NGO在中国的发展及影响探析
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摘要
改革开放以来,随着全球一体化,非政府组织进入中国已有三十年历史,为中国的政治、经济和社会发展作出了积极卓越的贡献。但是国际非政府组织的背景形形色色,它们在中国活动的目的也各不相同。有一些国际非政府组织出于对某些集团的同情或支持,或出于对中国政府政策的误解,在社会上产生了较大的不利影响,而且这些消极、负面的东西对中国今后的健康发展具有很大的潜在危害性。
因此,本文从非政府组织的基本理论入手,着重分析国际非政府组织在中国的发展现状,产生的双重影响,出现的问题,并找出行之有效的措施。尽可能地降低负面影响,力争在合理利用其观念和资金的同时,发挥它的最大效用。使之既要服务于我国社会主义经济建设,又要规避危害,让非政府组织对我国的社会主义经济建设起到促进作用。
Based on the data in hand, it can be concluded that a lot of academic researches on international non-governmental organizations(NGO) have been done both at home and abroad. However, in the vast majority of cases, the researches are limited to the studies of the international NGOs in itself, focusing on the rise, the development, the working pattern and the construction of the kernel mechanism of NGOs. Very few researches have been found on the relationship between NGOs and the development of China, studying the impact of international NGOs on China. Moreover, in view of the current academic studies done on the influences of NGOs in China, special emphasis has been laid on the bright side of NGOs and few researches notice the possible problems that come along with NGOs and the certain negative effects they bring about to China. Therefore, in view of the studies both at home and abroad, this thesis starts with the fundamental theory of NGOs and it views the rapid development of NGOs in China from a proper perspective to find out the problems and to analyze the dual influences, hence pointing out the effective countermeasures. It is hoped that, while making reasonable use of the funds, conceptions, the experience and the working methods of the international NGOs, China can reduce the negative effects of NGOs and enhance their performance to the fullest extent.
It is believed that with the deepening progress of reform and opening up, the international NGOs have been in China for nearly 30 years. The globolization has witnessed more than 100 NGOs taking their roots in China. With their growing expansion of working staffs and organization scales, their social influences increase immensely. Their programs carried out in China embraces health, environment, education, and AIDS, which have made actual contribution and partially realized the purpose of the organizations. Their work is mostly satisfactory and has therefore positively promoted the development of public utility in China. However, in the process of these programs, certain problems have emerged, such as long existing problem of the NGOs' legitimacy, the governmental supervision lagging far behind, the cooperative responsibility with our country being unclearly drawn, the programs overlapping with each other, the purpose of NGOs being concealed and the lack of smooth communication, which consequently restrict the development of NGOs in our country.
As an innovative pattern of organizations in the current international society, the NGOs are exerting both positive and negative influences on the development of politics, economy and society of our country. On one hand with the advantage of the fund, technology, information, human resources and the international relations, NGOs are able to widely reach into every aspect of our country, helping us gain powerful support from governments of different countries and inter-governmental organizations, promoting the international status of our country, contributing to the development of international NGOs in China and therefore doing good to the building up of a harmonious society. On the other hand, the opposite position of the NGOs to the government may result in the negative effects on the Chinese society, such as continually pouring western cultures into our country, jeopadizing our national secuity, destroying the political stability of our country and feeding domestic corruption. A monority of NGOs, out of sympathy or support for certain groups or out of their misunderstanding of our governmental policies, illegally create public opinion in terms of human rights, religion, nationalities and envrionment, aiming to affect and change the governmental policies. These activities have brought about tremendous negative influences on our politics, economy and social development. Meanwhile they are extremely disadvantageous to the sound development of our country. Any ill management or improper operation will then lead to a series of disastrous consequences in China.
In order to serve the socialist economic construction and to dodge the possible damage, the author points out effective strategic options to cope with the international NGOs. Specifically speaking, the appropriate understanding and the study of NGOs are necessary and a positive attitude should be adopted towards the NGOs. Secondly, legislative process should be accelerated and a highly efficient and strict management mechanism should be set up to bring NGOs under supervision. Lastly, cooperations with international NGOs should be encouraged to build up mutual communication, to strengthen mutual understanding and trust. Besides, the development of domestic NGOs should be encouraged. It is hoped that, with a bright developing prospect, the international NGOs could hamoniously cooperate with China, and help contribute to the socialist economic construction.
因此,本文从非政府组织的基本理论入手,着重分析国际非政府组织在中国的发展现状,产生的双重影响,出现的问题,并找出行之有效的措施。尽可能地降低负面影响,力争在合理利用其观念和资金的同时,发挥它的最大效用。使之既要服务于我国社会主义经济建设,又要规避危害,让非政府组织对我国的社会主义经济建设起到促进作用。
Based on the data in hand, it can be concluded that a lot of academic researches on international non-governmental organizations(NGO) have been done both at home and abroad. However, in the vast majority of cases, the researches are limited to the studies of the international NGOs in itself, focusing on the rise, the development, the working pattern and the construction of the kernel mechanism of NGOs. Very few researches have been found on the relationship between NGOs and the development of China, studying the impact of international NGOs on China. Moreover, in view of the current academic studies done on the influences of NGOs in China, special emphasis has been laid on the bright side of NGOs and few researches notice the possible problems that come along with NGOs and the certain negative effects they bring about to China. Therefore, in view of the studies both at home and abroad, this thesis starts with the fundamental theory of NGOs and it views the rapid development of NGOs in China from a proper perspective to find out the problems and to analyze the dual influences, hence pointing out the effective countermeasures. It is hoped that, while making reasonable use of the funds, conceptions, the experience and the working methods of the international NGOs, China can reduce the negative effects of NGOs and enhance their performance to the fullest extent.
It is believed that with the deepening progress of reform and opening up, the international NGOs have been in China for nearly 30 years. The globolization has witnessed more than 100 NGOs taking their roots in China. With their growing expansion of working staffs and organization scales, their social influences increase immensely. Their programs carried out in China embraces health, environment, education, and AIDS, which have made actual contribution and partially realized the purpose of the organizations. Their work is mostly satisfactory and has therefore positively promoted the development of public utility in China. However, in the process of these programs, certain problems have emerged, such as long existing problem of the NGOs' legitimacy, the governmental supervision lagging far behind, the cooperative responsibility with our country being unclearly drawn, the programs overlapping with each other, the purpose of NGOs being concealed and the lack of smooth communication, which consequently restrict the development of NGOs in our country.
As an innovative pattern of organizations in the current international society, the NGOs are exerting both positive and negative influences on the development of politics, economy and society of our country. On one hand with the advantage of the fund, technology, information, human resources and the international relations, NGOs are able to widely reach into every aspect of our country, helping us gain powerful support from governments of different countries and inter-governmental organizations, promoting the international status of our country, contributing to the development of international NGOs in China and therefore doing good to the building up of a harmonious society. On the other hand, the opposite position of the NGOs to the government may result in the negative effects on the Chinese society, such as continually pouring western cultures into our country, jeopadizing our national secuity, destroying the political stability of our country and feeding domestic corruption. A monority of NGOs, out of sympathy or support for certain groups or out of their misunderstanding of our governmental policies, illegally create public opinion in terms of human rights, religion, nationalities and envrionment, aiming to affect and change the governmental policies. These activities have brought about tremendous negative influences on our politics, economy and social development. Meanwhile they are extremely disadvantageous to the sound development of our country. Any ill management or improper operation will then lead to a series of disastrous consequences in China.
In order to serve the socialist economic construction and to dodge the possible damage, the author points out effective strategic options to cope with the international NGOs. Specifically speaking, the appropriate understanding and the study of NGOs are necessary and a positive attitude should be adopted towards the NGOs. Secondly, legislative process should be accelerated and a highly efficient and strict management mechanism should be set up to bring NGOs under supervision. Lastly, cooperations with international NGOs should be encouraged to build up mutual communication, to strengthen mutual understanding and trust. Besides, the development of domestic NGOs should be encouraged. It is hoped that, with a bright developing prospect, the international NGOs could hamoniously cooperate with China, and help contribute to the socialist economic construction.
引文
1 U.N.DOC.E,AC.70,1994.
2 世界银行组织编写.非政府组织法的立法原则[S].喜马拉雅研究发展基金会印行,2000:21-22.
1 王名.中国社团改革-从政府选择到社会选择[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002-12.
2 吴卫卫.全球化背景下国际非政府组织的兴起及其对国际体系的影响[D].山东大学.2006.
1 联合国经社理事会非政府组织委员会.The Committee of Non-governmental Organizations[S].NGOs in consultative status with the Council by Category,March 2004,http://www.un.org/esa/coordination/ngo.
2[美]莱斯特·萨拉蒙.全球公民社会-非营利部门视界[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002:286.
1 蔡拓,刘贞呻.全球市民社会与当代国际关系(上)[J].现代国际关系。2002(12).
1 国际非政府组织合法登陆中国[J].晾望东方周刊,2004-06-15http://news.tom.com
1 程芬.数千家国际NGO悄然进入中国[N].公益时报,2005-09-28(A01).
2 千家外国非政府组织在华奠定活动基础初具规模[N].学习时报,(2006-08-31).http://www.chinanews.com.cn/other/news/2006/08-31/782494.shtml.[2006-08-31]
3 马秋莎.全球化、国际非政府组织与中国民间组织的发展[J].开放时代.2006-02:119-138.
1 马国芳.国际非政府组织在云南发展状况研究[J].云南行政学院学报.2004-02:57.
2 徐莹.李宝俊.国际非政府组织的治理外交及其对中国的启示[J].国际关系学院学报,2004-03:30-33.
1 马国芳.国际非政府组织在云南发展状况研究[J].云南行政学院学报.2004-02:57.
1 马国芳.国际非政府组织在云南发展状况研究[J].云南行政学院学报。2004-02:57.
1 Pawl Wapaver.Politics Beyond the State:Environ mental Activism and World Civil Politics[J].World Politics,1995,4:312.
2 王逸舟.国际政治中的“NGO”[J].东方。1995-05.
3 王运祥.从中国民间对外经济交往看参与NGO活动的意义-以我国参与国际商会国际惯例委员会的活动为例[J].东南亚研究.2003-01
4 Yale H,Ferguson,et al.What Is the Policy?[J].Around Table International Studies Review,Spring 2000,2:21-24.
1 王运祥.从中国民间对外经济交往看参与NGO活动的意义-以我国参与国际商会国际惯例委员会的活动为例[J].东南亚研究,2003-01:38-43
1 N.Yuan.The statement at the Roundtable before the Congressional Executive Commission on China,To Serve the People:NGOs and the Development of Civil Society in China,Washington DC:U.S.A Government Printing Office,2003:40.
1 赵黎青.如何看待在中国的外国非政府组织[J].学习月刊.2006-18:12
2 赵黎青.如何看待在中国的外国非政府组织[J].学习月刊,2006-18:12
1 李东燕.国际政治黄皮书2001年:全球政治和安全报告[S]:北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001:147.
2 王运祥.从中国民问对外经济交往看参与NGO活动的意义-以我国参与国际商会国际惯例委员会的活动为例[J].东南亚研究,2003-01:38-43
3 赵黎青.如何看待在中国的外国非政府组织[J].学习月刊,2006-18:12
1 王运祥.从中国民间对外经济交往看参与NGO活动的意义-以我国参与国际商会国际惯例委员会的活动为例[J].东南亚研究,2003-01:38-43
1 华尔街日报[N].2004-08-03.
1 赵黎青.如何看待在中国的外国非政府组织[J].学习月刊.2006-18:12
1 马秋莎.全球化、国际非政府组织与中国民间组织的发展[J].开放时代。2006-02:119-138.
2 徐莹。李宝俊.国际非政府组织的治理外交及其对中国的启示[J].国际关系学院学报。2004-03:30-33.
3 严捷.论作为国际社会新行为体的非政府组织[D].华东政法学院.2004
1 黎尔平.多维视角下的国际非政府组织[J].公共管理学报。2006-03:80-84.
1 赵黎青.中国如何应对外国非政府组织[J].社团理论研究。2006-0611:4-6.
1 李学举.涉外民问组织首次拟合法登记.(2007-03-13)新华网http://news.shangdu.com/category/10001/2007/03/13/2007-03-13_595211_10001.shtml
1 马国芳.国际非政府组织在云南发展状况研究[J].云南行政学院学报.2004-02:57.
2 黎尔平.多维视角下的国际非政府组织[J].公共管理学报,2006-03:80-84.
3 赵黎青.中国如何应对外国非政府组织[J].社团理论研究.2006-0611:4-6.
1 赵黎青.中国如何应对外国非政府组织[J].社团理论研究,2006-0611:4-6.
2 张殿军。陈金光.非政府国际组织与世界文明新秩序的建--兼论中国的外交战略选择[J].中共天津市委党校学报,2006-02:94-98
1 王妮丽.项目合作:国际非政府组织在中国[J].消费导刊·理论版,2008-01
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[4]吴卫卫.全球化背景下国际非政府组织的兴起及其对国际体系的影响[D].山东大学.2006.
[5]联合国经社理事会非政府组织委员会.The Committee of Non-governmental Organizat- ions[S].NGOs in consultative status with the Council by Category,March 2004,http://www.un.org/esa/coordination/ngo.
[6][美]莱斯特·萨拉蒙.全球公民社会---非营利部门视界[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002:286.
[7]蔡拓,刘贞呻.全球市民社会与当代国际关系(上)[J].现代国际关系,2002-12:01-07.
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[13]徐莹,李宝俊.国际非政府组织的治理外交及其对中国的启示[J].国际关系学院学报,2004-03:30-33.
[14]Pawl Wapaver.Politics Beyond the State:Environ mental Activism and World Civil Politics[J].World Politics,1995,4:312.
[15]王逸舟.国际政治中的“NGO”[J].东方,1995-05.
[16]王运祥.从中国民间对外经济交往看参与NGO活动的意义-以我国参与国际商会国际惯例委员会的活动为例[J].东南亚研究,2003-01:38-43.
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[21]王运祥.从中国民间对外经济交往看参与NGO活动的意义-以我国参与国际商会国际惯例委员会的活动为例[J].东南亚研究,2003-01:38-43.
[22]华尔街日报[N].2004-08-03.
[23]严捷.论作为国际社会新行为体的非政府组织[D].华东政法学 院.2004
[24]黎尔平.多维视角下的国际非政府组织[J].公共管理学报,2006-03:80-84.
[25]李学举.涉外民间组织首次拟合法登记.(2007-03-13)新华网http://news.shangdu.com/category/10001/2007/03/13/2007-03-13_595211_10001.shtml
[26]张殿军,陈金光.非政府国际组织与世界文明新秩序的建立--兼论中国的外交战略选择[J].中共天津市委党校学报,2006-02:94-98.
[27]王妮丽.项目合作:国际非政府组织在中国[J].消费导刊·理论版,2008-01:17-19.
[28]徐莹.当代国际政治中的非政府组织[M].北京:当代世界出版社,2006-7.
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[31][美]莱斯特·萨拉蒙等著.贾西津 魏玉等译.全球公民社会--非营利部门视界[M].北京:社会科学出版社,2002.
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2 世界银行组织编写.非政府组织法的立法原则[S].喜马拉雅研究发展基金会印行,2000:21-22.
1 王名.中国社团改革-从政府选择到社会选择[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002-12.
2 吴卫卫.全球化背景下国际非政府组织的兴起及其对国际体系的影响[D].山东大学.2006.
1 联合国经社理事会非政府组织委员会.The Committee of Non-governmental Organizations[S].NGOs in consultative status with the Council by Category,March 2004,http://www.un.org/esa/coordination/ngo.
2[美]莱斯特·萨拉蒙.全球公民社会-非营利部门视界[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002:286.
1 蔡拓,刘贞呻.全球市民社会与当代国际关系(上)[J].现代国际关系。2002(12).
1 国际非政府组织合法登陆中国[J].晾望东方周刊,2004-06-15http://news.tom.com
1 程芬.数千家国际NGO悄然进入中国[N].公益时报,2005-09-28(A01).
2 千家外国非政府组织在华奠定活动基础初具规模[N].学习时报,(2006-08-31).http://www.chinanews.com.cn/other/news/2006/08-31/782494.shtml.[2006-08-31]
3 马秋莎.全球化、国际非政府组织与中国民间组织的发展[J].开放时代.2006-02:119-138.
1 马国芳.国际非政府组织在云南发展状况研究[J].云南行政学院学报.2004-02:57.
2 徐莹.李宝俊.国际非政府组织的治理外交及其对中国的启示[J].国际关系学院学报,2004-03:30-33.
1 马国芳.国际非政府组织在云南发展状况研究[J].云南行政学院学报.2004-02:57.
1 马国芳.国际非政府组织在云南发展状况研究[J].云南行政学院学报。2004-02:57.
1 Pawl Wapaver.Politics Beyond the State:Environ mental Activism and World Civil Politics[J].World Politics,1995,4:312.
2 王逸舟.国际政治中的“NGO”[J].东方。1995-05.
3 王运祥.从中国民间对外经济交往看参与NGO活动的意义-以我国参与国际商会国际惯例委员会的活动为例[J].东南亚研究.2003-01
4 Yale H,Ferguson,et al.What Is the Policy?[J].Around Table International Studies Review,Spring 2000,2:21-24.
1 王运祥.从中国民间对外经济交往看参与NGO活动的意义-以我国参与国际商会国际惯例委员会的活动为例[J].东南亚研究,2003-01:38-43
1 N.Yuan.The statement at the Roundtable before the Congressional Executive Commission on China,To Serve the People:NGOs and the Development of Civil Society in China,Washington DC:U.S.A Government Printing Office,2003:40.
1 赵黎青.如何看待在中国的外国非政府组织[J].学习月刊.2006-18:12
2 赵黎青.如何看待在中国的外国非政府组织[J].学习月刊,2006-18:12
1 李东燕.国际政治黄皮书2001年:全球政治和安全报告[S]:北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001:147.
2 王运祥.从中国民问对外经济交往看参与NGO活动的意义-以我国参与国际商会国际惯例委员会的活动为例[J].东南亚研究,2003-01:38-43
3 赵黎青.如何看待在中国的外国非政府组织[J].学习月刊,2006-18:12
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