无线传感器网络节点超低功耗的系统级实现方法研究
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摘要
有限的电源能量是影响无线传感器网络(WSN)生命周期的关键因素,减小功耗即意味着延长系统寿命。在满足系统性能要求的基础上,从系统层面来进一步减小低功耗节点功耗、实现超低功耗,从而有效延长WSN生命周期是节点技术研究的主要内容。目前,环境能量采集技术的研究和发展使得节点有了从环境补给电能的可能。因此,朝着以采集环境能量补给节点电能实现自供电的目标,研究WSN节点的超低功耗技术,对于WSN技术的研究具有重要意义。
本文首先分析了典型WSN节点的特点以及低功耗设计的一般原则和实现方法,根据现有低功耗技术和环境能量采集技术以及对低功耗的一般观点,提出了一种具有实用性的超低功耗评判依据,以此作为检验和衡量WSN节点能耗的依据。为实现WSN节点的超低功耗,提出了适合应用设计的系统级超低功耗策略。这类系统级策略首先是对节点硬件各单元模块进行超低功耗设计,其次在软件方面通过数据处理算法优化和采用适用于节点平台的数据压缩方法,进一步降低节点软件系统的功耗,再结合软硬件系统协同设计实现动态电源管理,达到节点的超低功耗目标。参考典型节点Mica2的功耗计算方式对本文所提方案作了功耗计算,表明了实现WSN节点超低功耗方法的可行性和有效。为了降低节点通信功耗并提高节点的数据存储能力,以简单有效为原则,针对有损数据压缩和无损数据压缩分别提出了一种面向WSN节点平台的简化应用方法。
实验数据表明本文针对节点设计提出的系统级超低功耗方法及应用方案有效可行,这种系统级的应用方法是对现有应用技术的深化应用和协调。本文所提出的简化压缩算法也具有一定的普遍性和实用性。
Limited electrical energy is the key of wireless sensor network (WSN) node's life, and reducing power consumption means to extend the life of the system. After meeting the performance requirements, the focus of nodes technology is to reduce further the power consumption of low-power nodes and to achieve ultra-low power in system-level, so as to extend the life cycle of WSN nodes. At present, the research and development of environmental energy harvesting technology makes it possible that nodes will replenish energy from the environment. Therefore, toward the goal of harvesting environment energy to supply nodes and achieving self-powered, the research on ultra-low power technology of WSN node is necessary.
This thesis analyzes the characteristics of the typical WSN nodes and the general principles and realization methods of low-power design. Based on the existing low-power technology and the public opinion of low power, the thesis presents a practical ultra-low power criterion, which can be used to evaluate and measure the energy dissipation of a WSN node. To realize ultra-low power of WSN nodes, it presents the strategies of ultra-low power in system-level that suitable for application and design. According to the system-level strategies, the ultra-low power design of hardware modules of a node is needed firstly, then to further reduce power consumption of software system by optimizing data processing algorithm and using data compression methods suitable for node platform follows, and then dynamic power management is achieved by co-designing the hardware and software systems. Referencing the Mica2's power estimation, the power calculation of the new node design verifies that the feasibility and effectiveness of the ultra-low power methods. To further reduce communication power and improve the data storage capacity of node in the way of simple and effective, the thesis presents respectively the simplified application solutions for lossy compression and lossless compression faced on WSN node platform.
The simulation and experiments show that the ultra-low power technology for WSN node application program is effective and feasible. The system-level methods are based on the cooperation and extending of the existing low power technologies. The simplified compression algorithms of the thesis also have certain universality and practicality.
本文首先分析了典型WSN节点的特点以及低功耗设计的一般原则和实现方法,根据现有低功耗技术和环境能量采集技术以及对低功耗的一般观点,提出了一种具有实用性的超低功耗评判依据,以此作为检验和衡量WSN节点能耗的依据。为实现WSN节点的超低功耗,提出了适合应用设计的系统级超低功耗策略。这类系统级策略首先是对节点硬件各单元模块进行超低功耗设计,其次在软件方面通过数据处理算法优化和采用适用于节点平台的数据压缩方法,进一步降低节点软件系统的功耗,再结合软硬件系统协同设计实现动态电源管理,达到节点的超低功耗目标。参考典型节点Mica2的功耗计算方式对本文所提方案作了功耗计算,表明了实现WSN节点超低功耗方法的可行性和有效。为了降低节点通信功耗并提高节点的数据存储能力,以简单有效为原则,针对有损数据压缩和无损数据压缩分别提出了一种面向WSN节点平台的简化应用方法。
实验数据表明本文针对节点设计提出的系统级超低功耗方法及应用方案有效可行,这种系统级的应用方法是对现有应用技术的深化应用和协调。本文所提出的简化压缩算法也具有一定的普遍性和实用性。
Limited electrical energy is the key of wireless sensor network (WSN) node's life, and reducing power consumption means to extend the life of the system. After meeting the performance requirements, the focus of nodes technology is to reduce further the power consumption of low-power nodes and to achieve ultra-low power in system-level, so as to extend the life cycle of WSN nodes. At present, the research and development of environmental energy harvesting technology makes it possible that nodes will replenish energy from the environment. Therefore, toward the goal of harvesting environment energy to supply nodes and achieving self-powered, the research on ultra-low power technology of WSN node is necessary.
This thesis analyzes the characteristics of the typical WSN nodes and the general principles and realization methods of low-power design. Based on the existing low-power technology and the public opinion of low power, the thesis presents a practical ultra-low power criterion, which can be used to evaluate and measure the energy dissipation of a WSN node. To realize ultra-low power of WSN nodes, it presents the strategies of ultra-low power in system-level that suitable for application and design. According to the system-level strategies, the ultra-low power design of hardware modules of a node is needed firstly, then to further reduce power consumption of software system by optimizing data processing algorithm and using data compression methods suitable for node platform follows, and then dynamic power management is achieved by co-designing the hardware and software systems. Referencing the Mica2's power estimation, the power calculation of the new node design verifies that the feasibility and effectiveness of the ultra-low power methods. To further reduce communication power and improve the data storage capacity of node in the way of simple and effective, the thesis presents respectively the simplified application solutions for lossy compression and lossless compression faced on WSN node platform.
The simulation and experiments show that the ultra-low power technology for WSN node application program is effective and feasible. The system-level methods are based on the cooperation and extending of the existing low power technologies. The simplified compression algorithms of the thesis also have certain universality and practicality.
引文
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[23]樊晓平,杨玺,刘少强等.具有能量补给的无线传感器网络分簇路由算法[J].计算机工程,2008,34(11):120-122
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[28]吴福炜.系统级CMOS电路的低功耗设计[J].微处理机,2002,(4):5-9
[29]徐勇军.集成电路功耗估计及低功耗设计[D].北京:中国科学院,2006
[30]Juan Alvarez.管理多种低功耗操作模式[J].电子产品世界.2006.(13):133-135
[31]王力生,夏志江.嵌入式系统中软件优化的低功耗研究[J].单片机与嵌入式系统应用.2006,(4):12-14
[32]李曦.基于代码压缩方法的低功耗嵌入式系统设计技术研究[J].小型微型计算机系统.2003,24(5):887-890
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[34]卢伍根,王戈,李鸥.基于MSP430F1611和TR3000的无线通信系统设计[J].计算机工程,2007,33(19):238-240
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