挤压变形Al-Mg-Si-RE铝合金低周疲劳行为研究
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摘要
铝合金具有密度低、比强度和比刚度高的特点,目前已在航空工业和汽车工业中得到了广泛的应用。为了进一步拓展铝合金的应用领域,需要采取一定的措施以改善铝合金的组织、提高铝合金的力学性能。稀土元素Sc和Er被认为是改善铝合金组织及力学性能的两种有效的合金元素。因此,研究稀土元素Sc和Er在铝合金中的作用,对于新型高强、高韧铝合金的开发和工程应用具有重要的理论参考价值和实际指导意义。
以Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si合金为母合金,向其中分别加入不同含量的稀土元素Sc和Er,通过熔炼、浇注、热挤压和热处理,制备了不同加工处理状态的挤压变形Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE合金,并分别进行了微观组织观察、拉伸和疲劳实验以及断口形貌观察。显微组织观察结果表明,加入适量的稀土元素Sc和Er可以显著地细化挤压变形Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE合金的组织。室温拉伸实验结果表明,加入适量的稀土元素Sc和Er可以有效地提高Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和断裂伸长率,尤其是经过固溶+时效处理后,合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度均得到显著提高。低周疲劳实验结果表明,疲劳变形期间,挤压变形Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE合金可表现为循环应变硬化、循环稳定和循环应变软化,这主要取决于外加总应变幅的高低以及所加入稀土元素的种类;挤压变形Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE合金的塑性应变幅、弹性应变幅与断裂时的载荷反向周次之间分别服从Coffin-Manson和Basquin公式,其中Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-0.2%Sc合金的塑性应变幅与断裂时的载荷反向周次之间呈双线性关系;在较高的外加总应变幅条件下,合金的循环滞后回线上出现锯齿状起伏现象,说明合金在疲劳变形期间发生了动态应变时效。断口分析结果表明,拉仲加载条件下,挤压变形Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE合金呈现明显的韧性断裂特征,而在低周疲劳加载条件下,疲劳裂纹均是以穿晶方式萌生于试样表面,并以穿晶方式扩展。
Aluminum alloys have such characteristics as low density,high specific strength and rigidity,and have been found a wide application in aeronautical and automotive industries. To extend the application field of aluminum alloys,some measures,which can improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys,need to be taken.The rare earth elements Sc and Er are considered as two kinds of the most effective elements available to enhance the microstructures and properties of aluminum alloys.Thus,the research concerning the effect of Sc and Er in aluminum alloys is of both important theoretical referring value and practical directing significance for developing new aluminum alloys with high strength and ductility.
In this investigation,the different amounts of Sc and Er were added into the Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si matrix alloy.And the extruded Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE alloys with different states were fabricated by melting,casting,hot extrusion and heat-treatment.Then, the observations on the microstructures and fracture surface morphologies as well as both tensile and fatigue tests were performed for the extruded Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE alloys. The microstructural observations reveal that the addition of Sc and Er with appropriate content can refine the grains of the extruded Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE alloys.The results of tensile experiments show that the addition of Sc and Er with appropriate content can significantly enhance the ultimate tensile strength,yield strength and elongation of the extruded Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE alloys.Especially,the ultimate tensile and yield strengths of the alloys get obviously enhanced after solid solution plus aging treatment. The results of low-cyclic fatigue tests show that during fatigue deformation,the extruded Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE alloys exhibit the cyclic strain hardening,softening and stable cyclic stress response,which mainly depends on the imposed total strain amplitude and the type of the added rare earth elements.For the extruded Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE alloys,the relationship between plastic and elastic strain amplitudes as well as reversals to failure can be described by Coffin-Manson and Basquin equations,respectively.And for the extruded Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-0.2%Sc,a bilinear ralation between the plastic strain amplitude and reversals to failure has been noted.In addition,at the higher total strain amplitudes,a serrated flow can be observed in the cyclic hysteresis loop for the extruded Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE alloys.It means that the so-called dynamic strain aging takes place during fatigue deformation. The fractographic results reveal that under tensile loading conditions,the extruded Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE fractographic alloys show typical ductile fracture,while under low-cycle fatigue loading conditions,the fatigue cracks initiate transgranularly at the surface of fatigue samples and propagate in a transgranular mode.
以Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si合金为母合金,向其中分别加入不同含量的稀土元素Sc和Er,通过熔炼、浇注、热挤压和热处理,制备了不同加工处理状态的挤压变形Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE合金,并分别进行了微观组织观察、拉伸和疲劳实验以及断口形貌观察。显微组织观察结果表明,加入适量的稀土元素Sc和Er可以显著地细化挤压变形Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE合金的组织。室温拉伸实验结果表明,加入适量的稀土元素Sc和Er可以有效地提高Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和断裂伸长率,尤其是经过固溶+时效处理后,合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度均得到显著提高。低周疲劳实验结果表明,疲劳变形期间,挤压变形Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE合金可表现为循环应变硬化、循环稳定和循环应变软化,这主要取决于外加总应变幅的高低以及所加入稀土元素的种类;挤压变形Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE合金的塑性应变幅、弹性应变幅与断裂时的载荷反向周次之间分别服从Coffin-Manson和Basquin公式,其中Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-0.2%Sc合金的塑性应变幅与断裂时的载荷反向周次之间呈双线性关系;在较高的外加总应变幅条件下,合金的循环滞后回线上出现锯齿状起伏现象,说明合金在疲劳变形期间发生了动态应变时效。断口分析结果表明,拉仲加载条件下,挤压变形Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE合金呈现明显的韧性断裂特征,而在低周疲劳加载条件下,疲劳裂纹均是以穿晶方式萌生于试样表面,并以穿晶方式扩展。
Aluminum alloys have such characteristics as low density,high specific strength and rigidity,and have been found a wide application in aeronautical and automotive industries. To extend the application field of aluminum alloys,some measures,which can improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys,need to be taken.The rare earth elements Sc and Er are considered as two kinds of the most effective elements available to enhance the microstructures and properties of aluminum alloys.Thus,the research concerning the effect of Sc and Er in aluminum alloys is of both important theoretical referring value and practical directing significance for developing new aluminum alloys with high strength and ductility.
In this investigation,the different amounts of Sc and Er were added into the Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si matrix alloy.And the extruded Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE alloys with different states were fabricated by melting,casting,hot extrusion and heat-treatment.Then, the observations on the microstructures and fracture surface morphologies as well as both tensile and fatigue tests were performed for the extruded Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE alloys. The microstructural observations reveal that the addition of Sc and Er with appropriate content can refine the grains of the extruded Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE alloys.The results of tensile experiments show that the addition of Sc and Er with appropriate content can significantly enhance the ultimate tensile strength,yield strength and elongation of the extruded Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE alloys.Especially,the ultimate tensile and yield strengths of the alloys get obviously enhanced after solid solution plus aging treatment. The results of low-cyclic fatigue tests show that during fatigue deformation,the extruded Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE alloys exhibit the cyclic strain hardening,softening and stable cyclic stress response,which mainly depends on the imposed total strain amplitude and the type of the added rare earth elements.For the extruded Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE alloys,the relationship between plastic and elastic strain amplitudes as well as reversals to failure can be described by Coffin-Manson and Basquin equations,respectively.And for the extruded Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-0.2%Sc,a bilinear ralation between the plastic strain amplitude and reversals to failure has been noted.In addition,at the higher total strain amplitudes,a serrated flow can be observed in the cyclic hysteresis loop for the extruded Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE alloys.It means that the so-called dynamic strain aging takes place during fatigue deformation. The fractographic results reveal that under tensile loading conditions,the extruded Al-0.8%Mg-0.6%Si-xRE fractographic alloys show typical ductile fracture,while under low-cycle fatigue loading conditions,the fatigue cracks initiate transgranularly at the surface of fatigue samples and propagate in a transgranular mode.
引文
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