei increased at25and28℃after swimming fatigue. The maximum critical swimming speed of L.vannamei was at temperature29℃.3. The effect of salinity on the critical swimming speed (Ucrit), tail-flip speed (Stf) andphysiologic response of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
The critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and tail-flip speed (Stf) of whiteleg shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei that were exposed to various salinities (20‰,25‰,30‰,35‰,and40‰) were determined under laboratory conditions. Metabolite concentrations in the plasma, muscles, and hepatopancreas were measured before and immediately afterfatigue to evaluate the physiologic effects of fatigue in L. vannamei. Salinity affectsthe Ucritand Stfof L. vannamei. The Ucritand Stfincreased and subsequently decreasedas salinity increased from20‰to40‰. The relationship between salinity (s,‰) andUcritor Stfcan be described by the quadratic model as Ucirt=-0.0171s2+1.2371s+20.497，R2=0.7667; Stf=-0.2386s2+15.528s-145.12, R2=0.9693. The optimumsalinity and corresponding maximum Ucirtwere36.17‰and42.87cm/s, respectively.The optimum salinity and corresponding maximum Stfwere32.54‰and107.52cm/s,respectively. The different salinities directly affected the physiology of the shrimp,inducing changes in hepatopancreas total protein, plasma total protein, abdominalmuscle lactate, plasma lactate, plasma glucose, hepatopancreas glycogen, andabdominal muscle glycogen concentration. Fatigue from swimming led to severe lossof plasma total protein levels under20,25,30, and35‰salinity. Fatigue fromtail-flip led to severe loss of hepatopancreas glycogen under20‰salinity and plasmaglucose under25‰,30‰, and35‰salinity. The triglyceride and lactate in theplasma concentration increased significantly in a range of salinities after tail-flip.These results are of particular value in evaluating the locomotory ability of whitelegshrimp in different salinities and understanding its ecological processes to improvecapture and rearing techniques.4. The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on the swimming ability andphysiologic response of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
In the DO concentration experiment, the effect of different dissolved oxygen(DO) levels (2.0±0.3mg/L, T1;3.8±0.4mg/L, T2;6.8±0.7mg/L, T3and13.6±2.1mg/L, T4) on the critical swimming speed (Ucrit), tail-flip speed (Stf), and swimmingendurance of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was tested under laboratoryconditions. Metabolite concentrations in plasma and tissues of the experimentalshrimp were measured at control and subsequent recovery after swimming fatigue toevaluate the physiologic response of L. vannamei. Using a swimming flume, theendurance was tested at swimming speeds ranging from v1to v5.The power model(ν·tb=a) can be used to show the relationship between swimming endurance and swimming speed at any of DO concentration tested. The swimming ability index(SAI), defined as SAI=∫90000vdt (cm), was found to be DO-dependent in L.vannamei. The Ucrit,Stf, and SAI all increased as the DO concentration increased from1.9mg/L to13.6mg/L. The relationship among those can be described by the powermodel as Ucrit=31.534DO0.0788, R2=0.9805; Stf=75.621DO0.1753, R2=0.9981; andSAI=27.947DO0.137, R2=0.9312.
The different DO concentrations directly affected the physiology of the shrimp.Lower DO concentration led to an increase in lactate and energy charge. Fatigue fromtail-flip led to a severe loss of plasma glucose under T1and T2, and the plasma lactateconcentration increased significantly in all DO groups. The tail-flip fatigue ofL.vannamei in the present study may be due to the accumulation of lactate in theplasma. L．vannamei responded to experimental lower DO and swimming stress withclassical anaerobic metabolism mainly characterized by an decrease in total protein,utilization of glycogen and triglyceride, and accumulation of lactate. At higher oxygenconcentrations, the swimming ability of the shrimp could be determined by theirmuscular capabilities or energy source. During recovery the shrimp maintained athigher DO concentration removed lactate and recovered energy charge to pre-exerciselevels more quickly than shrimp maintained at lower DO concentration. L vannameiexposed to lower DO concentrations showed a lower capacity for glyconeogenesis,accumulation of lactate, and a slow replenishment of energy charge, implying thatanaerobic glycolysis made a significant contribution to the recovery. These results areof particular value in evaluating the locomotory ability of whiteleg shrimp in differentDO concentrations and understanding its ecological processes to improve capture andrearing techniques.
5. The effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on the growth and thephysiologic mechanism of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
Hypoxic or hyperoxic exposure can affect the physiological capabilities anddefine regulatory limits. Based on the effect of DO on the swimming ability ofwhiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, the effect of different dissolved oxygen (DO) levels (2.0±0.3mg/L, T1;4.2±0.3mg/L, T2;6.8±0.7mg/L, T3and13.6±2.1mg/L,T4) on the growth and digestive enzyme activities, respiratory metabolism, energymetabolism and oxidative stress of L. vannamei were tested under25℃. Theexperiment lasted for30d.
The results showed that when DO was below4.2mg/L, the growth of shrimpwas depressed. The feed conversion efficiency and digestive enzyme activitydecreased with the decrease of DO, and both of them in T4were significantly higherthan those in the other DO groups. The survival rate of shrimp in T4was higher thanthat in the other DO groups. The lethal dissolved oxygen (LDO) content of the shrimpin T1and T2were significantly lower than those in T3and T4, whereas therespiratory frequency decreased as the DO increased. The relationship between DO(mg/L) and gill weight per unit body weight (Rgw) can be described by the powermodel as: Rgw=1.2379DO-0.0786, R2=0.7826. Both oxygen consumption andammonia-N excretion by L. vannamei increased with increasing DO levels, whereasthe trend was found to be reversed in O:N. In T1and T2, the levels of the total protein,glucose, triglyceride, and lactate in plasma and the total protein and lactate inhepatopancreas of the shrimp were significantly higher than that in T3and T4. Theresults showed that when the shrimp are stressed by severe hypoxia the originalrespiration rate can not be maintained, and the shrimps have to resort to anaerobicrespiration. Most parameters were returned to homeostasis after15d of experiment.In T1and T2, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma and tissues of theshrimp were significantly lower than that in T3, and activities of anti-superoxideradical and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the total antioxidant capacity status intissues were significantly lower than those in the other DO groups. In T4, the levels ofMDA in plasma of the shrimp was significantly lower than that in T3, whereas thetotal antioxidant capacity status in muscle of the shrimp was significantly higher thanthose in other DO groups.
The results indicated that DO was an important factor affecting the amount andfitness of shrimp stock because hypoxia could cause a high rate of mortality andgrowth depression and higher DO could enhance the feed digestive activity and survival rate. The decreased oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion,increased respiratory frequency and transient increases in metabolic demand mayaccount for shrimp hypoxic tolerance. The noted tissue specificities of the oxidativestress most likely reflected different metabolic activities and different responses toenvironmental conditions in the examined tissues. A scheme on possible ways ofregulating antioxidant enzymes by different oxygen levels is proposed. Under thecondition of25.0±0.5°C, salinity32±1, L. vannamei showed an ability to tolerate andadapt to the change of DO concentrations.
6. The application of study on the swimming ability of penaeid shrimp
According to the results of the effects of temperature, salinity and dissolvedoxygen levels on the swimming ability of L.vannamei, the application of swimmingability in the shrimp were discussed in this chapter. The different environmentalfactors significantly affect the swimming ability of the shrimp. Knowledge of themaximum swimming speed and swimming endurance is important because itinfluences the ability or otherwise of shrimp to escape from various parts of the trawl.The swimming capability of shrimp also plays an important role in selecting size inshrimp stock enhancement and live transport of the shrimp. A visual software packagewas designed for swimming ability to determine the critical swimming speed andtail-flip speed at different temperature, salinity, DO and body length. A newtransportation device was designed for live transport of the shrimp based on theswimming ability, containing a recirculating system to reduce intraspecific aggression,and provision for water exchange, aeration and securing the shrimp.
引文
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