微结构光纤非线性特性及功能器件的研究
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摘要
结合国家973课题“基于微结构光纤光电子功能器件的创新与基础研究”的主要目标:(1)揭示微结构光纤中新的调谐机制及非线性机理;(2)研制出各种基于微结构光纤的通信光电子器件;(3)研制出基于微结构光纤的集成光纤器件等,对微结构光纤(micro-structure fiber, MF)的非线性特性和功能器件进行了理论与实验研究。主要研究内容和初步取得的创新性研究成果概括如下:
(1)研究了MF的传导特性,发现掺锗MF的模式截止廓线与纯硅MF模式截止廓线相比向低d/Λ侧漂移;提出将掺镱MF进行拉锥可将非线性系数提高3个量级以上,但是对于一定结构的MF,有最佳锥腰,并且为了最大限度地提高拉锥掺镱MF的非线性系数,归一化锥长一定要大于30微米;发现小空气孔间距(Λ～λ)、大空气孔径的纯硅MF可以在短波700nm附近获得将近300nm/ps/km的大反常色散。
(2)研究了随机不规则结构对微结构光纤特性的影响,发现理想结构MF的非线性系数越大,它的非线性特性就越容易被不规则结构所消弱;不规则结构使色散围绕理想值上下波动;随机无序的空气孔结构比随机不均匀的空气孔结构更容易使非线性系数和色散的分布弥散;大间距和小孔径MF的非线性系数对结构的不规则性不敏感,并且此结构有利于保持MF的色散特性。
(3)研究了微结构光纤的模式特性,发现当光场从单模光纤入射到MF时,所激励的模式数量以及各模式的耦合效率都随MF的结构参数的变化而不同,只有当MF模场直径与单模光纤模场直径相等时,所激励的基模的耦合效率最大,高阶模式的耦合效率最低;发现在微结构光纤内具有全波导对称的模式同时也具有组合对称性,并且它们是非简并的,那些仅具有组合对称的模式是简并的;发现了微结构光纤内的多模相干现象,多模相干的特性取决于微结构光纤的结构参数。
(4)研究了微结构光纤光栅的特性,发现只有当MF(1)支持高阶内包层传导,(2)高阶内包层模式满足相位匹配条件,(3)耦合系数κi>> 0,即高阶内包层模式的电场与正向传导纤芯模式在栅区有效的重叠时MF Bragg光栅(MF-FBG)才支持多谐振峰;此外光敏光纤纤芯尺寸不但会影响MF-FBG各阶谐振峰的谐振波长,还会影响MF-FBG各阶谐振峰的谐振强度。
(5)研究了基于微结构光纤的全光开关。提出将高非线性MF(HN-MF)和双向抽运掺饵光纤放大器引入Sagnac环形镜内可以实现低开关功率的全光开关。理论推导出光开关的开关功率与放大器的增益倍数和MF非线性系数的积呈反比,因此可以通过提高放大器的增益倍数和增大HN-MF的非线性系数降低开关功率,在实验中所得开关功率约40mW,并且信号光透过率随控制脉冲光峰值功率呈余弦变化,理论分析与实验结果相吻合。
(6)对基于高非线性MF的波长转换进行了研究,实验中发现当泵浦光的调谐范围远离高非线性微结构光纤的零色散波长且在负色散区时,相位匹配条件依然可以获得,从而克服了零色散波长对四波混频效应的限制,使基于四波混频效应的波长转换更加灵活。在实验中我们利用20m长的高非线性微结构光纤,泵浦光远离零色散波长,对相干光和非相干光分别获得-11.23dB和-11.45dB的最大转换效率,它们的3dB转换带宽可分别达到78.6nm和38.06nm。
According the aims of the national 973 project“The basic studies of photoelectron functional device based on Micro-structure fiber(MF)”: (1) opening out the mechanisms of MF tuning and high nolinearity, (2) manufacturing sots of communication photoelectron functional device based on MF, (3) manufacturing integrated photoelectron functional device based on MF, we theoretically and experimentally investigated the nonlinearity properties of the MF and the MF based functional devices. The chief contents and the innovating results are summed up as follows:
(1) We investigated the wave guiding properties of MF and found that the modal cutoff profile of the Ge-doped MF shift to the low d/Λside in contrast to the pure silica MF. Moreover, we proposed that the nonlinear coefficient can be enhanced more than three orders when we tapered the Yb3+-doped MF, but there is a optimal tapering waist for a fixed structure MF and the normalized tapering length have to be longer than 30μm so that the nonlinear coefficient be enhanced to maximum. Finally, we found that the large anomalous dispersion(near 300nm/ps/km) down to short wavelength(700nm) can be achieved for the small air-hole pitch(Λ~λ) and large air hole MF.
(2) We discussed the effect of the irregular structure to the properties of MF and found that the larger nonlinear coefficient of the ideal MF is, the nonlinear property is more prone to be degraded by the irregular structure, and the irregular structure make the dispersion fluctuate around the ideal value. Furthermore, random disorder air holes is more prone to make the distributions of nonlinear coefficient and dispersion dispersive than the nonuniformity. Finally, the nonlinear coefficient is more sensitive to larger pitch and smaller diameter of air holes, but the structure is benefit for holding dispersion.
(3) We investigated the modal properties of MF and found that the mount and the coupling efficiency of each mode lie on the structure parameters of MF when the field incident from single mode fiber, the coupling efficiencies of the fundamental mode and the high order modes, respectively, reach the maximum and the minimum when the modal field diameter of the MF and SMF are matching. Furthermore, we found that the modes with full waveguiding symmetry have the combinated symmetry and they are degenerated, the modes only have combinated symmetry are nondegenerated. Finally, we found the multimode interference(MMI) phenomena in the MF, and the properties of the MMI lie on the structure parameters.
(4) We investigated the properties of the MF grating and found the conditions for high order modes being excited in MF Bragg graging: (1) the MF supports the higher inner cladding modes guiding, (2)the higher inner cladding modes fulfill the phase matching condition. (3)coupling coefficientκi>> 0,namely, the electronic field of backward higher order inner cladding modes overlap with that of the forward fundamental mode in the grating region. And the diameter of the sensitive core of the MF not only affects the wavelength but also affects the amplitude of each resonant peak.
(5) We investigated the MF based all optical switching and proposed that all optical switch can be realized when the high nonlinear photonic crystal fiber(HN-PCF) and the bidirectional pumped Er3+ doped fiber amplifier are inserted in a Sagnac loop. We theoretically deduced that the switching power is proportional to the product of the amplifier gain and MF nonlinear coefficient,so we can enhance the amplifier gain and MF nonlinear coefficient to decrease the switching power. In our experiment, the switching power of 40mW were obtained, and transmission of the signal is cosine proportional to the peak power of the control light. All the results of the experiment are in good agreement with that of the theory.
(6) We experimentally investigated the MF based wavelength conversion and found that the phase matching condition can be fulfilled when wavelength of signal is near to that of the pump and the zero dispersion wavelength is far away from tuning range of the pump light, which breakthrough the confine of the zero dispersion to four wave mixing(FWM) and make the FWM based wavelength conversion more flexible. In our experiment, the maximum conversion efficiencies of -11.23dB and -11.45dB, 3dB conversion bandwidths of 78.6nm and 38.06nm for coherent and incoherent signal lights are achieved in a 20m-long HN-PCF, respectively.
(1)研究了MF的传导特性,发现掺锗MF的模式截止廓线与纯硅MF模式截止廓线相比向低d/Λ侧漂移;提出将掺镱MF进行拉锥可将非线性系数提高3个量级以上,但是对于一定结构的MF,有最佳锥腰,并且为了最大限度地提高拉锥掺镱MF的非线性系数,归一化锥长一定要大于30微米;发现小空气孔间距(Λ～λ)、大空气孔径的纯硅MF可以在短波700nm附近获得将近300nm/ps/km的大反常色散。
(2)研究了随机不规则结构对微结构光纤特性的影响,发现理想结构MF的非线性系数越大,它的非线性特性就越容易被不规则结构所消弱;不规则结构使色散围绕理想值上下波动;随机无序的空气孔结构比随机不均匀的空气孔结构更容易使非线性系数和色散的分布弥散;大间距和小孔径MF的非线性系数对结构的不规则性不敏感,并且此结构有利于保持MF的色散特性。
(3)研究了微结构光纤的模式特性,发现当光场从单模光纤入射到MF时,所激励的模式数量以及各模式的耦合效率都随MF的结构参数的变化而不同,只有当MF模场直径与单模光纤模场直径相等时,所激励的基模的耦合效率最大,高阶模式的耦合效率最低;发现在微结构光纤内具有全波导对称的模式同时也具有组合对称性,并且它们是非简并的,那些仅具有组合对称的模式是简并的;发现了微结构光纤内的多模相干现象,多模相干的特性取决于微结构光纤的结构参数。
(4)研究了微结构光纤光栅的特性,发现只有当MF(1)支持高阶内包层传导,(2)高阶内包层模式满足相位匹配条件,(3)耦合系数κi>> 0,即高阶内包层模式的电场与正向传导纤芯模式在栅区有效的重叠时MF Bragg光栅(MF-FBG)才支持多谐振峰;此外光敏光纤纤芯尺寸不但会影响MF-FBG各阶谐振峰的谐振波长,还会影响MF-FBG各阶谐振峰的谐振强度。
(5)研究了基于微结构光纤的全光开关。提出将高非线性MF(HN-MF)和双向抽运掺饵光纤放大器引入Sagnac环形镜内可以实现低开关功率的全光开关。理论推导出光开关的开关功率与放大器的增益倍数和MF非线性系数的积呈反比,因此可以通过提高放大器的增益倍数和增大HN-MF的非线性系数降低开关功率,在实验中所得开关功率约40mW,并且信号光透过率随控制脉冲光峰值功率呈余弦变化,理论分析与实验结果相吻合。
(6)对基于高非线性MF的波长转换进行了研究,实验中发现当泵浦光的调谐范围远离高非线性微结构光纤的零色散波长且在负色散区时,相位匹配条件依然可以获得,从而克服了零色散波长对四波混频效应的限制,使基于四波混频效应的波长转换更加灵活。在实验中我们利用20m长的高非线性微结构光纤,泵浦光远离零色散波长,对相干光和非相干光分别获得-11.23dB和-11.45dB的最大转换效率,它们的3dB转换带宽可分别达到78.6nm和38.06nm。
According the aims of the national 973 project“The basic studies of photoelectron functional device based on Micro-structure fiber(MF)”: (1) opening out the mechanisms of MF tuning and high nolinearity, (2) manufacturing sots of communication photoelectron functional device based on MF, (3) manufacturing integrated photoelectron functional device based on MF, we theoretically and experimentally investigated the nonlinearity properties of the MF and the MF based functional devices. The chief contents and the innovating results are summed up as follows:
(1) We investigated the wave guiding properties of MF and found that the modal cutoff profile of the Ge-doped MF shift to the low d/Λside in contrast to the pure silica MF. Moreover, we proposed that the nonlinear coefficient can be enhanced more than three orders when we tapered the Yb3+-doped MF, but there is a optimal tapering waist for a fixed structure MF and the normalized tapering length have to be longer than 30μm so that the nonlinear coefficient be enhanced to maximum. Finally, we found that the large anomalous dispersion(near 300nm/ps/km) down to short wavelength(700nm) can be achieved for the small air-hole pitch(Λ~λ) and large air hole MF.
(2) We discussed the effect of the irregular structure to the properties of MF and found that the larger nonlinear coefficient of the ideal MF is, the nonlinear property is more prone to be degraded by the irregular structure, and the irregular structure make the dispersion fluctuate around the ideal value. Furthermore, random disorder air holes is more prone to make the distributions of nonlinear coefficient and dispersion dispersive than the nonuniformity. Finally, the nonlinear coefficient is more sensitive to larger pitch and smaller diameter of air holes, but the structure is benefit for holding dispersion.
(3) We investigated the modal properties of MF and found that the mount and the coupling efficiency of each mode lie on the structure parameters of MF when the field incident from single mode fiber, the coupling efficiencies of the fundamental mode and the high order modes, respectively, reach the maximum and the minimum when the modal field diameter of the MF and SMF are matching. Furthermore, we found that the modes with full waveguiding symmetry have the combinated symmetry and they are degenerated, the modes only have combinated symmetry are nondegenerated. Finally, we found the multimode interference(MMI) phenomena in the MF, and the properties of the MMI lie on the structure parameters.
(4) We investigated the properties of the MF grating and found the conditions for high order modes being excited in MF Bragg graging: (1) the MF supports the higher inner cladding modes guiding, (2)the higher inner cladding modes fulfill the phase matching condition. (3)coupling coefficientκi>> 0,namely, the electronic field of backward higher order inner cladding modes overlap with that of the forward fundamental mode in the grating region. And the diameter of the sensitive core of the MF not only affects the wavelength but also affects the amplitude of each resonant peak.
(5) We investigated the MF based all optical switching and proposed that all optical switch can be realized when the high nonlinear photonic crystal fiber(HN-PCF) and the bidirectional pumped Er3+ doped fiber amplifier are inserted in a Sagnac loop. We theoretically deduced that the switching power is proportional to the product of the amplifier gain and MF nonlinear coefficient,so we can enhance the amplifier gain and MF nonlinear coefficient to decrease the switching power. In our experiment, the switching power of 40mW were obtained, and transmission of the signal is cosine proportional to the peak power of the control light. All the results of the experiment are in good agreement with that of the theory.
(6) We experimentally investigated the MF based wavelength conversion and found that the phase matching condition can be fulfilled when wavelength of signal is near to that of the pump and the zero dispersion wavelength is far away from tuning range of the pump light, which breakthrough the confine of the zero dispersion to four wave mixing(FWM) and make the FWM based wavelength conversion more flexible. In our experiment, the maximum conversion efficiencies of -11.23dB and -11.45dB, 3dB conversion bandwidths of 78.6nm and 38.06nm for coherent and incoherent signal lights are achieved in a 20m-long HN-PCF, respectively.
引文
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