沉水植物苦草和水环境质量相互效应的研究
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摘要
利用沉水植物进行水生态修复是国内外水坏境领域的研究热点。沉水植物作为水生态系统的重要初级生产力,对水生态系统起着重要的作用。为了研究沉水植物和水环境之间相互效应；本文开展了以下主要内容：
(1)在夏季,在铺有底泥的水泥池中种植不同密度(500g/m2、200 g/m2、100g/m2、50 g/m2)的苦草,研究苦草对池塘水的净化效果。结果表明：在19天的试验期内,500g/m2、200 g/m2、100 g/m2、50 g/m2苦草对TN的除去率分别为66.67%、70.95%、66.48%、70.48%,分别显著高于对照组,但是不同密度组之间的差异不显著。500g/m2、200 g/m2、100 g/m2、50 g/m2苦草苦草对TP的除去率分别为56.11%、63.75%、61.13%、57.54%,和对照组比差异不显著,不同密度组之间的差异不显著。500g/m2、200 g/m2、100 g/m2、50 g/m2苦草对硝酸盐的除去率分别为83.33%、76.83%、70.87%、72.88%,和对照组比差异不显著,500g/m2苦草的除去率同100 g/m2和50g/m2比较差异显著。500g/m2、200 g/m2、100 g/m2、50 g/m2苦草对亚硝酸的除去率分别为97.39%、97.62%、98.54%、97.89%,和对照组比差异不显著,不同密度组之间的差异不显著。500g/m2、200 g/m2、100 g/m2、50 g/m2苦草对COD的除去率分别为47.92%、57.92%、60.98%、71.93%,和对照组比差异不显著,不同密度组之间的差异不显著。同时,水体中溶氧(DO)和pH值日变化显著,溶解氧对照组在13：30达到最大,而种植有苦草的在15：30后达到最大,且pH值的变化同溶解氧。
(2)在冬季利用分解网袋法,分别在塑料桶和野外沟渠设置不同的处理,研究苦草腐败对水环境的影响和氮、磷的损失规律。结果表明：苦草在冬季腐败中,释放的磷大部分会被底泥吸附掉,进入水体中的磷很少；同时苦草腐败以氨氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮形式释放到水体也是非常有限的；故冬季苦草腐败对水体富营养影响有限。不同环境对苦草的腐败过程中苦草干重、TN. TP剩余率有显著的影响；底泥的存在减缓了干重的损失速度,而加快了植物TN和TP的损失速度；且苦草分解过程中磷的释放最快。苦草的分解具有阶段性,开始36d时分解非常迅速,从第36d至第66d分解进入缓慢期。
(3)以沉水植物苦草作为研究对象,在塑料桶中加入池塘水培养苦草并调节其氨氮浓度和pH值,研究不同环境条件对苦草的生长的影响。结果表明：非离子氨对植物生长有影响,对植物的生物量影响是很显著的,pH值和氨氮的交互作用对苦草的叶绿素含量有极显著影响。当pH值和氨氮浓度达到一定高度的时候,使植物失去碳氮平衡,造成植物的生长受抑制。在长久高pH值和氨氮影响,苦草遭受—定的环境胁迫,使得植物体内的SOD和MDA有显著上升。
Restoring aquatic ecosystem using submerged macrophyte has become one of the focuses of aquatic environmental research. As the important primary productivity of aquatic ecosystem, submerged macrophyte plays an key role in water ecological system. The aim of this paper is to elucidate the correlation between aquatic environmental quality and biological effects of submerged macrophyte. The results are as follows:
(1) In summer, tape grass (Vallisneria Spiralis) was cultivated in cement pond with sediment at different planting densities (500g/m2,200g/m2, 100g/m2,50g/m2).The effect of different planting densities of tape grass(Vallisneria Spiralis) on water purification was studied. The results indicated that the remove rate of TN in the different densities of 500g/m2,200g/m2, 100g/m2,50g/m2 was 66.67%,70.95%,66.48%,70.48%. The remove rate of TN in the different densities was significantly higher than that in the control group. But no significant differences in the removal rate of TN, however, were observed among the different densities. The remove rate of TP in the different densities of 500g/m2,200 g/m2,100g/m2,50g/m2 was 56.11%,63.75%,61.13%,57.54%. No significantly differences in the removal rate of TP were observed between the control group and the different densities. And no significant differences in the removal rate of TP were observed among the different densities. The remove rate of nitrate nitrogen in the different densities of 500g/m2,200g/m2,100g/m2,50g/m2 was 83.33%,76.83%,70.87%,72.88%. No significantly differences in the removal rate of nitrate nitrogen were observed between the control group and the different densities. The remove rate of nitrite nitrogen in 500g/m2 was significantly higher than that in 100g/m2 and 50g/m2. The remove rate of nitrite nitrogen in the different densities of 500g/m2,200g/m2,100g/m2,50g/m2 was 56.11%, 63.75%,61.13%,57.54%. No significantly differences in the removal rate of nitrite nitrogen were observed between the control group and the different densities. And no significant differences in the removal rate of nitrite nitrogen were observed among the different densities. The remove rate of COD in the different densities of 500g/m2, 200g/m2,100g/m2,50g/m2 was 47.92%,57.92%,60.98%,71.93%. No significantly differences in the removal rate of COD were observed between the control group and the different densities. And no significant differences in the removal rate of COD were observed among the different densities. In addition, the daily change of pH and DO varied significantly. The value of DO in the control group achieve maximum at 13:30, but the value of DO in different densities achieve maximum at 15:30. The value of pH and DO had the same change.
(2) With the litterbag method, the influence of the decomposition of submerged macrophyte (Vallisneria Spiralis) in winter on water quality and the law of nutritional release was studied under the laboratory and ditch conditions. The results indicated that the released phosphorus from the decayed Vallisneria Spiralis in winter was mainly absorbed by the sediment. At the same time, the release of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen from the decayed tape grass was very limited. Therefore, the decomposition of tape grass attributed little to the eutrophication of cultured ponds in winter. Analyses of the decomposition rate of submerged macrophytes(Vallisneria Spiralis) under the different environment showed that the decomposition rate of grass was the fastest in treatment C. Aquatic environment has highly significantly impacts on dry weight, residual TN and TP of tape grass. The existing of sediment slowed down the lost rate of dry weight, but speeded up the lost rate of TN and TP. The release of phosphorus was the fastest during the decay of Vallisneria Spiralis. The process of decay of Vallisneria Spiralis has been divided a few phase. The decomposition rate was very fast in the first 36 days, but the rate became slower from 36 d to 66 d.
(3)The submerged macrophyte(Vallisneria Spiralis) was planted in the different plastic buckets containing pond water in which the different concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and pH were set. The influences of the different factors (ammonia and pH value) on the growth of Vallisneria Spiralis were studied. The results indicated that the nonionic ammonia had significant impact on grass growth as well as plant biomass. The co-effect of nonionic ammonia and pH resulted in the significant change in chlorophyll content of Vallisneria Spiralis. As pH value and ammonia nitrogen reached to a certain degree in water, the imbalance in the content of carbon and nitrogen in grass would occur. This eventually led to the growth depression of tape grass. The activity of SOD and the content of MDA increased significantly due to long term of the exposure to the water in which high pH value and high ammonia content were detected.
(1)在夏季,在铺有底泥的水泥池中种植不同密度(500g/m2、200 g/m2、100g/m2、50 g/m2)的苦草,研究苦草对池塘水的净化效果。结果表明：在19天的试验期内,500g/m2、200 g/m2、100 g/m2、50 g/m2苦草对TN的除去率分别为66.67%、70.95%、66.48%、70.48%,分别显著高于对照组,但是不同密度组之间的差异不显著。500g/m2、200 g/m2、100 g/m2、50 g/m2苦草苦草对TP的除去率分别为56.11%、63.75%、61.13%、57.54%,和对照组比差异不显著,不同密度组之间的差异不显著。500g/m2、200 g/m2、100 g/m2、50 g/m2苦草对硝酸盐的除去率分别为83.33%、76.83%、70.87%、72.88%,和对照组比差异不显著,500g/m2苦草的除去率同100 g/m2和50g/m2比较差异显著。500g/m2、200 g/m2、100 g/m2、50 g/m2苦草对亚硝酸的除去率分别为97.39%、97.62%、98.54%、97.89%,和对照组比差异不显著,不同密度组之间的差异不显著。500g/m2、200 g/m2、100 g/m2、50 g/m2苦草对COD的除去率分别为47.92%、57.92%、60.98%、71.93%,和对照组比差异不显著,不同密度组之间的差异不显著。同时,水体中溶氧(DO)和pH值日变化显著,溶解氧对照组在13：30达到最大,而种植有苦草的在15：30后达到最大,且pH值的变化同溶解氧。
(2)在冬季利用分解网袋法,分别在塑料桶和野外沟渠设置不同的处理,研究苦草腐败对水环境的影响和氮、磷的损失规律。结果表明：苦草在冬季腐败中,释放的磷大部分会被底泥吸附掉,进入水体中的磷很少；同时苦草腐败以氨氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮形式释放到水体也是非常有限的；故冬季苦草腐败对水体富营养影响有限。不同环境对苦草的腐败过程中苦草干重、TN. TP剩余率有显著的影响；底泥的存在减缓了干重的损失速度,而加快了植物TN和TP的损失速度；且苦草分解过程中磷的释放最快。苦草的分解具有阶段性,开始36d时分解非常迅速,从第36d至第66d分解进入缓慢期。
(3)以沉水植物苦草作为研究对象,在塑料桶中加入池塘水培养苦草并调节其氨氮浓度和pH值,研究不同环境条件对苦草的生长的影响。结果表明：非离子氨对植物生长有影响,对植物的生物量影响是很显著的,pH值和氨氮的交互作用对苦草的叶绿素含量有极显著影响。当pH值和氨氮浓度达到一定高度的时候,使植物失去碳氮平衡,造成植物的生长受抑制。在长久高pH值和氨氮影响,苦草遭受—定的环境胁迫,使得植物体内的SOD和MDA有显著上升。
Restoring aquatic ecosystem using submerged macrophyte has become one of the focuses of aquatic environmental research. As the important primary productivity of aquatic ecosystem, submerged macrophyte plays an key role in water ecological system. The aim of this paper is to elucidate the correlation between aquatic environmental quality and biological effects of submerged macrophyte. The results are as follows:
(1) In summer, tape grass (Vallisneria Spiralis) was cultivated in cement pond with sediment at different planting densities (500g/m2,200g/m2, 100g/m2,50g/m2).The effect of different planting densities of tape grass(Vallisneria Spiralis) on water purification was studied. The results indicated that the remove rate of TN in the different densities of 500g/m2,200g/m2, 100g/m2,50g/m2 was 66.67%,70.95%,66.48%,70.48%. The remove rate of TN in the different densities was significantly higher than that in the control group. But no significant differences in the removal rate of TN, however, were observed among the different densities. The remove rate of TP in the different densities of 500g/m2,200 g/m2,100g/m2,50g/m2 was 56.11%,63.75%,61.13%,57.54%. No significantly differences in the removal rate of TP were observed between the control group and the different densities. And no significant differences in the removal rate of TP were observed among the different densities. The remove rate of nitrate nitrogen in the different densities of 500g/m2,200g/m2,100g/m2,50g/m2 was 83.33%,76.83%,70.87%,72.88%. No significantly differences in the removal rate of nitrate nitrogen were observed between the control group and the different densities. The remove rate of nitrite nitrogen in 500g/m2 was significantly higher than that in 100g/m2 and 50g/m2. The remove rate of nitrite nitrogen in the different densities of 500g/m2,200g/m2,100g/m2,50g/m2 was 56.11%, 63.75%,61.13%,57.54%. No significantly differences in the removal rate of nitrite nitrogen were observed between the control group and the different densities. And no significant differences in the removal rate of nitrite nitrogen were observed among the different densities. The remove rate of COD in the different densities of 500g/m2, 200g/m2,100g/m2,50g/m2 was 47.92%,57.92%,60.98%,71.93%. No significantly differences in the removal rate of COD were observed between the control group and the different densities. And no significant differences in the removal rate of COD were observed among the different densities. In addition, the daily change of pH and DO varied significantly. The value of DO in the control group achieve maximum at 13:30, but the value of DO in different densities achieve maximum at 15:30. The value of pH and DO had the same change.
(2) With the litterbag method, the influence of the decomposition of submerged macrophyte (Vallisneria Spiralis) in winter on water quality and the law of nutritional release was studied under the laboratory and ditch conditions. The results indicated that the released phosphorus from the decayed Vallisneria Spiralis in winter was mainly absorbed by the sediment. At the same time, the release of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen from the decayed tape grass was very limited. Therefore, the decomposition of tape grass attributed little to the eutrophication of cultured ponds in winter. Analyses of the decomposition rate of submerged macrophytes(Vallisneria Spiralis) under the different environment showed that the decomposition rate of grass was the fastest in treatment C. Aquatic environment has highly significantly impacts on dry weight, residual TN and TP of tape grass. The existing of sediment slowed down the lost rate of dry weight, but speeded up the lost rate of TN and TP. The release of phosphorus was the fastest during the decay of Vallisneria Spiralis. The process of decay of Vallisneria Spiralis has been divided a few phase. The decomposition rate was very fast in the first 36 days, but the rate became slower from 36 d to 66 d.
(3)The submerged macrophyte(Vallisneria Spiralis) was planted in the different plastic buckets containing pond water in which the different concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and pH were set. The influences of the different factors (ammonia and pH value) on the growth of Vallisneria Spiralis were studied. The results indicated that the nonionic ammonia had significant impact on grass growth as well as plant biomass. The co-effect of nonionic ammonia and pH resulted in the significant change in chlorophyll content of Vallisneria Spiralis. As pH value and ammonia nitrogen reached to a certain degree in water, the imbalance in the content of carbon and nitrogen in grass would occur. This eventually led to the growth depression of tape grass. The activity of SOD and the content of MDA increased significantly due to long term of the exposure to the water in which high pH value and high ammonia content were detected.
引文
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