黄河口水体生物光学性质逐时变化的静止海洋水色卫星遥感探测研究
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摘要
本文以黄河口海域浑浊水体为重点研究区域，利用丰水期（调水调沙期间）和枯水期（含大风过程）时间序列观测数据，开展了水色组分浓度和水体光学性质逐时变化特征与驱动机制研究；利用大气辐射传输理论，研究了大气光学性质以及观测几何等的变化对静止海洋卫星水色遥感探测的影响；利用世界首颗静止轨道海洋水色卫星数据，开展了浑浊水体光学性质以及水色组分浓度的逐时变化监测，分析了风浪以及潮汐等的影响。
基于现场定点连续观测数据的分析研究发现，黄河口海域水体光学性质具有不同程度的逐时变化特征，这种差异性是由径流输入和风浪等驱动机制的不同导致的，具体如下：（1）水体总吸收系数的逐时变化主要集中在蓝、绿光波段，颗粒物吸收是该波段水体总吸收系数的主要来源；（2）颗粒物吸收光谱呈现出独特的e指数衰减趋势，主要原因是非藻类颗粒物吸收在颗粒物吸收中占主导（绝大部分波段可达80%）；（3）非藻类颗粒物吸收系数ad光谱斜率Sd的逐时变化约2.7-3.7%，逐时变幅在0.0011-0.0016之间；ad(440)的逐时变化约56.3~(-1)08.5%，逐时变幅为0.9-20.6m~(-1)。非藻类颗粒物吸收与悬浮物浓度具有显著的正相关关系，相关系数大于0.75；（4）黄色物质吸收系数ag光谱斜率Sg的逐时变化约11.8-23.1%，逐时变幅在0.008-0.010nm~(-1)之间；ag(440)的逐时变化约38.8-67.9%，逐时变幅为0.183-0.633m~(-1)；在径流影响显著的海域，ag(440)与盐度之间存在负相关关系；（5）漫衰减系数Kd(490)逐时变化约10.6-39.5%，逐时变幅为1.66-4.39m~(-1)。漫衰减系数与颗粒物吸收和水体后向散射系数之间具有较高的相关性，而与黄色物质的相关性较差；（6）遥感反射率逐时变化是水体光学性质中最复杂的，其主要的驱动因素是悬浮物浓度。
通过静止海洋卫星水色遥感探测影响因素的研究发现：（1）对于泥沙主导的逐时变化显著的水体，静止海洋卫星接收到的总辐射信号中水体信号所占的百分比在412nm波段小于12%，在660nm和680nm波段高于50%，最高可达80%以上，在745nm和865nm波段在15-80%之间。静止海洋水色卫星逐时观测数据可反映绝大部分的海面光谱逐时变化信息；（2）卫星观测信号随着气溶胶光学厚度的逐时变化线性变化。在干净大气条件下（AOT≤0.1），仅进行瑞利散射校正得到的Rrs(555)、Rrs(660)和Rrs(680)反演值与实测值的相对误差分别为14%、14%和15%；（3）当太阳天顶角小于50°时，卫星观测信号对太阳天顶角的变化不敏感，除745nm和865nm波段之外的其它波段相对偏差均小于5%，当太阳天顶角大于50°时敏感性显著增加。针对GOCI卫星太阳天顶角实际变化情形（太阳天顶角年变化范围为：13.7°～78.4°），夏季太阳天顶角较小，由此引起的误差可忽略，冬季太阳天顶角较大，其变化对光学量逐时变化卫星观测的影响需引起重视；（4）当卫星天顶角小于40°时，卫星观测信号对卫星天顶角的变化不敏感，当卫星天顶角大于40°时敏感性显著增加。由于GOCI卫星天顶角实际变化最大不超过5°，所以卫星天顶角对GOCI卫星光学量逐时变化探测的影响较小，745nm和865nm波段引起的相对偏差小于2.1%，其它波段均小于1%。
基于GOCI影像的黄河口海域光学性质和悬浮物浓度逐时变化研究取得以下结论：（1）对于悬浮物主导的浑浊水体，其光谱逐时变化以660nm和680nm波段最为显著；（2）建立了基于单波段和波段比相结合的悬浮物浓度反演模型，采用了555nm、680nm和745nm波段，在4个量级的悬浮物浓度变化范围内模型精度可达30%；（3）Rrs(680)和悬浮物浓度逐时变化的空间分布呈现出近岸高、离岸低的态势，与水体浑浊度的空间分布基本一致；（4）大风过程可导致莱州湾和渤海湾等浅海海域Rrs(680)和悬浮物浓度明显升高，逐时变幅增加，深水海域受其影响相对较弱；（5）通过分析潮汐与悬浮物浓度逐时变化的相互关系，发现两者之间不存在一致的变化规律，可能的原因是弱潮海区潮汐引起的潮流不足以掀起底沙，从而影响悬浮物浓度。
The turbid water of the Yellow River Estuary was taken as the study area in this paper. Theresearch on hourly variability of water component concentrations and optical properties and theirdriving mechanism was carried out using the data collected during wet (water and sedimentregulation period) and dry season. Then we used the radiative transfer model to study theinfluence of atmospheric optical properties as well as observation geometry on the world's firstgeostationary satellite ocean color Images (GOCI) data. Based on these the hourly variability ofthe water component concentration and optical properties were monitored and the impact of windsand tides was studied.
The results of in situ continuous observation data analysis indicate that the hourly variabilityof the optical properties of Yellow River Estuary have different degrees which contribute to thevariation of the river discharge, winds and tides.(1) The hourly variability of total absorptioncoefficient focus at blue and green bands of which the absorption of particulate matter is the mainresource.(2) The particulate matter absorption spectra show natural exponential trend. The reasonis that the total absorption of water dominated by the non-algae particulate matter (about80%atmost bands).(3) The hourly variability of the spectra slope of absorption coefficient of thenon-algae particulate matter was in the range of2.7-3.7%(0.0011-0.0016). ad(440) changedbetween56.3~(-1)08.5%(0.9-20.6m~(-1)). Absorption of non-algal particulate matter and suspendedparticulate matter concentration has a significant positive correlation (>0.75).(4) The spectraslope of the absorption coefficient of yellow substance changed about11.8-23.1%with the hourlyrange between0.008-0.010nm. ag(440) changed about38.8-67.9%with the hourly variability of0.183-0.633m~(-1). In the river discharge waters, ag(440) negatively correlated with salinity.(5) Thediffuse attenuation coefficient changed about10.6-39.5%with the hourly variability of1.66-4.39m~(-1). The diffuse attenuation coefficient and the absorption of particulate matter, as wellas the backscattering coefficient, has a higher correlation. However it was poor for yellowsubstance.(6) The hourly variability of remote sensing reflectance is the most complex in theoptical properties of the water body. The main driving factor is the suspended particulate matterconcentration.
The research on the influencing factors of geostationary orbit satellite ocean color data foundthat:(1) in the sediment suspended matter dominant water, the water signal to the satellite is lowerthan12%at412nm band, higher than50%at660nm and680nm bands (up to80%), and between15-80%at at745nm and865nm bands. The GOCI data can detect the most hourly variability of above-water spectral information.(2) The satellite signal changes linearly with the hourlyvariability of aerosol optical thickness. At the clean atmospheric conditions (AOT≤0.1), theerrors between the retrieved Rrs(555), Rrs(660) and Rrs(680) from Rayleigh scattering correctionand their measured values were14%,14%and15%.(3) When the solar zenith angle was less than50°, the satellite signal is not sensitive to the changes of solar zenith angle (the relative differenceis less than5%at most bands besides745nm and865nm). When the zenith angle is greater than50°, the sensitivity was significantly increased. GOCI satellite solar zenith angle (solar zenithangle range:13.7~78.4°) is small in summer and large in winter. So its influence on the opticalproperties is of importance and can not be ignored.(4) When the satellite zenith angle less than40°, the satellite signal is not sensitive to the changes of satellite zenith angle. However, itincreased significantly when the satellite zenith angle was greater than40°. GOCI satellite zenithangle does not exceed5°, so its influence on hourly variability of the optical properties isrelatively small. The differences at45nm and865nm bands were less than2.1%, and less than1%at other bands.
Through the study of the optical properties and hourly variability of CSPMwithin the YellowRiver Estuary based on the GOCI images, it is found that:(1) bands of660nm and680nmpresentthe most significant hourly variability of spectral property for SPM-dominant turbid water;(2) according to the regression model based on single band values and band ratios of555nm,680nm and745nm, the precision of the model achieves30%within the range of change ofconcentration of spm of4magnitudes;(3) the spatial distributions of hourly variability of Rrs(680)and CSPMcoincide with turbidity, which is higher onshore and lower offshore;(4) storm will causedramatic rise of Rrs(680), CSPMand extent of hourly variability in shallow areas, such as LaizhouBay and Bohai Bay, while the deep sea is less affected;(5) it is also found that tide and hourlyvariability of CSPMdo not change concurrently base on the analysis of their relation. One possiblereason is the incapability of the current from weak-tide areas to raise the bottom sand and to affectCSPM。
基于现场定点连续观测数据的分析研究发现，黄河口海域水体光学性质具有不同程度的逐时变化特征，这种差异性是由径流输入和风浪等驱动机制的不同导致的，具体如下：（1）水体总吸收系数的逐时变化主要集中在蓝、绿光波段，颗粒物吸收是该波段水体总吸收系数的主要来源；（2）颗粒物吸收光谱呈现出独特的e指数衰减趋势，主要原因是非藻类颗粒物吸收在颗粒物吸收中占主导（绝大部分波段可达80%）；（3）非藻类颗粒物吸收系数ad光谱斜率Sd的逐时变化约2.7-3.7%，逐时变幅在0.0011-0.0016之间；ad(440)的逐时变化约56.3~(-1)08.5%，逐时变幅为0.9-20.6m~(-1)。非藻类颗粒物吸收与悬浮物浓度具有显著的正相关关系，相关系数大于0.75；（4）黄色物质吸收系数ag光谱斜率Sg的逐时变化约11.8-23.1%，逐时变幅在0.008-0.010nm~(-1)之间；ag(440)的逐时变化约38.8-67.9%，逐时变幅为0.183-0.633m~(-1)；在径流影响显著的海域，ag(440)与盐度之间存在负相关关系；（5）漫衰减系数Kd(490)逐时变化约10.6-39.5%，逐时变幅为1.66-4.39m~(-1)。漫衰减系数与颗粒物吸收和水体后向散射系数之间具有较高的相关性，而与黄色物质的相关性较差；（6）遥感反射率逐时变化是水体光学性质中最复杂的，其主要的驱动因素是悬浮物浓度。
通过静止海洋卫星水色遥感探测影响因素的研究发现：（1）对于泥沙主导的逐时变化显著的水体，静止海洋卫星接收到的总辐射信号中水体信号所占的百分比在412nm波段小于12%，在660nm和680nm波段高于50%，最高可达80%以上，在745nm和865nm波段在15-80%之间。静止海洋水色卫星逐时观测数据可反映绝大部分的海面光谱逐时变化信息；（2）卫星观测信号随着气溶胶光学厚度的逐时变化线性变化。在干净大气条件下（AOT≤0.1），仅进行瑞利散射校正得到的Rrs(555)、Rrs(660)和Rrs(680)反演值与实测值的相对误差分别为14%、14%和15%；（3）当太阳天顶角小于50°时，卫星观测信号对太阳天顶角的变化不敏感，除745nm和865nm波段之外的其它波段相对偏差均小于5%，当太阳天顶角大于50°时敏感性显著增加。针对GOCI卫星太阳天顶角实际变化情形（太阳天顶角年变化范围为：13.7°～78.4°），夏季太阳天顶角较小，由此引起的误差可忽略，冬季太阳天顶角较大，其变化对光学量逐时变化卫星观测的影响需引起重视；（4）当卫星天顶角小于40°时，卫星观测信号对卫星天顶角的变化不敏感，当卫星天顶角大于40°时敏感性显著增加。由于GOCI卫星天顶角实际变化最大不超过5°，所以卫星天顶角对GOCI卫星光学量逐时变化探测的影响较小，745nm和865nm波段引起的相对偏差小于2.1%，其它波段均小于1%。
基于GOCI影像的黄河口海域光学性质和悬浮物浓度逐时变化研究取得以下结论：（1）对于悬浮物主导的浑浊水体，其光谱逐时变化以660nm和680nm波段最为显著；（2）建立了基于单波段和波段比相结合的悬浮物浓度反演模型，采用了555nm、680nm和745nm波段，在4个量级的悬浮物浓度变化范围内模型精度可达30%；（3）Rrs(680)和悬浮物浓度逐时变化的空间分布呈现出近岸高、离岸低的态势，与水体浑浊度的空间分布基本一致；（4）大风过程可导致莱州湾和渤海湾等浅海海域Rrs(680)和悬浮物浓度明显升高，逐时变幅增加，深水海域受其影响相对较弱；（5）通过分析潮汐与悬浮物浓度逐时变化的相互关系，发现两者之间不存在一致的变化规律，可能的原因是弱潮海区潮汐引起的潮流不足以掀起底沙，从而影响悬浮物浓度。
The turbid water of the Yellow River Estuary was taken as the study area in this paper. Theresearch on hourly variability of water component concentrations and optical properties and theirdriving mechanism was carried out using the data collected during wet (water and sedimentregulation period) and dry season. Then we used the radiative transfer model to study theinfluence of atmospheric optical properties as well as observation geometry on the world's firstgeostationary satellite ocean color Images (GOCI) data. Based on these the hourly variability ofthe water component concentration and optical properties were monitored and the impact of windsand tides was studied.
The results of in situ continuous observation data analysis indicate that the hourly variabilityof the optical properties of Yellow River Estuary have different degrees which contribute to thevariation of the river discharge, winds and tides.(1) The hourly variability of total absorptioncoefficient focus at blue and green bands of which the absorption of particulate matter is the mainresource.(2) The particulate matter absorption spectra show natural exponential trend. The reasonis that the total absorption of water dominated by the non-algae particulate matter (about80%atmost bands).(3) The hourly variability of the spectra slope of absorption coefficient of thenon-algae particulate matter was in the range of2.7-3.7%(0.0011-0.0016). ad(440) changedbetween56.3~(-1)08.5%(0.9-20.6m~(-1)). Absorption of non-algal particulate matter and suspendedparticulate matter concentration has a significant positive correlation (>0.75).(4) The spectraslope of the absorption coefficient of yellow substance changed about11.8-23.1%with the hourlyrange between0.008-0.010nm. ag(440) changed about38.8-67.9%with the hourly variability of0.183-0.633m~(-1). In the river discharge waters, ag(440) negatively correlated with salinity.(5) Thediffuse attenuation coefficient changed about10.6-39.5%with the hourly variability of1.66-4.39m~(-1). The diffuse attenuation coefficient and the absorption of particulate matter, as wellas the backscattering coefficient, has a higher correlation. However it was poor for yellowsubstance.(6) The hourly variability of remote sensing reflectance is the most complex in theoptical properties of the water body. The main driving factor is the suspended particulate matterconcentration.
The research on the influencing factors of geostationary orbit satellite ocean color data foundthat:(1) in the sediment suspended matter dominant water, the water signal to the satellite is lowerthan12%at412nm band, higher than50%at660nm and680nm bands (up to80%), and between15-80%at at745nm and865nm bands. The GOCI data can detect the most hourly variability of above-water spectral information.(2) The satellite signal changes linearly with the hourlyvariability of aerosol optical thickness. At the clean atmospheric conditions (AOT≤0.1), theerrors between the retrieved Rrs(555), Rrs(660) and Rrs(680) from Rayleigh scattering correctionand their measured values were14%,14%and15%.(3) When the solar zenith angle was less than50°, the satellite signal is not sensitive to the changes of solar zenith angle (the relative differenceis less than5%at most bands besides745nm and865nm). When the zenith angle is greater than50°, the sensitivity was significantly increased. GOCI satellite solar zenith angle (solar zenithangle range:13.7~78.4°) is small in summer and large in winter. So its influence on the opticalproperties is of importance and can not be ignored.(4) When the satellite zenith angle less than40°, the satellite signal is not sensitive to the changes of satellite zenith angle. However, itincreased significantly when the satellite zenith angle was greater than40°. GOCI satellite zenithangle does not exceed5°, so its influence on hourly variability of the optical properties isrelatively small. The differences at45nm and865nm bands were less than2.1%, and less than1%at other bands.
Through the study of the optical properties and hourly variability of CSPMwithin the YellowRiver Estuary based on the GOCI images, it is found that:(1) bands of660nm and680nmpresentthe most significant hourly variability of spectral property for SPM-dominant turbid water;(2) according to the regression model based on single band values and band ratios of555nm,680nm and745nm, the precision of the model achieves30%within the range of change ofconcentration of spm of4magnitudes;(3) the spatial distributions of hourly variability of Rrs(680)and CSPMcoincide with turbidity, which is higher onshore and lower offshore;(4) storm will causedramatic rise of Rrs(680), CSPMand extent of hourly variability in shallow areas, such as LaizhouBay and Bohai Bay, while the deep sea is less affected;(5) it is also found that tide and hourlyvariability of CSPMdo not change concurrently base on the analysis of their relation. One possiblereason is the incapability of the current from weak-tide areas to raise the bottom sand and to affectCSPM。
引文
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