非合作星地双基地SAR成像算法及相关技术研究
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摘要
双基地合成孔径雷达(SAR)是一种将接收系统和发射系统分置于不同平台上的新型SAR体制。与常规的单基地SAR相比,双基地SAR具有获取目标信息丰富、隐蔽性高和抗干扰性强等优点,在军事和国民经济的诸多领域均有良好的应用前景。近年来,双基地SAR已成为国际SAR技术研究的一个新热点。
本文首先分析了任意飞行模式下的双基地SAR系统,建立了几何模型和回波信号模型,分析了其多普勒特性、分辨率特性和双基地雷达方程等,得出双基地SAR回波信号特性与收发布局模式密切相关。然后重点研究了非合作星地双基地SAR模式,并建立了该模式下的几何模型和回波信号模型,分析了其多普勒特性、分辨率特性和测绘带特点等。
较深入的研究了双基地SAR成像算法。分析并给出了适合非合作星地双基地SAR模式的双基地RD算法和双基地BP算法。通过对点目标及面目标仿真数据成像处理,验证了两种算法的有效性和适用性。最后对两种算法的成像效果和运算量进行了分析和比较。
多普勒参数估计方法是RD算法的关键技术,也是进行运动补偿的必要步骤。本文首先对几种典型的相位误差进行了分析,通过仿真给出了它们对成像带来的影响。接着分析研究了四种多普勒参数估计法,通过仿真验证了它们在非合作星地双基地SAR模式下的有效性和适用性。并对各种算法的估计精度进行了比较。仿真结果表明:在多普勒中心频率的估计中,图像域能量均衡法的估计精度要高于回波域能量均衡法;在多普勒调频斜率的估计中,相位梯度法的估计精度要高于子视图法。
分析研究了双基地同步误差对成像的影响。对存在收、发系统照射同步误差、时间同步误差和频率同步误差的三种情况分别进行了仿真研究,给出了它们对成像处理带来的影响。
本文最后介绍了一款适用于星地双基地SAR回波数据采集的接收机系统。给出了该接收机系统的组成和工作原理。介绍了接收机室内测试过程,并对采集到的数据进行了初步成像处理,验证了接收机系统的有效性。
Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar(BiSAR) is a newly SAR system that operates with separated transmitter and receiver on different platforms. This system has several advantages like obtain rich information, security and anti-jamy compared to normal SAR. It will play a significant role in military as well as civil applications in the future.
The general BiSAR is introduced firstly, the geometry and signal models of BiSAR are built. The properties of Doppler,resolutions and Radar Equation are analyzed. The conclusion,the digital processing of Bistatic SAR is related to the geometry models. The thesis place special emphases on researching Non-Cooperate Space-Ground BiSAR, include the geometry and signal models, the properties of Doppler, resolutions and the character of the irradiation-band.
The imaging algorithm of Bistatic SAR is studied deeply. The RD algorithm and BP algorithm that fit for the model of Non-Cooperate Bistatic SAR are given. In order to validate the validity and applicability of algorithms in the model, the echo data of point target and scene target are processed by two algorithms respectively. Imaging quality and computation load of two algorithms are compared at last.
Phase errors are given first, and then theoretical analysis,simulation result show influence caused by several kinds of typical phase errors. In order to validate the validity and applicability of algorithms in the Non-Cooperate model, the echo data with errors is estimated by algorithms respectively.
The influence for image caused by Synchronic Error has been discussed and studied. The influence is simulated by the error of irradiation synchronization, time synchronization and frequency synchronization.
A Receiver system fit for receiving Space-Ground BiSAR echo signal is introduced. Principle and components are given. Result of lab experiment is presented. The echo received by receiver is processed elementarily, the result proved the correctness of the echoed data and the receiver system can work well.
本文首先分析了任意飞行模式下的双基地SAR系统,建立了几何模型和回波信号模型,分析了其多普勒特性、分辨率特性和双基地雷达方程等,得出双基地SAR回波信号特性与收发布局模式密切相关。然后重点研究了非合作星地双基地SAR模式,并建立了该模式下的几何模型和回波信号模型,分析了其多普勒特性、分辨率特性和测绘带特点等。
较深入的研究了双基地SAR成像算法。分析并给出了适合非合作星地双基地SAR模式的双基地RD算法和双基地BP算法。通过对点目标及面目标仿真数据成像处理,验证了两种算法的有效性和适用性。最后对两种算法的成像效果和运算量进行了分析和比较。
多普勒参数估计方法是RD算法的关键技术,也是进行运动补偿的必要步骤。本文首先对几种典型的相位误差进行了分析,通过仿真给出了它们对成像带来的影响。接着分析研究了四种多普勒参数估计法,通过仿真验证了它们在非合作星地双基地SAR模式下的有效性和适用性。并对各种算法的估计精度进行了比较。仿真结果表明:在多普勒中心频率的估计中,图像域能量均衡法的估计精度要高于回波域能量均衡法;在多普勒调频斜率的估计中,相位梯度法的估计精度要高于子视图法。
分析研究了双基地同步误差对成像的影响。对存在收、发系统照射同步误差、时间同步误差和频率同步误差的三种情况分别进行了仿真研究,给出了它们对成像处理带来的影响。
本文最后介绍了一款适用于星地双基地SAR回波数据采集的接收机系统。给出了该接收机系统的组成和工作原理。介绍了接收机室内测试过程,并对采集到的数据进行了初步成像处理,验证了接收机系统的有效性。
Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar(BiSAR) is a newly SAR system that operates with separated transmitter and receiver on different platforms. This system has several advantages like obtain rich information, security and anti-jamy compared to normal SAR. It will play a significant role in military as well as civil applications in the future.
The general BiSAR is introduced firstly, the geometry and signal models of BiSAR are built. The properties of Doppler,resolutions and Radar Equation are analyzed. The conclusion,the digital processing of Bistatic SAR is related to the geometry models. The thesis place special emphases on researching Non-Cooperate Space-Ground BiSAR, include the geometry and signal models, the properties of Doppler, resolutions and the character of the irradiation-band.
The imaging algorithm of Bistatic SAR is studied deeply. The RD algorithm and BP algorithm that fit for the model of Non-Cooperate Bistatic SAR are given. In order to validate the validity and applicability of algorithms in the model, the echo data of point target and scene target are processed by two algorithms respectively. Imaging quality and computation load of two algorithms are compared at last.
Phase errors are given first, and then theoretical analysis,simulation result show influence caused by several kinds of typical phase errors. In order to validate the validity and applicability of algorithms in the Non-Cooperate model, the echo data with errors is estimated by algorithms respectively.
The influence for image caused by Synchronic Error has been discussed and studied. The influence is simulated by the error of irradiation synchronization, time synchronization and frequency synchronization.
A Receiver system fit for receiving Space-Ground BiSAR echo signal is introduced. Principle and components are given. Result of lab experiment is presented. The echo received by receiver is processed elementarily, the result proved the correctness of the echoed data and the receiver system can work well.
引文
[1]张明友,汪学刚.雷达系统(第二版).北京:电子工业出版社,2006,247-251,351-364
[2]刘永坦.雷达成像技术.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2001,7-9,97-113
[3]保铮,刑孟道,王彤.雷达成像技术.北京:电子工业出版社,2005,2-6,22-30,48
[4]袁孝康.星载合成孔径雷达导论.北京:电子工业出版社,2003,33-35,95-109
[5]汤子跃,张守融.双站合成孔径雷达系统原理.北京:科学出版社,2003,4-7,31-49
[6] LisaCazzani et al. A Ground-Based Parasitic SAR Experiment. IEEE Transactions on GeoScience and Remote Sensing, Sep. 2000, 38(5): 2132-2141
[7] Gerhard Krieger,et al. Bi- and Multistatic SAR. Potentials and Challenges, Proceedings of EuSAR, 2004
[8] Jesus Sanz-MarcosJordi J. Mallorquíand Antoni Broquetas. Bistatic parasitic SAR processor evaluation. IEEE, 2004:3666-3669
[9]张直中.双基地合成孔径雷达.现代雷达,2005,27(1):1-6
[10] J. Homer, K. Kubik, B. Mojarrabi, I.D. Longstaff. Passive Bistatic Radar Sensing with LEOS Based Transmitters. IEEE, 2003:438-440
[11] Leopold J. Cantafio.星载雷达手册,北京:电子工业出版社,2005
[12] G. Yates,et al:Bistatic SAR image formation, Proceedings of EuSAR,2004
[13] Gerhard Krieger,et al. Analysis of System Concepts for Bi- and Multi-Static SAR Missions IEEE, 2003:770-772
[14] F.Comblet,et al. Bistatic SAR:theory and suimulation. IEEE, 2005:664-667
[15] Otmar Loffeld,et al. Models and Useful Relations for BistaticSAR Processing. IEEE Transactions on GeoScience and Remote Sensing, Oct. 2004, 42(10):2031-2038
[16] Jesus Sanz-Marcos, et al. A Bistatic Simulator and Processor. Proceedings of EUSAR, 2004
[17] Jesus Sanz-Marcos, et al. Mallorqui. Bistatic Fixed-receiver Parasitic SAR Processor Based on the Back-propagation Algorithm. IEEE, 2005:1056-1059
[18] Jesus Sanz-Marcos,et al. First ENVISAT and ERS-2 Parasitic Bistatic Fixed Receiver SAR images processed with the Subaperture Range-Doppler Algorithm, IEEE 2006:1840-1843
[19] Jesus Sanz-Marcos et al. A Subaperture Range-Doppler Processor for Bistatic Fixed Receiver SAR. Proceedings of EuSAR, 2006.
[20] I.Walterscheid,et al. Geometry and System Aspects for a Bistatic Airborne SAR Experiment,Proceedings of EuSAR, 2004
[21] Ingo Walterscheid et al. Bistatic SAR Processing and Experiments. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Oct. 2006, 44(10):2710-2717
[22]汤子跃,张守融.双站SAR的方位向分辨力、脉冲重复频率和测绘带宽.电子与信息学报,2004,26(4):607-612
[23]黄钰林,刘锐,杨建宇,等.双站SAR空间几何布局研究.第二届中国合成孔径雷达会议论文集,2005:7-10
[24]李红波.收发分置SAR理论及相关技术研究.电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2006:8-12
[25]丁鹭飞,耿富录.雷达原理(第三版).西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002,49-73
[26] Willis N J. Bistatic Radar. Teclinology Service Corporation, Silver Spring, MD, 1995
[27]杨振起,张永顺,骆永军.双(多)基地雷达系统.北京:国防工业出版社,1998,34-54
[28]张璐,杨万麟.机载双基地SAR的方位分辨特性与无模糊条件.雷达科学与技术, 2006,4(1):22-26
[29] Lan G. Cumming,et al.合成孔径雷达成像—算法与实现.北京:电子工业出版社,2007,45-60,79-85
[30]张振华,保铮,刑孟道.双基系统的一种等效单基成像算法.第二届中国合成孔径雷达会议论文集,2005:192-196
[31]机载双(多)基地SAR信号处理研究报告.空军雷达学院电子工程研究所,2005,4-5,11-14,41-51
[32]邓彦.机载双基地SAR成像算法及相关技术研究.电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2006:6-7,18-24
[33]张璐.条带测绘机载双基地SAR仿真研究.电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2006:34-43
[34] Yu Ding, David C. Munson, Jr. A fast Back-Projection Algorithm for Bistatic SAR imaging. IEEE ICIP 2002:449-452
[35]林翊青,李景文.超宽度/宽波束SAR后向投影(BP)算法.遥测遥控,2005,26(3):24-30
[36]刘林.机载双基地SAR运动补偿关键技术研究.电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2006:65-68
[37] FUK-KWOK LI, et al. Doppler Parameter Estimation for Spaceborne Synthetic-Aperture Radars. IEEE Transactions on GeoScience and Remote Sensing. Jan. 1985, 23(1):47-56
[38] Smen Norvang Madsen.Estimating. Estimating The Doppler Centroid of SAR Data.IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. Mar. 1989, AES-25(2):134-140
[39]曹霁.机载合成孔径雷达成像算法及其运动补偿.合肥工业大学硕士论文,2004:37-39
[40] FUK-KWOK LI, et al. Ambiguities in Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar systems, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Jan.1983,19(3): 389-395
[41]唐浩漾,齐长远,赵健,等.子孔径相关算法研究.西北大学学报,2005,35(6):720-722
[42]雷万明,胡学成,倪晋麟.基于PGA的多普勒调频斜率估计.电子学报,2004,32(6):1017-1019
[43]弋稳.雷达接收机技术.北京:电子工业出版社,2006,7-11,104-110,323-349
[44]唐海啸.X波段SAR接收机方案论证及LNA的设计与实现.电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2006:3-20
[45]何煦,田忠.基于FPGA的数字解扩解调模块设计及实现.现代电子技术,2008,31(5):43-45
[46]张莉.高分辨率SAR宽带I/Q正交解调器的实验研究.雷达科学与技术,2003,1(4):250-254
[47]方立军,马骏,靳学明.X波段高分辨SAR接收机实验研究.雷达科学与技术,2003,1(4):246-249
[48]刘霖.双基SAR高速数据采集与存储系统的研究与实现.电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2006:17-24,36-47
[2]刘永坦.雷达成像技术.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2001,7-9,97-113
[3]保铮,刑孟道,王彤.雷达成像技术.北京:电子工业出版社,2005,2-6,22-30,48
[4]袁孝康.星载合成孔径雷达导论.北京:电子工业出版社,2003,33-35,95-109
[5]汤子跃,张守融.双站合成孔径雷达系统原理.北京:科学出版社,2003,4-7,31-49
[6] LisaCazzani et al. A Ground-Based Parasitic SAR Experiment. IEEE Transactions on GeoScience and Remote Sensing, Sep. 2000, 38(5): 2132-2141
[7] Gerhard Krieger,et al. Bi- and Multistatic SAR. Potentials and Challenges, Proceedings of EuSAR, 2004
[8] Jesus Sanz-MarcosJordi J. Mallorquíand Antoni Broquetas. Bistatic parasitic SAR processor evaluation. IEEE, 2004:3666-3669
[9]张直中.双基地合成孔径雷达.现代雷达,2005,27(1):1-6
[10] J. Homer, K. Kubik, B. Mojarrabi, I.D. Longstaff. Passive Bistatic Radar Sensing with LEOS Based Transmitters. IEEE, 2003:438-440
[11] Leopold J. Cantafio.星载雷达手册,北京:电子工业出版社,2005
[12] G. Yates,et al:Bistatic SAR image formation, Proceedings of EuSAR,2004
[13] Gerhard Krieger,et al. Analysis of System Concepts for Bi- and Multi-Static SAR Missions IEEE, 2003:770-772
[14] F.Comblet,et al. Bistatic SAR:theory and suimulation. IEEE, 2005:664-667
[15] Otmar Loffeld,et al. Models and Useful Relations for BistaticSAR Processing. IEEE Transactions on GeoScience and Remote Sensing, Oct. 2004, 42(10):2031-2038
[16] Jesus Sanz-Marcos, et al. A Bistatic Simulator and Processor. Proceedings of EUSAR, 2004
[17] Jesus Sanz-Marcos, et al. Mallorqui. Bistatic Fixed-receiver Parasitic SAR Processor Based on the Back-propagation Algorithm. IEEE, 2005:1056-1059
[18] Jesus Sanz-Marcos,et al. First ENVISAT and ERS-2 Parasitic Bistatic Fixed Receiver SAR images processed with the Subaperture Range-Doppler Algorithm, IEEE 2006:1840-1843
[19] Jesus Sanz-Marcos et al. A Subaperture Range-Doppler Processor for Bistatic Fixed Receiver SAR. Proceedings of EuSAR, 2006.
[20] I.Walterscheid,et al. Geometry and System Aspects for a Bistatic Airborne SAR Experiment,Proceedings of EuSAR, 2004
[21] Ingo Walterscheid et al. Bistatic SAR Processing and Experiments. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Oct. 2006, 44(10):2710-2717
[22]汤子跃,张守融.双站SAR的方位向分辨力、脉冲重复频率和测绘带宽.电子与信息学报,2004,26(4):607-612
[23]黄钰林,刘锐,杨建宇,等.双站SAR空间几何布局研究.第二届中国合成孔径雷达会议论文集,2005:7-10
[24]李红波.收发分置SAR理论及相关技术研究.电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2006:8-12
[25]丁鹭飞,耿富录.雷达原理(第三版).西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002,49-73
[26] Willis N J. Bistatic Radar. Teclinology Service Corporation, Silver Spring, MD, 1995
[27]杨振起,张永顺,骆永军.双(多)基地雷达系统.北京:国防工业出版社,1998,34-54
[28]张璐,杨万麟.机载双基地SAR的方位分辨特性与无模糊条件.雷达科学与技术, 2006,4(1):22-26
[29] Lan G. Cumming,et al.合成孔径雷达成像—算法与实现.北京:电子工业出版社,2007,45-60,79-85
[30]张振华,保铮,刑孟道.双基系统的一种等效单基成像算法.第二届中国合成孔径雷达会议论文集,2005:192-196
[31]机载双(多)基地SAR信号处理研究报告.空军雷达学院电子工程研究所,2005,4-5,11-14,41-51
[32]邓彦.机载双基地SAR成像算法及相关技术研究.电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2006:6-7,18-24
[33]张璐.条带测绘机载双基地SAR仿真研究.电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2006:34-43
[34] Yu Ding, David C. Munson, Jr. A fast Back-Projection Algorithm for Bistatic SAR imaging. IEEE ICIP 2002:449-452
[35]林翊青,李景文.超宽度/宽波束SAR后向投影(BP)算法.遥测遥控,2005,26(3):24-30
[36]刘林.机载双基地SAR运动补偿关键技术研究.电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2006:65-68
[37] FUK-KWOK LI, et al. Doppler Parameter Estimation for Spaceborne Synthetic-Aperture Radars. IEEE Transactions on GeoScience and Remote Sensing. Jan. 1985, 23(1):47-56
[38] Smen Norvang Madsen.Estimating. Estimating The Doppler Centroid of SAR Data.IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. Mar. 1989, AES-25(2):134-140
[39]曹霁.机载合成孔径雷达成像算法及其运动补偿.合肥工业大学硕士论文,2004:37-39
[40] FUK-KWOK LI, et al. Ambiguities in Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar systems, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Jan.1983,19(3): 389-395
[41]唐浩漾,齐长远,赵健,等.子孔径相关算法研究.西北大学学报,2005,35(6):720-722
[42]雷万明,胡学成,倪晋麟.基于PGA的多普勒调频斜率估计.电子学报,2004,32(6):1017-1019
[43]弋稳.雷达接收机技术.北京:电子工业出版社,2006,7-11,104-110,323-349
[44]唐海啸.X波段SAR接收机方案论证及LNA的设计与实现.电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2006:3-20
[45]何煦,田忠.基于FPGA的数字解扩解调模块设计及实现.现代电子技术,2008,31(5):43-45
[46]张莉.高分辨率SAR宽带I/Q正交解调器的实验研究.雷达科学与技术,2003,1(4):250-254
[47]方立军,马骏,靳学明.X波段高分辨SAR接收机实验研究.雷达科学与技术,2003,1(4):246-249
[48]刘霖.双基SAR高速数据采集与存储系统的研究与实现.电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2006:17-24,36-47