四川省中江县丹参品系综合评价
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摘要
唇形科(Labiaceae)鼠尾草属(Salvia Linn.)植物丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza)的干燥根及根茎是《中华人民共和国药典》规定的中药丹参的唯一来源。我国四川、河南、山东等省均实现丹参的人工栽培。各产地丹参中,川丹参因色红,肉厚,有效成分含量高,品质最佳。四川省中江县是川丹参的道地产区。该县丹参栽培过程中,混合栽培现象突出,丹参产量和活性成分含量不稳定。本研究对四川省中江县的小叶丹参(XY)、组培小叶丹参(ZX)、白叶丹参(BY)、高杆大叶丹参(GD)、矮杆大叶丹参(AD)和组培大叶丹参(ZD)6个主栽丹参品系的形态特征、农艺性状、根条外观性状、光合特性、活性成分的含量和生物产量进行了研究,并根据农艺性状、外观性状和活性成分的含量情况结合层次分析法(AHP)对其品质进行了评价,旨在为四川省中江县优良丹参品系的确立提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下：
1.对各品系丹参的叶色、叶形、花色、花药颜色等形态特征进行了观察。结果表明：白叶丹参叶色较其它品系浅,顶生小叶渐尖,其它品系丹参叶色较深,顶生小叶急尖。组培大叶丹参和矮杆大叶丹参花药为紫色或黄白色,其余丹参均为花药均为紫色。组培大叶丹参、高杆大叶丹参和矮杆大叶丹参顶生小叶较大,花冠紫红色。组培大叶丹参的能育雄蕊联合,高杆大叶丹参和矮杆大叶丹参的部分能育雄蕊分离。小叶丹参和组培小叶丹参的顶生小叶较小,花冠紫色或蓝紫色,组培小叶丹参开花数目少或不开花。
2.农艺性状考察结果显示：组培小叶丹参和组培大叶丹参的单株鲜重可达350 g,单株干重可达100 g,在各品系丹参中最高。折干率以组培大叶丹参最高,达27.7%,高杆大叶丹参最低,为14.9%。组培小叶丹参的上级率最高,为42%,白叶丹参最低,为16%。
3.外观性状考察结果：白叶丹参的干燥根条表皮呈暗红色,部分根条呈灰白色,其断面颜色以黄白色为主,且根部明显存在木心；其它品系丹参根表皮呈暗红色或砖红色,断面紫黑色偶有黄白色,木心不明显。由于丹参以皮红、色紫,无木心为佳。故,白叶丹参外观性状较差,其它品系丹参外观性状差异不大,均较好。
4.光合特性研究结果显示：光强在0～400μmol·m-2·s-1范围内随着光照强度的增加,各品系丹参的净光合速率增加迅速,但胞间CO2浓度迅速降低；当光强在400～2000μmol·m-2·s-1范围内时,随着光照强度的增加,各丹参品系光合速率的增加速度和胞间CO2浓度的下降速度均变缓慢。光强在0～2000μmol·m-2·s-1范围内,随着光照强度的增加各品系丹参气孔导度、蒸腾速率呈直线上升趋势。光合特征参数表明各品系丹参表观量子利用率均较高,其对弱光的利用能力较强；组培小叶丹参和高杆大叶丹参的光饱和点和最大光合速率较其它品系高,其利用强光的能力和光合潜力比其它品系强。叶绿素含量测定表明,叶绿素a、b、总叶绿素及类胡萝卜素的含量在各品系丹参中相对大小基本一致。
5.活性成分含量和生物产量研究结果显示：各品系丹参中丹酚酸B含量普遍高于药典(3.0%)要求,但丹参酮ⅡA的含量在组培大叶丹参、组培小叶丹参和白叶丹参中未达到药典(0.20%)要求。小叶丹参中丹参酮ⅡA、丹参酮Ⅰ、隐丹参酮的含量较其它品系丹参高；矮杆大叶丹参中丹酚酸B、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸A含量较高。各成分生物学产量的情况为：丹参酮ⅡA、丹参酮Ⅰ、隐丹参酮的生物学产量以矮杆大叶丹参中最高；丹酚酸B、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸A的生物学产量以组培大叶丹参中最高。
6.品质评价结果显示：丹参中活性成分的含量对其品质的影响最大,农艺性状次之,外观性状对其品质的影响最小。在考察的6种活性成分中,丹酚酸B和丹参酮ⅡA的含量是影响丹参品质的两个重要因素。评价结果表明矮杆大叶丹参的品质最好,适宜推广种植；白叶丹参品质最差,不宜栽培。
Chinese herbal DanShen comes from dried rhizomes and roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza, which belongs to Salvia Linn. in Labiaceae, according to the pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (ChP). It was widely used for its good treatments to many diseases and was cultivated in Sichuan, Henan, Shandong and other provinces. Because of its red skin, thick flesh and high content of active components, DanShen cultivated in Sichuan was better than others. Accordingly, Sichuan province was considered as the authentic production area of DanShen, which was mainly cultivated at Zhongjiang County, where there were six varieties of S.miltiorrhiza named XY, ZX, BY, GD, AD and ZD. The different varieties of DanShen were planted in mixed way, thus making the yield and the content of active components instable. In order to provide basic data for distinguishing different varieties and establishing a system of excellent varieties, this paper made a study on the morphological characteristics, agronomic traits, appearance, photosynthetic characteristics, content of active components as well as biomass of the six major varieties, and then evaluated their comprehensive quality based on the analytic hierarchy process(AHP). The main results were as follows:
1. The morphological characteristics of all varieties were observed. The leaf of BY was light green and the top leaflet was acuminate while the others were dark green and acute. The anthers of ZD and AD were purple or yellow-white while the others were only purple. The corollas of ZD, GD and AD were purple and the top leaflet was large. The fertile stamens of ZD were jointed while those of GD and AD were separated. The top leaflets of XY and ZX were small and the corollas were purple or blue-purple. The flowers of ZX were less than others or even blossomless.
2. Agronomic traits of six varieties were observed and analyzed. The fresh and dry yield of ZX and ZD was higher than that of others. Their fresh yield could be up to 350 g per plant and their dry yield could be up to 100 g. The drying rate of ZD was highest (27.7%) and the lowest was in GD (14.9%). The highest grate rate was in ZX (42%) while the minimum was in BY (14.9%).
3. The appearance of their dried roots was observed and analyzed. Results indicated that the skin of dried roots from BY was dark red or gray and the section of most roots from BY was yellow-white and the xylem was obvious. But the skin of dried roots from other varieties was dark red or fresh red and the section was purple and the xylem was not obvious. It was widely accepted that DanShen whose skin was red, section was purple and with degradation xylem was better than others. Thus, the appearance of BY was poorest while the others were good.
4. When the light was at the range of 0 to 400μmol·m-2·s-1, the net photosynthetic rate of all varieties had the same trend with the light intensity changing, but the trend of intercellular CO2 concentration was the opposite. When the light was between 400 to 2000μmol·m-2·s-1, the changes of net photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO2 concentration were smooth with the light intensity increasing. As the light increases, the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate showed a linear increase in all varieties. The apparent quantum efficiency of every strain was high, which means high capability in using low light intensity. The light saturation point and the maximum photosynthetic rate of ZX and GD were higher than others, so the ability to use glare and photosynthetic potential were higher than others. The determination of chlorophyll content showed that chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content in all varieties were nearly same in quantity. The content in ZX was higher than in others.
5. The content of active components and biomass were tested. The results showed that the content of salianic acid B was more than what the ChP required in all varieties, but the content of tanshinoneⅡA was less than what the ChP required in ZD, ZX and BY. The content of tanshinoneⅡA, cryptotanshinone and tanshinonⅠin XY was higher than others while the biomass of them was highest in AD. But the content of protocatechuic aldehyde, salianic acid B, salvianolic acid A was highest in AD while the biomass of them was highest in ZD. Correlation analysis showed that only the content of tanshinoneⅡA was significantly in positive relation to that of tanshinonⅠand salianic acid B.
6. The results of quality evaluation showed that the content of active components had greatest impact on the quality of DanShen and the agronomic traits came second. The appearance had minimum impact on its quality. The contents of tanshinoneⅡA and salianic acid B were the most important factors affecting the quality of DanShen. The results of AHP indicated the comprehensive quality of AD was best while that of BY was worst.
1.对各品系丹参的叶色、叶形、花色、花药颜色等形态特征进行了观察。结果表明：白叶丹参叶色较其它品系浅,顶生小叶渐尖,其它品系丹参叶色较深,顶生小叶急尖。组培大叶丹参和矮杆大叶丹参花药为紫色或黄白色,其余丹参均为花药均为紫色。组培大叶丹参、高杆大叶丹参和矮杆大叶丹参顶生小叶较大,花冠紫红色。组培大叶丹参的能育雄蕊联合,高杆大叶丹参和矮杆大叶丹参的部分能育雄蕊分离。小叶丹参和组培小叶丹参的顶生小叶较小,花冠紫色或蓝紫色,组培小叶丹参开花数目少或不开花。
2.农艺性状考察结果显示：组培小叶丹参和组培大叶丹参的单株鲜重可达350 g,单株干重可达100 g,在各品系丹参中最高。折干率以组培大叶丹参最高,达27.7%,高杆大叶丹参最低,为14.9%。组培小叶丹参的上级率最高,为42%,白叶丹参最低,为16%。
3.外观性状考察结果：白叶丹参的干燥根条表皮呈暗红色,部分根条呈灰白色,其断面颜色以黄白色为主,且根部明显存在木心；其它品系丹参根表皮呈暗红色或砖红色,断面紫黑色偶有黄白色,木心不明显。由于丹参以皮红、色紫,无木心为佳。故,白叶丹参外观性状较差,其它品系丹参外观性状差异不大,均较好。
4.光合特性研究结果显示：光强在0～400μmol·m-2·s-1范围内随着光照强度的增加,各品系丹参的净光合速率增加迅速,但胞间CO2浓度迅速降低；当光强在400～2000μmol·m-2·s-1范围内时,随着光照强度的增加,各丹参品系光合速率的增加速度和胞间CO2浓度的下降速度均变缓慢。光强在0～2000μmol·m-2·s-1范围内,随着光照强度的增加各品系丹参气孔导度、蒸腾速率呈直线上升趋势。光合特征参数表明各品系丹参表观量子利用率均较高,其对弱光的利用能力较强；组培小叶丹参和高杆大叶丹参的光饱和点和最大光合速率较其它品系高,其利用强光的能力和光合潜力比其它品系强。叶绿素含量测定表明,叶绿素a、b、总叶绿素及类胡萝卜素的含量在各品系丹参中相对大小基本一致。
5.活性成分含量和生物产量研究结果显示：各品系丹参中丹酚酸B含量普遍高于药典(3.0%)要求,但丹参酮ⅡA的含量在组培大叶丹参、组培小叶丹参和白叶丹参中未达到药典(0.20%)要求。小叶丹参中丹参酮ⅡA、丹参酮Ⅰ、隐丹参酮的含量较其它品系丹参高；矮杆大叶丹参中丹酚酸B、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸A含量较高。各成分生物学产量的情况为：丹参酮ⅡA、丹参酮Ⅰ、隐丹参酮的生物学产量以矮杆大叶丹参中最高；丹酚酸B、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸A的生物学产量以组培大叶丹参中最高。
6.品质评价结果显示：丹参中活性成分的含量对其品质的影响最大,农艺性状次之,外观性状对其品质的影响最小。在考察的6种活性成分中,丹酚酸B和丹参酮ⅡA的含量是影响丹参品质的两个重要因素。评价结果表明矮杆大叶丹参的品质最好,适宜推广种植；白叶丹参品质最差,不宜栽培。
Chinese herbal DanShen comes from dried rhizomes and roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza, which belongs to Salvia Linn. in Labiaceae, according to the pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China (ChP). It was widely used for its good treatments to many diseases and was cultivated in Sichuan, Henan, Shandong and other provinces. Because of its red skin, thick flesh and high content of active components, DanShen cultivated in Sichuan was better than others. Accordingly, Sichuan province was considered as the authentic production area of DanShen, which was mainly cultivated at Zhongjiang County, where there were six varieties of S.miltiorrhiza named XY, ZX, BY, GD, AD and ZD. The different varieties of DanShen were planted in mixed way, thus making the yield and the content of active components instable. In order to provide basic data for distinguishing different varieties and establishing a system of excellent varieties, this paper made a study on the morphological characteristics, agronomic traits, appearance, photosynthetic characteristics, content of active components as well as biomass of the six major varieties, and then evaluated their comprehensive quality based on the analytic hierarchy process(AHP). The main results were as follows:
1. The morphological characteristics of all varieties were observed. The leaf of BY was light green and the top leaflet was acuminate while the others were dark green and acute. The anthers of ZD and AD were purple or yellow-white while the others were only purple. The corollas of ZD, GD and AD were purple and the top leaflet was large. The fertile stamens of ZD were jointed while those of GD and AD were separated. The top leaflets of XY and ZX were small and the corollas were purple or blue-purple. The flowers of ZX were less than others or even blossomless.
2. Agronomic traits of six varieties were observed and analyzed. The fresh and dry yield of ZX and ZD was higher than that of others. Their fresh yield could be up to 350 g per plant and their dry yield could be up to 100 g. The drying rate of ZD was highest (27.7%) and the lowest was in GD (14.9%). The highest grate rate was in ZX (42%) while the minimum was in BY (14.9%).
3. The appearance of their dried roots was observed and analyzed. Results indicated that the skin of dried roots from BY was dark red or gray and the section of most roots from BY was yellow-white and the xylem was obvious. But the skin of dried roots from other varieties was dark red or fresh red and the section was purple and the xylem was not obvious. It was widely accepted that DanShen whose skin was red, section was purple and with degradation xylem was better than others. Thus, the appearance of BY was poorest while the others were good.
4. When the light was at the range of 0 to 400μmol·m-2·s-1, the net photosynthetic rate of all varieties had the same trend with the light intensity changing, but the trend of intercellular CO2 concentration was the opposite. When the light was between 400 to 2000μmol·m-2·s-1, the changes of net photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO2 concentration were smooth with the light intensity increasing. As the light increases, the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate showed a linear increase in all varieties. The apparent quantum efficiency of every strain was high, which means high capability in using low light intensity. The light saturation point and the maximum photosynthetic rate of ZX and GD were higher than others, so the ability to use glare and photosynthetic potential were higher than others. The determination of chlorophyll content showed that chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content in all varieties were nearly same in quantity. The content in ZX was higher than in others.
5. The content of active components and biomass were tested. The results showed that the content of salianic acid B was more than what the ChP required in all varieties, but the content of tanshinoneⅡA was less than what the ChP required in ZD, ZX and BY. The content of tanshinoneⅡA, cryptotanshinone and tanshinonⅠin XY was higher than others while the biomass of them was highest in AD. But the content of protocatechuic aldehyde, salianic acid B, salvianolic acid A was highest in AD while the biomass of them was highest in ZD. Correlation analysis showed that only the content of tanshinoneⅡA was significantly in positive relation to that of tanshinonⅠand salianic acid B.
6. The results of quality evaluation showed that the content of active components had greatest impact on the quality of DanShen and the agronomic traits came second. The appearance had minimum impact on its quality. The contents of tanshinoneⅡA and salianic acid B were the most important factors affecting the quality of DanShen. The results of AHP indicated the comprehensive quality of AD was best while that of BY was worst.
引文
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61,胡明甫.AHP层次分析法及MATLAB的应用研究[J].钢铁技术,2004,(2)：43.
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