细颗粒喷动床流体力学特性的数值分析
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摘要
迄今为止,对于细颗粒喷动现象尚未进行系统的实验研究。为此,本文拟采用欧拉-欧拉双流体模型对柱锥型喷动床内细颗粒喷动的流体动力学特性进行了数值分析。应用曳力模型描述气固相间作用,并运用颗粒动理学理论对固相动量守恒方程中的固相压力和固相黏度进行封闭。考虑到喷动床内的稠密气固流动,建模中还考虑了颗粒摩擦应力。基于上述数学模型,研究考察了封闭方程和相关参数以及网格尺度、时间步长对模拟结果的影响,并采用数值模拟方法对喷动床几何结构相关的参数对细颗粒喷动行为的影响进行了讨论。模拟得到了细颗粒在喷动床内的流体动力学特性,比如流型转变、浓度场分布、速度场分布、压力场分布等,并将模拟结果与文献报道的实验结果和模拟结果进行了比较分析。
在对曳力模型进行考察时发现,与采用Wen&Yu模型、Gidaspow模型以及Syamlal-O'Brien模型这三种气固曳力模型得到的流型相比,在使用Schiller & Naumann曳力模型对细颗粒喷动行为进行模拟时得到的流型更稳定,其原因可能和喷动床几何结构有关。在对摩擦应力模型进行考察时发现,与未采用摩擦应力模型的结果相比,在采用Jackson & Jackson摩擦应力模型或者Schaeffer摩擦应力模型时，模拟得到的喷射区颗粒速度及空隙率均有所提高。由此说明,摩擦应力对细颗粒在喷射区的流体动力学行为也有显著影响,而对于粗颗粒,其影响仅限于环隙区。由模拟结果还可得知,与粗颗粒喷动类似,颗粒碰撞恢复系数和最大填充率对细颗粒喷动模拟结果也都有很大影响。因此,对于缺乏实验数据的研究体系,在对细颗粒喷动现象进行数值模拟时,预测合理的恢复系数和最大填充率就显得至为重要。
模拟结果显示,喷动床几何结构对细颗粒喷动影响显著。要形成稳定喷动,颗粒直径、喷嘴直径及床体直径三者之间必须相互协调,并满足一定条件,一般对细颗粒体系的要求比粗颗粒体系更为苛刻。但是由结果可知,对于细颗粒即使满足稳定喷动的条件也不一定能形成稳定喷动。而对于喷动床结构与颗粒物性未能严格满足喷动条件的体系,加装导向管可能使细颗粒更容易实现稳定喷动。
研究发现,网格尺度和时间步长对模拟结果均有很大影响。研究中采用轴向网格数为300的网格时,得到的结果已基本满足一般的精度要求,而轴向网格数为480的结果是网格独立的解。并且,结果证实时间步长选择0.0001s是合理的。
The investigation of fine particle gas-spouting phenomenon has not yet been experimentally studied until now. It is hence the propose of present contribution to obtain hydrodynamics behavior of fine particle spouting in a cylindrical-conical spouted bed in connection with Eularian-Eularian two fluid modeling approach. The interaction between phases is described with the drag force, while the solid pressure and viscosity related terms in the momentum conservation equation for solid phase is closed by the well-known kinetic theory of granular flow. For such dense gas-solid flow in the spouted bed, the frictional stress is considered as well. Based on the above mentioned mathematical models set up, the influences of the parameters relating to model closure, the grid scale and time step on the simulation results have been discussed, as well as effects of the parameters relating to spouted bed structure on fine particle spouting behavior through the numerical simulation method. The numerical results about fine particle spouting hydrodynamics, such as flow regime transition, concentration field, velocity field, pressure field, et al, were compared with both experimental and simulative results reported in literatures.
It is found that the Schiller & Naumann drag model results in more stable flow region for fine particle spouting than that of Wen & Yu model, Gidaspow model and Syamlal-O'Brien model, which probably results from the geometry of the spouted bed. The numerical analysis of particle velocity and voidage shows that the introduction of the Jackson& Jackson or Schaeffer frictional stress into CFD simulation results in the increase of particle velocity and voidage in the spout, which means the hydrodynamics of fine particles gas-spouting can be significantly influenced by the frictional stress, however the influence can only be observed in annulus for coarse particles. The influences of the particles restitution coefficient and the maximum packing limit on fine particle spouting are both significant, being identical with the case of coarse particle spouting. Pretest of the restitution coefficient and the maximum packing limit must be therefore conducted when no experimental datum are available.
The results reveal that the geometry of the spouted bed plays a profound role on fine particle spouting. To obtain stable spouting, the optimal coupling of particle size, orifice diameter and bed diameter has to fulfill certain criteria, and the criteria for fine particle system is mostly more strictly than that for coarse particle system. However it is found that the stable spouting, for fine particle gas-spouting, is not always achievable even if the criteria were satisfied. In addition, it is recognized that fine particle is easier to achieve stable performance in a spouted bed equipped with a pipe, even if those criteria were not quite met.
Conclusion could be safely drawn from the results that the grid scale and time step both influence the simulation results significantly. Mesh with the vertical grid number of three hundred is competent for traditional requirements, up to a vertical grid of four hundred eighty the simulation results is completely free from mesh size. Moreover, the time step chosen as 0.0001s is proven to be reasonable.
在对曳力模型进行考察时发现,与采用Wen&Yu模型、Gidaspow模型以及Syamlal-O'Brien模型这三种气固曳力模型得到的流型相比,在使用Schiller & Naumann曳力模型对细颗粒喷动行为进行模拟时得到的流型更稳定,其原因可能和喷动床几何结构有关。在对摩擦应力模型进行考察时发现,与未采用摩擦应力模型的结果相比,在采用Jackson & Jackson摩擦应力模型或者Schaeffer摩擦应力模型时，模拟得到的喷射区颗粒速度及空隙率均有所提高。由此说明,摩擦应力对细颗粒在喷射区的流体动力学行为也有显著影响,而对于粗颗粒,其影响仅限于环隙区。由模拟结果还可得知,与粗颗粒喷动类似,颗粒碰撞恢复系数和最大填充率对细颗粒喷动模拟结果也都有很大影响。因此,对于缺乏实验数据的研究体系,在对细颗粒喷动现象进行数值模拟时,预测合理的恢复系数和最大填充率就显得至为重要。
模拟结果显示,喷动床几何结构对细颗粒喷动影响显著。要形成稳定喷动,颗粒直径、喷嘴直径及床体直径三者之间必须相互协调,并满足一定条件,一般对细颗粒体系的要求比粗颗粒体系更为苛刻。但是由结果可知,对于细颗粒即使满足稳定喷动的条件也不一定能形成稳定喷动。而对于喷动床结构与颗粒物性未能严格满足喷动条件的体系,加装导向管可能使细颗粒更容易实现稳定喷动。
研究发现,网格尺度和时间步长对模拟结果均有很大影响。研究中采用轴向网格数为300的网格时,得到的结果已基本满足一般的精度要求,而轴向网格数为480的结果是网格独立的解。并且,结果证实时间步长选择0.0001s是合理的。
The investigation of fine particle gas-spouting phenomenon has not yet been experimentally studied until now. It is hence the propose of present contribution to obtain hydrodynamics behavior of fine particle spouting in a cylindrical-conical spouted bed in connection with Eularian-Eularian two fluid modeling approach. The interaction between phases is described with the drag force, while the solid pressure and viscosity related terms in the momentum conservation equation for solid phase is closed by the well-known kinetic theory of granular flow. For such dense gas-solid flow in the spouted bed, the frictional stress is considered as well. Based on the above mentioned mathematical models set up, the influences of the parameters relating to model closure, the grid scale and time step on the simulation results have been discussed, as well as effects of the parameters relating to spouted bed structure on fine particle spouting behavior through the numerical simulation method. The numerical results about fine particle spouting hydrodynamics, such as flow regime transition, concentration field, velocity field, pressure field, et al, were compared with both experimental and simulative results reported in literatures.
It is found that the Schiller & Naumann drag model results in more stable flow region for fine particle spouting than that of Wen & Yu model, Gidaspow model and Syamlal-O'Brien model, which probably results from the geometry of the spouted bed. The numerical analysis of particle velocity and voidage shows that the introduction of the Jackson& Jackson or Schaeffer frictional stress into CFD simulation results in the increase of particle velocity and voidage in the spout, which means the hydrodynamics of fine particles gas-spouting can be significantly influenced by the frictional stress, however the influence can only be observed in annulus for coarse particles. The influences of the particles restitution coefficient and the maximum packing limit on fine particle spouting are both significant, being identical with the case of coarse particle spouting. Pretest of the restitution coefficient and the maximum packing limit must be therefore conducted when no experimental datum are available.
The results reveal that the geometry of the spouted bed plays a profound role on fine particle spouting. To obtain stable spouting, the optimal coupling of particle size, orifice diameter and bed diameter has to fulfill certain criteria, and the criteria for fine particle system is mostly more strictly than that for coarse particle system. However it is found that the stable spouting, for fine particle gas-spouting, is not always achievable even if the criteria were satisfied. In addition, it is recognized that fine particle is easier to achieve stable performance in a spouted bed equipped with a pipe, even if those criteria were not quite met.
Conclusion could be safely drawn from the results that the grid scale and time step both influence the simulation results significantly. Mesh with the vertical grid number of three hundred is competent for traditional requirements, up to a vertical grid of four hundred eighty the simulation results is completely free from mesh size. Moreover, the time step chosen as 0.0001s is proven to be reasonable.
引文
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