尾部悬吊及冬眠对达乌尔黄鼠骨骼肌影响的比较研究
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摘要
目的:1.研究不同季节达乌尔黄鼠比目鱼肌的肌纤维形态与肌纤维类型的变化。2.研究不同季节尾部悬吊对达乌尔黄鼠比目鱼肌肌纤维形态与肌纤维类型的影响。3.研究冬眠不同时期达乌尔黄鼠比目鱼肌肌纤维形态与肌纤维类型的变化。4.研究冬眠不同时期,达乌尔黄鼠骨骼肌肌红蛋白含量的变化。
方法:(1)以尾部悬吊法建立达乌尔黄鼠骨骼肌废用模型。(2)采用免疫组织化学技术,检测达乌尔黄鼠比目鱼肌梭外肌对单克隆抗体MY-32的免疫反应性。(3)彩色图像分析仪测量达乌尔黄鼠骨骼肌比目鱼肌肌纤维横截面积(CSA)的变化。(4)采用紫外分光光度计测定冬眠不同时期达乌尔黄鼠骨骼肌肌红蛋白的含量。
结果:
1)达乌尔黄鼠比目鱼肌肌纤维形态结构和类型的季节性变化
在不同季节中,黄鼠比目鱼肌肌肉湿重在夏季最大,与秋季,冬季冬眠,春季相比有显著性差异(P<0.05),而比目鱼肌肌肉湿重体重比则无显著性差异(P>0.05);夏季比目鱼肌Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维横截面积分别为2219.66±μm~2和2408.52±μm~2,秋季、冬眠Ⅰ型肌纤维横截面积分别降低了7.7%(P>0.05)、30,01%(P<0.05),而春季反而增大了3.02%(P>0.05),Ⅱ型肌纤维横截面积在秋季、冬眠分别下降了24.29%(P<0.05),28.45%(P<0.05),但春季增大了4.98%(P>0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维比例在不同季节中无变化(P>0.05),仅在冬眠中出现了Ⅰ向Ⅱ型的略微转化。
2)不同季节尾部悬吊达鸟尔黄鼠对比目鱼肌的影响
不同季节尾部悬吊达乌尔黄鼠14天后,黄鼠体重在夏季、冬季和春季分别比对照组减少了2.87%(P>0.05),9.54%(P<0.05),7.67%(P<0.05);比目鱼肌肌肉湿重体重比在夏季、冬季和春季分别比对照组降低了40.83%,29.44%,28.99%,且均具有极其显著性差异(P<0.01);夏季、冬季和春季吊尾组的比目鱼肌肌纤维平均横截面积分别比对照组减少了50.42%,36.91%,24.04%,且均具有极其显著的差异(P<0.01);不同季节吊尾组的比目鱼肌中Ⅰ与Ⅱ型肌纤维类型的构成比均未发生明显变化(P>0.05)。
3)达乌尔黄鼠在冬眠不同时期比目鱼肌形态结构与肌纤维类型的变化
黄鼠体重在冬眠一个月、冬眠两个月和出眠2天相比冬眠前分别降低了16.32%,21.34%,29.73%;与冬眠前黄鼠相比,冬眠一个月、冬眠两个月和出眠两天的黄鼠皮脂厚度分别下降了11.79%(P>0.05),16.04%(P>0.05),32.55%(P<0.05);冬眠一个月、两个月、出眠两天黄鼠肥胖指数相比冬眠前分别下降了7.12%(P>0.05),12.82%(P<0.05),24.67%(P<0.05);与冬眠前黄鼠相比,冬眠一个月、冬眠两个月黄鼠肌肉湿重体重比分别减少了17.09%(P<0.05),22.22%(P<0.05),而出眠2天黄鼠相比冬眠前黄鼠则无变化:冬眠两个月、出眠2天黄鼠比目鱼肌Ⅰ、Ⅱ肌纤维平均横截面积(1572.4±μm~2)相比冬眠前、冬眠一个月平均肌纤维横截面积(1940.5±μm~2)显著减小(P<0.05);冬眠期间黄鼠比目鱼肌肌纤维比例未发生变化,仅在冬眠两个月时Ⅰ型肌纤维比例有略微增高。
4)冬眠不同时期达乌尔黄鼠骨骼肌肌红蛋白含量的变化
与冬眠前黄鼠比目鱼肌肌红蛋白含量相比,冬眠一个月、冬眠两个月分别增加了30.67%(P<0.05),31.57%(P<0.05),出眠2天、出眠14天黄鼠与冬眠前黄鼠相比,分别增加了54.66%(P<0.01,),88.86%(P<0.01);出眠14天黄鼠与冬眠一个月、冬眠两个月黄鼠相比,显著增加(P<0.01);冬眠前、冬眠一个月、冬眠两个月、以及出眠2天和出眠14天黄鼠趾长伸肌肌红蛋白含量均无显著性变化(P>0.05)。
Objective:
1) To study the changes of the morphological structure and the type of myofibrilla in soleus in different seasons. 2) To study the changes of the morphological structure and the type of myofibrilla in soleus in different seasons after tail-suspend 14 days. 3) To study the changes of the morphological structure and the type of myofibrilla in soleus during the different peirod of hibernation. 4) To study the changes of the content of myoglobin in different peirod of hibernation.
Methods:
1) Establish the disuse model of skeletal muscle was achieved by tail-suspension. 2) Fiber types of solues muscle(SOL) in ground squirrel were identified by immunohistochemistry technology with antibody fast-twitch mysion heavy chain(MHC). 3) The cross-sectional area (CSA) of soleus muscle fiber was measured by image analysis software. 4) The myoglobin content of skeletal muscle was measured by the spectrophotometer.
Result:
1) The comparison of configuration and muscle fiber types of SOL in normal groundsquirrel in fifferent seasons.
The SOL muscle wet weight in summer had significant differences between summer and other seasons. But the ratios of the muscle wet weight to body weight had no differences between different seasons (P>0.05); The CSA of the typeⅠmuscle fiber of soleus of ground squirrel was 2219.66μm~2 ,the CSA of the typeⅡmuscle fiber of soleus was 2408.52μm~2. Compared with summer, the CSA of the typeⅠfiber in autumn and winter decreased 7.7%(P>0.05) and 30.01%(P<0.05), respectively, but the spring increased about 3.02%(P>0.05). The CSA of the typeⅡfiber in autumn and winter decreased 24.29%(P<0.05) and 28.45%(P<0.05) , respectively, but the spring increased about 4.98% (P>0.05). The percentage of muscle fiberⅠandⅡhad no changes in different seasons, but in winter has a little upgread tendency.
2) The effection of tail-suspend on configration and muscle fiber type of soleus in ground squirrel in fifferent seasons.
After 14 days suspension, the body weight of the Ground Squirrel decreased about 2.87%(P>0.05), 9.54%(P<0.05), 7.67%(P<0.05) compared with the control group in sunmmer, winter and spring. The ratios of the muscle wet weight to the body weight had significant difference compared with the control group. The average CSA of the soleus muscle fibers decreased about 50.42%(P<0.01), 36.91%(P<0.01), 24.04%(P<0.01) in summer, winter and spring group compared with the control group. Compared with the control group(summer, winter, spring), the percentage of the muscle fiber had no changes, the muscle type had not transformed.
3) The effection of hibernation on configuration and muscle fiber type in SOL in Ground Squirrel.
Compared with the CON Ground Squirrel, the body weight of the H-1mon, H-2mon and AH(2d) decreased 16.32%, 21.34%, 29.73%, respectively. The ratios of the muscle wet weight to body weight showed descent tendency during hibernation, compared with the H-2mon, the ratios of the CON and AH(2d) had significant difference (P<0.05). The sebum cutaneum thickness of the H-1mon, H-2mon and AH(2d) decreased about 11.79%(P>0.05), 16.04%(P>0.05), 32.55%(P<0.05) , respectively , compared with the CON. The index of corpulence of the H-1mon, H-2mon and AH(2d) decreased about 7.12%(.P>0.05), 12.82%(P<0.05), 24.67%(P<0.05) respectively , compared with the CON. The CSA of the muscle fiberⅠandⅡin H-2mon and AH(2d) of the Ground Squirrel had significant difference from the CON and H-1mon(P<0.05).The percentage of typesⅠandⅡfibers in soleus did not show significant variation in ground squirrl during hibernation (P>0.05) but only the H-2mon had a little upgrade tendrncy.
4) The myoglobin content of skeletal muscle(SOL, EDL) of the Ground Squirrel during different period of the hibernation.
Compared with the CON group, the content of myoglobin in H-1mon and H-2mon group had a significant difference(P＜0.05), and had a extremely significant difference with AH(2d) and AH(14d) group(P<0.01). The AH(14d) group compared with the hibernation group also had a extremely significant difference(P<0.01). The EDL myoglobin content had no changes in any group(P>0.05).
方法:(1)以尾部悬吊法建立达乌尔黄鼠骨骼肌废用模型。(2)采用免疫组织化学技术,检测达乌尔黄鼠比目鱼肌梭外肌对单克隆抗体MY-32的免疫反应性。(3)彩色图像分析仪测量达乌尔黄鼠骨骼肌比目鱼肌肌纤维横截面积(CSA)的变化。(4)采用紫外分光光度计测定冬眠不同时期达乌尔黄鼠骨骼肌肌红蛋白的含量。
结果:
1)达乌尔黄鼠比目鱼肌肌纤维形态结构和类型的季节性变化
在不同季节中,黄鼠比目鱼肌肌肉湿重在夏季最大,与秋季,冬季冬眠,春季相比有显著性差异(P<0.05),而比目鱼肌肌肉湿重体重比则无显著性差异(P>0.05);夏季比目鱼肌Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维横截面积分别为2219.66±μm~2和2408.52±μm~2,秋季、冬眠Ⅰ型肌纤维横截面积分别降低了7.7%(P>0.05)、30,01%(P<0.05),而春季反而增大了3.02%(P>0.05),Ⅱ型肌纤维横截面积在秋季、冬眠分别下降了24.29%(P<0.05),28.45%(P<0.05),但春季增大了4.98%(P>0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维比例在不同季节中无变化(P>0.05),仅在冬眠中出现了Ⅰ向Ⅱ型的略微转化。
2)不同季节尾部悬吊达鸟尔黄鼠对比目鱼肌的影响
不同季节尾部悬吊达乌尔黄鼠14天后,黄鼠体重在夏季、冬季和春季分别比对照组减少了2.87%(P>0.05),9.54%(P<0.05),7.67%(P<0.05);比目鱼肌肌肉湿重体重比在夏季、冬季和春季分别比对照组降低了40.83%,29.44%,28.99%,且均具有极其显著性差异(P<0.01);夏季、冬季和春季吊尾组的比目鱼肌肌纤维平均横截面积分别比对照组减少了50.42%,36.91%,24.04%,且均具有极其显著的差异(P<0.01);不同季节吊尾组的比目鱼肌中Ⅰ与Ⅱ型肌纤维类型的构成比均未发生明显变化(P>0.05)。
3)达乌尔黄鼠在冬眠不同时期比目鱼肌形态结构与肌纤维类型的变化
黄鼠体重在冬眠一个月、冬眠两个月和出眠2天相比冬眠前分别降低了16.32%,21.34%,29.73%;与冬眠前黄鼠相比,冬眠一个月、冬眠两个月和出眠两天的黄鼠皮脂厚度分别下降了11.79%(P>0.05),16.04%(P>0.05),32.55%(P<0.05);冬眠一个月、两个月、出眠两天黄鼠肥胖指数相比冬眠前分别下降了7.12%(P>0.05),12.82%(P<0.05),24.67%(P<0.05);与冬眠前黄鼠相比,冬眠一个月、冬眠两个月黄鼠肌肉湿重体重比分别减少了17.09%(P<0.05),22.22%(P<0.05),而出眠2天黄鼠相比冬眠前黄鼠则无变化:冬眠两个月、出眠2天黄鼠比目鱼肌Ⅰ、Ⅱ肌纤维平均横截面积(1572.4±μm~2)相比冬眠前、冬眠一个月平均肌纤维横截面积(1940.5±μm~2)显著减小(P<0.05);冬眠期间黄鼠比目鱼肌肌纤维比例未发生变化,仅在冬眠两个月时Ⅰ型肌纤维比例有略微增高。
4)冬眠不同时期达乌尔黄鼠骨骼肌肌红蛋白含量的变化
与冬眠前黄鼠比目鱼肌肌红蛋白含量相比,冬眠一个月、冬眠两个月分别增加了30.67%(P<0.05),31.57%(P<0.05),出眠2天、出眠14天黄鼠与冬眠前黄鼠相比,分别增加了54.66%(P<0.01,),88.86%(P<0.01);出眠14天黄鼠与冬眠一个月、冬眠两个月黄鼠相比,显著增加(P<0.01);冬眠前、冬眠一个月、冬眠两个月、以及出眠2天和出眠14天黄鼠趾长伸肌肌红蛋白含量均无显著性变化(P>0.05)。
Objective:
1) To study the changes of the morphological structure and the type of myofibrilla in soleus in different seasons. 2) To study the changes of the morphological structure and the type of myofibrilla in soleus in different seasons after tail-suspend 14 days. 3) To study the changes of the morphological structure and the type of myofibrilla in soleus during the different peirod of hibernation. 4) To study the changes of the content of myoglobin in different peirod of hibernation.
Methods:
1) Establish the disuse model of skeletal muscle was achieved by tail-suspension. 2) Fiber types of solues muscle(SOL) in ground squirrel were identified by immunohistochemistry technology with antibody fast-twitch mysion heavy chain(MHC). 3) The cross-sectional area (CSA) of soleus muscle fiber was measured by image analysis software. 4) The myoglobin content of skeletal muscle was measured by the spectrophotometer.
Result:
1) The comparison of configuration and muscle fiber types of SOL in normal groundsquirrel in fifferent seasons.
The SOL muscle wet weight in summer had significant differences between summer and other seasons. But the ratios of the muscle wet weight to body weight had no differences between different seasons (P>0.05); The CSA of the typeⅠmuscle fiber of soleus of ground squirrel was 2219.66μm~2 ,the CSA of the typeⅡmuscle fiber of soleus was 2408.52μm~2. Compared with summer, the CSA of the typeⅠfiber in autumn and winter decreased 7.7%(P>0.05) and 30.01%(P<0.05), respectively, but the spring increased about 3.02%(P>0.05). The CSA of the typeⅡfiber in autumn and winter decreased 24.29%(P<0.05) and 28.45%(P<0.05) , respectively, but the spring increased about 4.98% (P>0.05). The percentage of muscle fiberⅠandⅡhad no changes in different seasons, but in winter has a little upgread tendency.
2) The effection of tail-suspend on configration and muscle fiber type of soleus in ground squirrel in fifferent seasons.
After 14 days suspension, the body weight of the Ground Squirrel decreased about 2.87%(P>0.05), 9.54%(P<0.05), 7.67%(P<0.05) compared with the control group in sunmmer, winter and spring. The ratios of the muscle wet weight to the body weight had significant difference compared with the control group. The average CSA of the soleus muscle fibers decreased about 50.42%(P<0.01), 36.91%(P<0.01), 24.04%(P<0.01) in summer, winter and spring group compared with the control group. Compared with the control group(summer, winter, spring), the percentage of the muscle fiber had no changes, the muscle type had not transformed.
3) The effection of hibernation on configuration and muscle fiber type in SOL in Ground Squirrel.
Compared with the CON Ground Squirrel, the body weight of the H-1mon, H-2mon and AH(2d) decreased 16.32%, 21.34%, 29.73%, respectively. The ratios of the muscle wet weight to body weight showed descent tendency during hibernation, compared with the H-2mon, the ratios of the CON and AH(2d) had significant difference (P<0.05). The sebum cutaneum thickness of the H-1mon, H-2mon and AH(2d) decreased about 11.79%(P>0.05), 16.04%(P>0.05), 32.55%(P<0.05) , respectively , compared with the CON. The index of corpulence of the H-1mon, H-2mon and AH(2d) decreased about 7.12%(.P>0.05), 12.82%(P<0.05), 24.67%(P<0.05) respectively , compared with the CON. The CSA of the muscle fiberⅠandⅡin H-2mon and AH(2d) of the Ground Squirrel had significant difference from the CON and H-1mon(P<0.05).The percentage of typesⅠandⅡfibers in soleus did not show significant variation in ground squirrl during hibernation (P>0.05) but only the H-2mon had a little upgrade tendrncy.
4) The myoglobin content of skeletal muscle(SOL, EDL) of the Ground Squirrel during different period of the hibernation.
Compared with the CON group, the content of myoglobin in H-1mon and H-2mon group had a significant difference(P＜0.05), and had a extremely significant difference with AH(2d) and AH(14d) group(P<0.01). The AH(14d) group compared with the hibernation group also had a extremely significant difference(P<0.01). The EDL myoglobin content had no changes in any group(P>0.05).
引文
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Postnikova G.B., Tselikova S.V., Kolaeva S.G., et al. Myoglobin content in skeletal muscles of hibernating ground squirrels rises in autumn and winter [J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 1999,124(1):35-37
Qin L.,Appell H.J., Chan K.M., et al. Electrical stimulation prevents immobilization atrophy in skeletal muscle og rabbits [J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1997,78(5):512-517
Rosenmann M., Morrison P.. Seasonal augumentation of myoglobin in the snowshoe hare. J Biol Chem, 1965,240:3353-6
Reimann J., Irintchev A., Wering A.. Regenerative capacity and the number of satellite cells in soleus muscles of normal and mdx mice. Neuromuscul. Disord, 2000, 10:276-282
Rantanen J., Hurme T., Kalimo H.. Calf muscle atrophy and Achilles tendon healing following experimental tendon division and surgery in rats. Comparison of post operative immobilization of the muscle-tendon complex in relaxed and tensioned positions. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 1999, 9(1):57-61
Rourke B.C., Yokoyama Y., Milsom W.K., et al. Myosin isoform expression and MAFbx mRNA levels in hibernating golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis)[J]. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 2004,77(4):582-593
Riley D.A., Ellis S., Giometti C.S., et al. Muscle sarcomere lesions and thrombosis after spaceflight and suspension unloading [J]. J Appl Physiol, 1992, 73(2Suppl):33s-43s
Stockle U., Koning B., Tempka A.,et al. Cast immobilizatioin versus vacuum stabilizing systerm. Early functional results after osteosynthesis of ankle joint fratures. Unfallchirurg, 2000,103:215-219.
Steffen J.M., Musacchia X.J.. Effect of hypokinesia and hypodynamia on protein, RNA and DNA in rat hindlimb muscles. Am. J.Physiol, 1984, 247;R728-732.
Sallmen T., Lozada A.F., Anichtchik O.V., et al. Changes in hippocampal histamine receptors across the hibernation cycle in ground squirrels [J]. Hippocampus, 2003,13 (6):745-754
Steffen J.M., Koebel D.A., Musacchia X.J., et al. Morphometric and metabolic indices of disuse in muscles of hibernating grounds quirrels.Comp Biochem Physiol[B], 1991, 99(4):815-819
St-pierve D.M., Leonard D., Gardiner P.F.. Recovery of muscle from tetrodotoxin-induced disuse and the influence of daily exercise. I Contractile properties. Exp Neurol, 1987, 98(3):472-488
Spangenburg E.E.,et al .AmJ Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2001, 280(4):1256-1260
Tischler M.E., Henriksen E.J., Munoz K.A., et al. Space flight on STS-48 and earth-based unweighting produce similar effects on skeletal muscle of young rat [J]. J Appl Physiol, 1993, 74(5): 2161-2165
Tinker D.B., Harlow H.J., Beck T.D.I.. Pritein use and muscle-fiber changes in free-ranging, hibernating black bears[J]. Physiological Zoology, 1998, 71(4):414-424
Vescovo G., Serafini F., Facchin L., et al. Specific changes in skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain composition in cardiac failure: differences compared with disuse atrophy as assessed on immobilized limbs [J]. Heat, 1996, 76(4):337-343
Vikhlyantsev I.M., Malyshev S.L., Shenkman B.S., et al. The behavior of titin and the proteins of its family from skeletal muscles of ground squirrel (Citellus iindulatus) during hibernation and rats under conditions of simulated microgravity[J]. Biofizika, 2004,49(6):995-1002
Wickler S.J., Hoyt D.F., Breukelen F.V.. Disuse atrophy in the hibernating golden-mantled ground squirrel, Spermophilus lateralis[J]. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 1991. 261:R1214-R1217
Witzmann F.A.. Soleus muscle atrophy in rats in induced by cast immobilization:lack of effect by anabolic steroids [J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1988,69(2):81-85
陈业志，彭姑，李贵生．安南龟冬眠前后乳酸脱氢酶的比较研究[J]．四川动物，2007，26(2)：281-283
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陈铭，杨欣，局兆年．心肌肌红蛋白含量的生化测定方法[J]．中国应用生理学杂志，1998，14(3)：283-284
陈维达，赵海青．哺乳动物的冬眠[J]．生物学通报，1986，6：4-7
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冯班．废用对达乌尔黄鼠趾长伸肌形态结构和功能影响的研究[D]．西安，西北大学，2008
高云芳，樊小力．三种活血类中药对蟾蜍离体单一肌梭传入放电的影响[J]．航天医学与医学工程，2005，18(1)：16-18
郄淑燕，岳寿伟．废用性肌萎缩研究进展[J]．中国临床康复，2003，7(5)：710-711
廖力夫，聂珊玲，工诚黎等．实验条件下灰仓鼠冬眠观察[J]．地方病通报，2001，16(4)：77-79
刘光远，沈羡云,陈涤明．重力生理学期成绩[M]．北京：国防工业出版社1993，154-158；214-217
马森．肌红蛋白的研究进展[J]．南平师专学报，2004，23(2)：41-45
马永烈，孙亚志．火重／模拟失重下肌肉萎缩的研究进展[J]．航天医学与医学工程，1997，10(2)：149-152
倪国新．制动对骨骼肌的影响[J]．中华物理医学与康复杂志，2000，22(2)：125-126
孙久荣，马永超，许兆辉等．不同季节和冬眠时相中达乌尔黄鼠视前区温敏神经元特性和下丘脑内NA代谢的变化[J]．中国科学(C)辑，1999，29(1)：31-37
沈羡云，崔伟，马永烈等．30d 尾吊人鼠血循环／肌肉和骨骼系统的变化[J]．航天医学与医学工程，1999，12(4):277-280
王琦．肌肉废用对黄鼠和大鼠比目鱼肌形态结构与肌纤维类型影响的比较研究[D]．西安，西北大学，2006
吴宇英，蔡益鹏．达乌尔黄鼠冬眠阵过程中感觉兴奋性的变化[J]．兽类学报，1992，12(4)：287-289
吴苏娣，樊小力，唐斌．尾部悬吊对大鼠比目鱼肌mATP酶活性的影响[J]．西安医科大学学报，2001,22(4)：298-300
杨果杰，王钜，凌波等．冬眠动物激醒过程中体温变化的观察[J]．中国实验动物学杂志，1999，9(1)：21-23
张淑珍，李庆芬，黄晨西．非冬眠期达乌尔黄鼠对低温的适应性产热[J]．兽类学报，1996，17(1):67-72
周继斌，邢东琦，冯鉴强等．模拟失重影响大肚鼠比目鱼肌梭内外肌纤维肌球蛋白重链的表达[J]．中山医科大学学报，2002，23(1)：33-36
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张明林，刘治，侯波等，达乌尔黄鼠夏季肥满度调查，中国地方病防治杂志，2001，16(4)，244
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Naito H., et al. J Appl Physiol, 2000, 88(1) :359-363
Pregelj P., Sketelj J. Role of load bearing in acetylcholinesterase regulation in rat skeletal muscles[J]. J Neurosci Res, 2002, 67(1):144-121
Postnikova G.B., Tselikova S.V., Kolaeva S.G., et al. Myoglobin content in skeletal muscles of hibernating ground squirrels rises in autumn and winter [J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 1999,124(1):35-37
Qin L.,Appell H.J., Chan K.M., et al. Electrical stimulation prevents immobilization atrophy in skeletal muscle og rabbits [J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1997,78(5):512-517
Rosenmann M., Morrison P.. Seasonal augumentation of myoglobin in the snowshoe hare. J Biol Chem, 1965,240:3353-6
Reimann J., Irintchev A., Wering A.. Regenerative capacity and the number of satellite cells in soleus muscles of normal and mdx mice. Neuromuscul. Disord, 2000, 10:276-282
Rantanen J., Hurme T., Kalimo H.. Calf muscle atrophy and Achilles tendon healing following experimental tendon division and surgery in rats. Comparison of post operative immobilization of the muscle-tendon complex in relaxed and tensioned positions. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 1999, 9(1):57-61
Rourke B.C., Yokoyama Y., Milsom W.K., et al. Myosin isoform expression and MAFbx mRNA levels in hibernating golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis)[J]. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 2004,77(4):582-593
Riley D.A., Ellis S., Giometti C.S., et al. Muscle sarcomere lesions and thrombosis after spaceflight and suspension unloading [J]. J Appl Physiol, 1992, 73(2Suppl):33s-43s
Stockle U., Koning B., Tempka A.,et al. Cast immobilizatioin versus vacuum stabilizing systerm. Early functional results after osteosynthesis of ankle joint fratures. Unfallchirurg, 2000,103:215-219.
Steffen J.M., Musacchia X.J.. Effect of hypokinesia and hypodynamia on protein, RNA and DNA in rat hindlimb muscles. Am. J.Physiol, 1984, 247;R728-732.
Sallmen T., Lozada A.F., Anichtchik O.V., et al. Changes in hippocampal histamine receptors across the hibernation cycle in ground squirrels [J]. Hippocampus, 2003,13 (6):745-754
Steffen J.M., Koebel D.A., Musacchia X.J., et al. Morphometric and metabolic indices of disuse in muscles of hibernating grounds quirrels.Comp Biochem Physiol[B], 1991, 99(4):815-819
St-pierve D.M., Leonard D., Gardiner P.F.. Recovery of muscle from tetrodotoxin-induced disuse and the influence of daily exercise. I Contractile properties. Exp Neurol, 1987, 98(3):472-488
Spangenburg E.E.,et al .AmJ Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2001, 280(4):1256-1260
Tischler M.E., Henriksen E.J., Munoz K.A., et al. Space flight on STS-48 and earth-based unweighting produce similar effects on skeletal muscle of young rat [J]. J Appl Physiol, 1993, 74(5): 2161-2165
Tinker D.B., Harlow H.J., Beck T.D.I.. Pritein use and muscle-fiber changes in free-ranging, hibernating black bears[J]. Physiological Zoology, 1998, 71(4):414-424
Vescovo G., Serafini F., Facchin L., et al. Specific changes in skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain composition in cardiac failure: differences compared with disuse atrophy as assessed on immobilized limbs [J]. Heat, 1996, 76(4):337-343
Vikhlyantsev I.M., Malyshev S.L., Shenkman B.S., et al. The behavior of titin and the proteins of its family from skeletal muscles of ground squirrel (Citellus iindulatus) during hibernation and rats under conditions of simulated microgravity[J]. Biofizika, 2004,49(6):995-1002
Wickler S.J., Hoyt D.F., Breukelen F.V.. Disuse atrophy in the hibernating golden-mantled ground squirrel, Spermophilus lateralis[J]. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 1991. 261:R1214-R1217
Witzmann F.A.. Soleus muscle atrophy in rats in induced by cast immobilization:lack of effect by anabolic steroids [J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1988,69(2):81-85
陈业志，彭姑，李贵生．安南龟冬眠前后乳酸脱氢酶的比较研究[J]．四川动物，2007，26(2)：281-283
柴旦，周兆年．急性低氧对体外培养乳鼠心肌细胞肌红蛋白的影响[J]．生理学报，1997，49(5)：497-503
陈铭，杨欣，局兆年．心肌肌红蛋白含量的生化测定方法[J]．中国应用生理学杂志，1998，14(3)：283-284
陈维达，赵海青．哺乳动物的冬眠[J]．生物学通报，1986，6：4-7
党凯．冬眠对黄鼠比目鱼肌肌纤维类型与收缩功能的影响[D]．西安，西北大学，2007
冯班．废用对达乌尔黄鼠趾长伸肌形态结构和功能影响的研究[D]．西安，西北大学，2008
高云芳，樊小力．三种活血类中药对蟾蜍离体单一肌梭传入放电的影响[J]．航天医学与医学工程，2005，18(1)：16-18
郄淑燕，岳寿伟．废用性肌萎缩研究进展[J]．中国临床康复，2003，7(5)：710-711
廖力夫，聂珊玲，工诚黎等．实验条件下灰仓鼠冬眠观察[J]．地方病通报，2001，16(4)：77-79
刘光远，沈羡云,陈涤明．重力生理学期成绩[M]．北京：国防工业出版社1993，154-158；214-217
马森．肌红蛋白的研究进展[J]．南平师专学报，2004，23(2)：41-45
马永烈，孙亚志．火重／模拟失重下肌肉萎缩的研究进展[J]．航天医学与医学工程，1997，10(2)：149-152
倪国新．制动对骨骼肌的影响[J]．中华物理医学与康复杂志，2000，22(2)：125-126
孙久荣，马永超，许兆辉等．不同季节和冬眠时相中达乌尔黄鼠视前区温敏神经元特性和下丘脑内NA代谢的变化[J]．中国科学(C)辑，1999，29(1)：31-37
沈羡云，崔伟，马永烈等．30d 尾吊人鼠血循环／肌肉和骨骼系统的变化[J]．航天医学与医学工程，1999，12(4):277-280
王琦．肌肉废用对黄鼠和大鼠比目鱼肌形态结构与肌纤维类型影响的比较研究[D]．西安，西北大学，2006
吴宇英，蔡益鹏．达乌尔黄鼠冬眠阵过程中感觉兴奋性的变化[J]．兽类学报，1992，12(4)：287-289
吴苏娣，樊小力，唐斌．尾部悬吊对大鼠比目鱼肌mATP酶活性的影响[J]．西安医科大学学报，2001,22(4)：298-300
杨果杰，王钜，凌波等．冬眠动物激醒过程中体温变化的观察[J]．中国实验动物学杂志，1999，9(1)：21-23
张淑珍，李庆芬，黄晨西．非冬眠期达乌尔黄鼠对低温的适应性产热[J]．兽类学报，1996，17(1):67-72
周继斌，邢东琦，冯鉴强等．模拟失重影响大肚鼠比目鱼肌梭内外肌纤维肌球蛋白重链的表达[J]．中山医科大学学报，2002，23(1)：33-36
钟明明，严志堂．灰仓鼠肥满度的研究，兽类学报，1984，4(4)，273-382
张明林，刘治，侯波等，达乌尔黄鼠夏季肥满度调查，中国地方病防治杂志，2001，16(4)，244