从环境政策角度分析瑞典对欧盟的影响
摘要
传统意义上,小的国家在国际关系中,由于受到自身力量的限制,在国际社会中没有发言权,很难影响国际准则的制定,受到不公平的对待。所谓的大国、强国在国际关系中占有主导地位,他们决定着国际准则的制定和发展。随着工业化进程的加快,自然环境遭到极大的破坏,人类的生存与发展面临着严峻的挑战。随着环境问题的日益突出,再加上环境问题的超国界性,各国政府开始关注环境问题,成立了环境部门来研究环境问题,并制定相关的法律、法规来保护环境遏制破坏环境的行为,加强全球环境治理的合作。学者们也纷纷从学术上研究环境政策,不同观点的学术论著层出不穷。随着人们的关注和研究发现,一些小的国家他们的国内环境保护要比一些所谓的大国要搞得好,环境保护的标准相对比较高,环境政策也相当完善,涉及到社会生活的方方面面。一些小国的环境政策对国际环境政策的制定提供了借鉴,产生了深远的影响。尤其是斯堪的那维亚半岛的国家,它们国内的环境治理走在世界前列,完善的国内政策为其他国家政策的制定提供了借鉴。本文以瑞典为例分析了小国对国际准则产生的影响。
欧盟作为一个超国家的区域性政治经济组织,虽然在跨国界、区域性的环境保护行动中取得了巨大的成功,但欧盟在关注环境破坏方面与瑞典相比起步较晚,其环境政策方面仍存在着许多困难,尤其是随着欧盟的逐步扩大,新增加的成员国中有许多国家存在着严重的环境问题,影响了其环境政策的执行和实施,使其面临着巨大的压力。这些都为在环境方面起步较早,环境政策比较完善,有着积极参与国际环境合作历史的瑞典来说提供了发挥其作用的机会。同时,对于瑞典来说,由于环境污染的超国界性,瑞典要想从根本上消除环境破坏的影响,必须加强与国际社会的合作,使全欧洲甚至是全世界采取相等的环境保护标准和措施,才能从根本上保护环境,免受环境破坏带来的恶果。
本文主要从三个方面进行论述的。第一、第二部分分别介绍了欧盟和瑞典的环境政策,从宏观上对它们进行了比较,指出瑞典影响欧盟环境政策的可能性。第三部分论述了瑞典影响欧盟环境政策的原因、途径和结果。通过分析说明,随着国际政治、经济的发展,国际社会朝着多元化方向发展,各个国家在国际舞台上发挥着独特的作用。瑞典对国际准则的影响为世界上的小国,尤其是已经加入或即将加入欧盟的小国,在处理国际事务、维护自身国家利益方面有着借鉴意义,同时,为小的国家在国际关系中影响制定对本国有利的政策提供了理论依据。
对于我国来说,随着国际交往的日益加深,有必要研究其他国家的环境问题,认识到环境破坏的极大危害,通过对国际组织和一些国家的环境治理的学习而汲取经验教训,为我国的环境治理提供宝贵的经验。我国改革开放30多年,工农业大踏步的前进,对于在工业化中面临的环境问题要有清醒地认识,同时加强与世界各国的环境合作,在治理好本国环境的同时,促进全球环境的治理和保护。
Traditionally, small countries in international relations, due to the restrictions on their own strength in the international community have no right to speak; it is difficult to influence the development of international norms, to be unfairly treated. The so-called big and strong in international relations in a dominant position, they decided to international norms of design and development. With the acceleration of the process of industrialization, was greatly damaged the natural environment, human survival and development are still facing severe challenges, with environmental issues have become increasingly prominent, coupled with environmental issues beyond borders, the Government started to pay attention to the environment , the environment department to set up a research environment, and to formulate relevant laws and regulations to protect the environment, curb environmental damage behavior, and strengthening global environmental governance cooperation. The scholars have also from the academic study of environmental policy, a different view of the academic endless. With the attention of the people and the study found that some small countries, their domestic environmental protection than some so-called big country to do a good job, the environmental protection standards are relatively high, and environmental policy is also very comprehensive, involving all aspects of social life. Some small country's environmental policies on international environmental policy formulation used for reference had a far-reaching impact. Especially the Scandinavian Peninsula countries, their domestic environmental governance march in the forefront of the world, a sound domestic policy of other countries for the formulation of policy for reference. This paper to Sweden as an example of a small country on the impact of international norms.
EU as a super-regional political and economic organizations, although cross-border, regional environmental action has achieved tremendous success, but the EU concern about environmental damage have a late start in compared with Sweden. To its environmental policy there are still a lot of difficulties, especially with the gradual expansion of the European Union, the new countries have increased in many countries there is a serious environmental problem, affecting the implementation of its environmental policy and implementation, it faces enormous pressure. These are an early start on the environment, environmental policy more perfect, has actively participated in international cooperation on the environment; the history of Sweden has provided the opportunity to play its role. At the same time,because of environmental pollution beyond borders, Sweden in order to fundamentally eliminate the destruction of the environment impact, we must strengthen cooperation with the international community, to Europe and even the whole world to the same environmental standards and measures , will they be able to protect the environment from the consequences of environmental damage.
This paper mainly from the three areas discussed. First, introduced the second part of the European Union and Sweden's environmental policy, from the macro level compared to them, pointing out that Sweden affect the possibility of EU environment policy. Sweden third part discusses the impact of EU environment policy reasons, approaches and results. Through analysis shows that, as the international political and economic development, diversification of the international community towards the direction of development and, every country in the international arena played a unique role. Sweden on the impact of international norms for the world's small countries, in particular have joined or will soon join the small country, in dealing with international affairs and safeguard their national interests has a reference At the same time, a small country in international relations impact on the development of the country an enabling policy provides a theoretical basis.
For my country, as the international exchanges increasingly deepened, it is necessary to study the environment of other States, recognize that the destruction of the environment great harm, by international organizations and environmental governance in some countries to draw lessons for China's environmental governance provide valuable experience. China's reform and opening up more than 30 years, the industrial and agricultural big strides forward in the industrialization of the environmental problems facing have a clear understanding, to strengthen its relations with all countries in the world cooperation on the environment, good governance in their own environment, the promotion of global governance and the protection of the environment.
欧盟作为一个超国家的区域性政治经济组织,虽然在跨国界、区域性的环境保护行动中取得了巨大的成功,但欧盟在关注环境破坏方面与瑞典相比起步较晚,其环境政策方面仍存在着许多困难,尤其是随着欧盟的逐步扩大,新增加的成员国中有许多国家存在着严重的环境问题,影响了其环境政策的执行和实施,使其面临着巨大的压力。这些都为在环境方面起步较早,环境政策比较完善,有着积极参与国际环境合作历史的瑞典来说提供了发挥其作用的机会。同时,对于瑞典来说,由于环境污染的超国界性,瑞典要想从根本上消除环境破坏的影响,必须加强与国际社会的合作,使全欧洲甚至是全世界采取相等的环境保护标准和措施,才能从根本上保护环境,免受环境破坏带来的恶果。
本文主要从三个方面进行论述的。第一、第二部分分别介绍了欧盟和瑞典的环境政策,从宏观上对它们进行了比较,指出瑞典影响欧盟环境政策的可能性。第三部分论述了瑞典影响欧盟环境政策的原因、途径和结果。通过分析说明,随着国际政治、经济的发展,国际社会朝着多元化方向发展,各个国家在国际舞台上发挥着独特的作用。瑞典对国际准则的影响为世界上的小国,尤其是已经加入或即将加入欧盟的小国,在处理国际事务、维护自身国家利益方面有着借鉴意义,同时,为小的国家在国际关系中影响制定对本国有利的政策提供了理论依据。
对于我国来说,随着国际交往的日益加深,有必要研究其他国家的环境问题,认识到环境破坏的极大危害,通过对国际组织和一些国家的环境治理的学习而汲取经验教训,为我国的环境治理提供宝贵的经验。我国改革开放30多年,工农业大踏步的前进,对于在工业化中面临的环境问题要有清醒地认识,同时加强与世界各国的环境合作,在治理好本国环境的同时,促进全球环境的治理和保护。
Traditionally, small countries in international relations, due to the restrictions on their own strength in the international community have no right to speak; it is difficult to influence the development of international norms, to be unfairly treated. The so-called big and strong in international relations in a dominant position, they decided to international norms of design and development. With the acceleration of the process of industrialization, was greatly damaged the natural environment, human survival and development are still facing severe challenges, with environmental issues have become increasingly prominent, coupled with environmental issues beyond borders, the Government started to pay attention to the environment , the environment department to set up a research environment, and to formulate relevant laws and regulations to protect the environment, curb environmental damage behavior, and strengthening global environmental governance cooperation. The scholars have also from the academic study of environmental policy, a different view of the academic endless. With the attention of the people and the study found that some small countries, their domestic environmental protection than some so-called big country to do a good job, the environmental protection standards are relatively high, and environmental policy is also very comprehensive, involving all aspects of social life. Some small country's environmental policies on international environmental policy formulation used for reference had a far-reaching impact. Especially the Scandinavian Peninsula countries, their domestic environmental governance march in the forefront of the world, a sound domestic policy of other countries for the formulation of policy for reference. This paper to Sweden as an example of a small country on the impact of international norms.
EU as a super-regional political and economic organizations, although cross-border, regional environmental action has achieved tremendous success, but the EU concern about environmental damage have a late start in compared with Sweden. To its environmental policy there are still a lot of difficulties, especially with the gradual expansion of the European Union, the new countries have increased in many countries there is a serious environmental problem, affecting the implementation of its environmental policy and implementation, it faces enormous pressure. These are an early start on the environment, environmental policy more perfect, has actively participated in international cooperation on the environment; the history of Sweden has provided the opportunity to play its role. At the same time,because of environmental pollution beyond borders, Sweden in order to fundamentally eliminate the destruction of the environment impact, we must strengthen cooperation with the international community, to Europe and even the whole world to the same environmental standards and measures , will they be able to protect the environment from the consequences of environmental damage.
This paper mainly from the three areas discussed. First, introduced the second part of the European Union and Sweden's environmental policy, from the macro level compared to them, pointing out that Sweden affect the possibility of EU environment policy. Sweden third part discusses the impact of EU environment policy reasons, approaches and results. Through analysis shows that, as the international political and economic development, diversification of the international community towards the direction of development and, every country in the international arena played a unique role. Sweden on the impact of international norms for the world's small countries, in particular have joined or will soon join the small country, in dealing with international affairs and safeguard their national interests has a reference At the same time, a small country in international relations impact on the development of the country an enabling policy provides a theoretical basis.
For my country, as the international exchanges increasingly deepened, it is necessary to study the environment of other States, recognize that the destruction of the environment great harm, by international organizations and environmental governance in some countries to draw lessons for China's environmental governance provide valuable experience. China's reform and opening up more than 30 years, the industrial and agricultural big strides forward in the industrialization of the environmental problems facing have a clear understanding, to strengthen its relations with all countries in the world cooperation on the environment, good governance in their own environment, the promotion of global governance and the protection of the environment.
引文
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[2]McCormick, John. Environmental Policy in the European Union[J]. The European Union Series. Palgrave. Hampshire, New York.ISBN:0-333-77203-2.2001:22.
[3]Dearden,Mcdonald F. European Economic Integration[M]. Longman. Inc New York. 1999:10.
[4] McCormick, John. Environmental Policy in the European Union[J]. The European Union Series. Palgrave. Hampshire, New York.ISBN:0-333-77203-2.2001:14-29.
[5]McCormick, John. Environmental Policy in the European Union[J]. The European Union Series. Palgrave. Hampshire, New York.ISBN:0-333-77203-2.2001:22.
[6]Dearden S & McDonald F. European Economic Integration Longman [M]. Inc New York. 1999:238.
[7]Bromberg E. E. Green Parties and Politics in the European Union [J]. European Public Policy Series, Rout ledge ISBN: 0415102650.1998:34-45.
[8]Johansson,M,K. Servige I EU Forfattarna och SNS Folag Stockholm.ISBN:9171508643. 2002:194-210.
[9] Johansson, M, K. Sverige I EU Forfattarna och SNS Folag[J]. Stockholm.ISBN: 9171508643.2002:194-210.
[10]Johansson, M, K. Sverige I EU Forfattarna och SNS Folag[J]. Stockholm.ISBN: 9171508643.2002:194-210.
[11] 张健雄.欧洲联盟——列国志(M).北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006:343.
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