公路路基黄土的湿陷性评价方法研究
|
摘要
黄土的湿陷性,一直是岩土工程领域研究的一个重要问题。我国对黄土的工程地质性质的研究主要集中在西北地区。近年来,随着我国经济建设的高速发展,公路,特别是高等级公路的建设越来越多,黄土地区的高速公路建设也取得很大成就。但是,湿陷性黄土地区路基湿陷一直是困扰我国道路工程建设的一个重要问题,其引发的一些公路路基问题日显突出。论文以辽宁省交通厅科技重点项目“阜朝高速公路湿陷性黄土处治技术研究”为依托,在对辽西黄土进行大量系统试验的基础上,针对现行规范对公路路基黄土湿陷性评价的不足,对辽西黄土公路路基湿陷性评价方法开展研究工作。文中通过对辽西黄土进行变含水率湿陷性试验,研究分析了湿陷系数与压力的关系、湿陷系数与初始含水率的关系、湿陷系数及初始含水率与孔隙比的关系、相对湿陷系数等几个方面的问题。通过上述分析研究,提出了公路路基黄土湿陷系数的确定方法及压缩模量法和湿陷系数法对辽西黄土湿陷沉降的计算式。通过与规范法的计算值进行比较,分析得出可用于辽西黄土路基工程的湿陷沉降量计算公式。研究成果有助于深入认识辽西黄土湿陷特性和对公路路基湿陷性的合理评价。
The collapsibility is the significant characteristics of loess which is different fromother soils, so the collapsibility of loess is always the focus of the study about loess of the geotechnical engineering. As a result of loess mainly distributed in northwest and north china, the study about the nature of engineering geology of loess in these areas is more in depth and extensive, and little about loess in the Northeast especially in west of Liaoning relatively. Fuxin and Chaoyang district in west area of Liaoning are firstly listed in the marginal zone of loess by the national standard Architecture Criterion In Collapsible Loess Area (GB50025-2004), and With the development of economic in Liaoning, many projects start Correspondingly, it is our duty to deal with the problem about how to avoid the engineering accidents of loess inthe engineering construction especially in the highway Construction. Based on this,this paper will mainly study the collapsibility issues of loess in west of Liaoxi , explore the characteristics and evaluation methods of loess in west of Liaoxi in the course of moistening and drying,establish collapsibility deformation model correspondingly, provide reference for further study about loess in west of Liaoning.
The existing criterion is specifically targeted at the construction in collapsible loess area, when applied to highway projects, can not be in line with the practical reality, leading to that the evaluation about the collapsible loess in highway engineering is biased, bringing about unnecessary profligacies and so on. Therefore this paper studies the evaluation about the collapsible loess which is in line with the highway projects. This paper is divided into six parts: the first part introduces the status of the research about loess、the purpose of the research about the collapsibility of loess in west of Liaoning and the practical significance about the study results. The second part introduces the geological features of the geological structure、the topography and so on of the loess region in west of Liaoning and the physical properties of loess, Doing a large number of laboratory test combined with the Chao-Fu highway construction and get the basic material composition, the mechanical properties, the collapsibility properties and the microstructure characteristics and so on of the Liaoxi loess in the study area. The third part introduces the sample preparation, the moistening and drying method about the sample, collapsibility test method, test data processing and the study about the test result. The fourth part studies the subgrade load combined with the actual work about the roadbed,and based on that studies the collapsible evaluation method about loess. The fifth part analyses the state of the collapsibility deformation when the Liaoxi loess is moistening. The sixth part summarizes the conclusion and results about the research of the collapsibility of Liaoxi loess and put forward the lacks and needs for improvement.
There are the following main results through research and analysis:
1. Loess collapsibility test:(1) the collapsibility coefficient increases with the increasing of the test pressure; In addition to the sample of the moisture content 1% outside, when the test pressure reaches a certain value, the collapsibility coefficient is to the peak, then collapsibility coefficient also increases with the increasing of the test pressure, but the test pressure decreases when the collapsibility coefficient reached its peak with the increasing of the moisture content of the sample. (2) It is a negative correlation between the collapsibility coefficient and initial moisture content of the sample under the same test pressure. The collapsibility coefficient will be smaller when the initial moisture content of the sample is greater. When the initial moisture content of the sample is near to the saturated moisture content, the collapsibility coefficient tends to zero. In short, the collapsibility coefficient of the sample decreases with the increasing of the initial moisture. (3) When the moisture content of the sample is smaller, at about 1% ,the collapsibility coefficient of the inundated samples and natural samples increases with the decreasing of the void ratio; the moisture content of sample is high, when the collapsibility coefficient is in the pre-peak, the collapsibility coefficient increases with the decreasing of the void ratio, but after the collapsibility coefficient is to the peak the collapsibility coefficient decreases with the decreasing of the void ratio. (4) Combining the characteristics of the working environment about the roadbed engineering and the timeliness about the changes of the moisture content of the soil, proposes the relative collapsibility coefficient. Whether the concept is accurate and whether is used in engineering practice, that needs further examined.
2. The collapsibility of loess is not only in the case of complete soaking, but runs through the whole process of the increase of the sample moisture content. Give out the concept of the relative collapsibility coefficient and give the method of calculating the collapsibility settlement by relative collapsibility coefficient.
3. The subgrade loads are divided three parts: the weight load of the road surface and cushion, the self-loading of subgrade soil, the vehicle dynamic load. The calculations about the collapsible settlement value of the loess roadbed are more accurate with the method of compression modulus and collapsiblity coefficient, and gives the correction formula about the collapsible settlement with the criterion method.Combined with the actual working condition about the roadbed, give the determination about the test pressure and collapsibility coefficient.
4. Give the calculating model about the collapsible settlement with secant modulus method with the study about the loess collapsibility test.
This paper launched a more comprehensive and systematic research and analysis about the collapsibility of Liaoxi loess, the research results will provide reference for further study about the geological engineering characteristics of Liaoxi loess and even the loess in the northeast area.
The collapsibility is the significant characteristics of loess which is different fromother soils, so the collapsibility of loess is always the focus of the study about loess of the geotechnical engineering. As a result of loess mainly distributed in northwest and north china, the study about the nature of engineering geology of loess in these areas is more in depth and extensive, and little about loess in the Northeast especially in west of Liaoning relatively. Fuxin and Chaoyang district in west area of Liaoning are firstly listed in the marginal zone of loess by the national standard Architecture Criterion In Collapsible Loess Area (GB50025-2004), and With the development of economic in Liaoning, many projects start Correspondingly, it is our duty to deal with the problem about how to avoid the engineering accidents of loess inthe engineering construction especially in the highway Construction. Based on this,this paper will mainly study the collapsibility issues of loess in west of Liaoxi , explore the characteristics and evaluation methods of loess in west of Liaoxi in the course of moistening and drying,establish collapsibility deformation model correspondingly, provide reference for further study about loess in west of Liaoning.
The existing criterion is specifically targeted at the construction in collapsible loess area, when applied to highway projects, can not be in line with the practical reality, leading to that the evaluation about the collapsible loess in highway engineering is biased, bringing about unnecessary profligacies and so on. Therefore this paper studies the evaluation about the collapsible loess which is in line with the highway projects. This paper is divided into six parts: the first part introduces the status of the research about loess、the purpose of the research about the collapsibility of loess in west of Liaoning and the practical significance about the study results. The second part introduces the geological features of the geological structure、the topography and so on of the loess region in west of Liaoning and the physical properties of loess, Doing a large number of laboratory test combined with the Chao-Fu highway construction and get the basic material composition, the mechanical properties, the collapsibility properties and the microstructure characteristics and so on of the Liaoxi loess in the study area. The third part introduces the sample preparation, the moistening and drying method about the sample, collapsibility test method, test data processing and the study about the test result. The fourth part studies the subgrade load combined with the actual work about the roadbed,and based on that studies the collapsible evaluation method about loess. The fifth part analyses the state of the collapsibility deformation when the Liaoxi loess is moistening. The sixth part summarizes the conclusion and results about the research of the collapsibility of Liaoxi loess and put forward the lacks and needs for improvement.
There are the following main results through research and analysis:
1. Loess collapsibility test:(1) the collapsibility coefficient increases with the increasing of the test pressure; In addition to the sample of the moisture content 1% outside, when the test pressure reaches a certain value, the collapsibility coefficient is to the peak, then collapsibility coefficient also increases with the increasing of the test pressure, but the test pressure decreases when the collapsibility coefficient reached its peak with the increasing of the moisture content of the sample. (2) It is a negative correlation between the collapsibility coefficient and initial moisture content of the sample under the same test pressure. The collapsibility coefficient will be smaller when the initial moisture content of the sample is greater. When the initial moisture content of the sample is near to the saturated moisture content, the collapsibility coefficient tends to zero. In short, the collapsibility coefficient of the sample decreases with the increasing of the initial moisture. (3) When the moisture content of the sample is smaller, at about 1% ,the collapsibility coefficient of the inundated samples and natural samples increases with the decreasing of the void ratio; the moisture content of sample is high, when the collapsibility coefficient is in the pre-peak, the collapsibility coefficient increases with the decreasing of the void ratio, but after the collapsibility coefficient is to the peak the collapsibility coefficient decreases with the decreasing of the void ratio. (4) Combining the characteristics of the working environment about the roadbed engineering and the timeliness about the changes of the moisture content of the soil, proposes the relative collapsibility coefficient. Whether the concept is accurate and whether is used in engineering practice, that needs further examined.
2. The collapsibility of loess is not only in the case of complete soaking, but runs through the whole process of the increase of the sample moisture content. Give out the concept of the relative collapsibility coefficient and give the method of calculating the collapsibility settlement by relative collapsibility coefficient.
3. The subgrade loads are divided three parts: the weight load of the road surface and cushion, the self-loading of subgrade soil, the vehicle dynamic load. The calculations about the collapsible settlement value of the loess roadbed are more accurate with the method of compression modulus and collapsiblity coefficient, and gives the correction formula about the collapsible settlement with the criterion method.Combined with the actual working condition about the roadbed, give the determination about the test pressure and collapsibility coefficient.
4. Give the calculating model about the collapsible settlement with secant modulus method with the study about the loess collapsibility test.
This paper launched a more comprehensive and systematic research and analysis about the collapsibility of Liaoxi loess, the research results will provide reference for further study about the geological engineering characteristics of Liaoxi loess and even the loess in the northeast area.
引文
[1]倪万魁,颜斌,刘海松.公路路基黄土湿陷性评价问题[J].工程地质学报,2007,15(4):513-520.
[2]郑晏武.中国黄土的湿陷性[M].北京:地质出版社,1982.
[3]龚晓南.高等级公路地基处理设计指南[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2005.
[4]罗宇生,汪国烈.湿陷性黄土研究与工程[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[5]王念秦,张倬元.黄土滑坡灾害研究[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,2005.
[6]张宗祜,张之一,王芸生.中国黄土[M].北京:地质出版社,1989.
[7]陕西省计划委员会.GB 50025-2004湿陷性黄土地区建筑规范[S].北京.中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[8]雷祥义.西安附近黄土孔隙特怔[J].水文地质工程地质,1988(4):34-37
[9]赵景波,陈云.黄土的孔隙与湿陷性研究[J].工程地质学报1994,2(2):76-82.
[10]穆斯塔伐耶夫.湿陷性黄土上地基与基础的计算[M].北京:水利水电出版社,1984.
[11]高国瑞.黄土微结构分类与湿陷性[J].中国科学,1980,(12):1203-1208.
[12]胡瑞林,官国琳,李向全,张礼中.黄土湿陷性的微结构效应[J].工程地质学报,1999,7(2):161-167.
[13]关文章.湿陷性黄土工程性能新篇[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,1992.
[14]冯连昌,郑晏武.中国湿陷性黄土[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1982.
[15]王家鼎,张倬元,李保雄.黄土自重湿陷变形的脉动液化机理[J].地理科学,1999,19(3):272-276.
[16]汤连生.黄土湿陷性的微结构不平衡吸力成因论[J].工程地质学报,2003,11(1):31-35.
[17]关文章.黄土湿陷原因初步研究[J].冶金勘察技术情报,1979,(2).
[18]Barden L,McGown,A,Collins K.The Collapse Mechanism in Partly Saturated Soil[J].Eng.Geol.,1973,7:49-60.
[19]高国瑞.黄土湿陷变形的结构理论[J].岩土工程学报,1990,12(4):1-10.
[20]刘东生,等.中国的黄土堆积[M].北京:科学出版社,1965.
[21]J.Feda. Mechanisms of collapse of soil stricture[A]. In:Genesis and properties of collapsible soils[C].Proc,workshop,Loughborough,1994,ed E.Derbyshire & others, (Kluwer:NATO ASI Series C,468),1995,149-172.
[22]D.GFredlund,J.K-M.Gan.The collapse meechanism of a soil subjected to one-dimensional loading and wetting[A].In:Genesis and properties of collapsible soils[C].Proc,workshoP,Loughborough,1994,ed E.Derbyshire & others,(Kluwer;NATO ASI Series C,468),1995,173-205.
[23]苗天德.黄土湿陷变形机理的研究性状[A].见:全国黄土学术会议论文集[c].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.73-82.
[24]谢定义,齐吉琳.土结构性及其定量化参数研究的新途径[J].岩土工程学报,1999,21(6):651-656.
[25]蒲毅彬,陈万业,廖全荣.陇东黄土湿陷过程的CT结构变化研究[J].岩土工程学报2000,22(1):49-54.
[26]雷胜友,唐文栋.黄土在受力和湿陷过程中微结构变化的CT扫描分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(24):4166-4169.
[27]胡瑞林.粘性土微结构定量模型及其工程地质特征研究[M].北京:地质出版社,1995.
[28]强瑜.关于湿陷性黄土属性的认识[A].见:全国黄土学术会议论文集〔c].乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社,1994.68-75.
[29]邢义川.黄土力学性质研究的发展和展望[J].水力发电学报,2000,71(4):54-65.
[30]宋献华.初探湿陷性黄土产生湿陷的充要条件[J].勘察科学技术,1994,(6):33-36.
[31]张炜,张苏民.我国黄土工程性质研究的发展[J].岩土工程学报,1995,17(6):80-88.
[32]陈广峰,米海珍,韩志勇..兰州Ⅲ级阶地黄土湿陷性初步试验研究[J].甘肃工业大学学报,2001,27(2):77-81.
[33]雷祥义.西安黄土显微结构类型[J].西北大学学报,1983,41(4):56-63.
[34]雷祥义.中国黄土的孔隙类型与湿陷性[J].中国科学(B辑),1987,(12):1309-1316.
[35]宋众勋,王兴刚.陇东地区黄土湿陷性研究[J].土工基础,2004,18(4):37-40.
[36]刘祖典.影响黄土湿陷系数因素分析[J].工程勘察,1994,(5):6-11.
[37]Zaiguan Lin. Variation in collapsibity and strength of loess with age [A].In:Genesis and properties of collapsible soils[C].Proc,workshop ,Loughborough,1994,ed E.Derbyshire & others,(Kluwer; NATO ASI Series C,468),1995,247-265.
[38]赵景波,岳应利,陈云.黄土湿陷性及其成因[J].地质力学学报,1997,3(4):62-68.
[39]高国瑞.兰州黄土显微结构和湿陷机理的探讨[J].兰州大学学报,1979(2):123-134
[40]陈开圣,彭小平.关中地区黄土的湿陷特性研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2005,(l):37-40.
[41]樊怀仁,郭睿.关中地区黄土湿陷性影响因素分析[J].西安科技学院学报,2003,23(2):160-163.
[42]宋众勋.陇东地区黄土工程地质分区和变形特性研究[J].土工基础,2004,18(l):50-54.
[43]苏联国家建设委员会.苏联建筑法规(房屋及建筑物基础,HHn2.02.01-83)[S].北京:水利电力部翻译出版,1986.
[44]陈正汉,许镇鸿,刘祖典.关于黄土湿陷的若干问题[J].土木工程学报,1986,(3):86-94.
[45]董思远.湿陷性黄土的变形与强度特性[D].西安:西安理工大学,1988.
[46]沈珠江.黄土的损伤力学模型探索[A].第七届全国土力学与岩土工程学术讨论会议论文选集[C],建筑工业出版社,1994. [ 47 ] R.L.Handy.A stress path model for collapsible loess[Al.In:Genesis and properties of collapsible soils[c].Proc,workshoP,Loughborough,1994,ed E.Derbyshire,(KIuwer:NATO ASI Series C,468),1995,33-47.
[48]J.D.Nieuwenhuls, M.B.De Groot. Simulation and modelling of collapsible soils [A].In:Genesis and properties of collapsible soils[c].Proc , workshoP ,Loughborough,1994,ed E.Derbyshire & others,(KIuwer:NATO ASI Series C,468),1995,345-359.
[49]魏汝龙,整理压缩试验资料的-种新方法[J].水利水运科学研究,1980,3:91-93.
[50]谢婉丽王家鼎张新军等,模糊信息优化方法在黄土湿陷性评价中的应用[J],西北大学学报(自然科学版),2005,35(1):95-99.
[51]陈开圣彭小平,模糊综合评判法在黄土湿陷性评价中的应用[J].公路交通科技,2005,22(9):16-17.
[52]吴翔天,关中地区黄土湿陷性的模糊综合评判[J],西部探矿工程,2005.2:201-203.
[53]刘悦王家鼎,黄土湿陷性评价中的模糊信息优化处理方法[J],西北大学学报(自然科学版),2002,30(1):78-82.
[54]井彦林仵彦卿崔中兴等,黄土湿陷性的智能化评价[J],水土保持通报,2006,(1):53-56.
[55]井彦林仵彦卿杨丽娜等,基于数据挖掘技术的黄土湿陷性评价[J],西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(4):130-134.
[56]井彦林,基于数据挖掘技术的黄土湿陷性研究[D].西安:西安理工大学,2006.
[57]杨立建,辽西地区黄土工程特性的试验研究[D].长春,吉林大学,2007.
[58]辽宁省地质局水文地质大队,辽宁第四纪[M].北京:地质出版社,1983.
[59]韩胜利,朝阳地区黄土湿陷敏感性及其分类研究[D].长春,吉林大学,2006.
[60]周波,王常明,匡少华,张静涛.辽宁阜朝高速公路路基黄土的工程地质性质[J].世界地质,2009,28(1):120-126.
[61]李保雄,李永进.兰州马兰黄土的工程地质特性[J].甘肃科学学报,2003,15(3):31-34.
[62]路晶芳,向树元,江尚松,等.西藏日喀则末次冰期风成黄土粒度分析及其意义[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2008,22(5):80-85.
[63]王永焱,林在贯,等.中国黄土和结构特征及物理力学性质[M].北京:科学出版社, 1990.
[64]黄文熙.土的工程性质[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1983.
[65]中华人民共和国水利部.GB/T 50123-1999土工试验方法标准[S].北京:中国计划出版社,1999.
[66]方祥位,陈正汉,申春妮,王和文,刘厚健.原状Q2黄土三轴剪切特性[J].岩土力学与工程学报,2008,27(2):383-390.
[67]张茂花.湿陷性黄土增(减)湿变形性状试验研究[D].西安:长安大学,2002.
[68]高建立,尹如军.公路路基设计与施工[M].郑州:河水利出版社,2005.
[69]徐毅.交通荷载对高速公路路基影响的试验研究[D].南京:河海大学,2006.
[70]高一新,刘国慧.重轴载交通下沥青混凝土路面损坏分析[J].公路,2002,10:7-10.
[71]杨果岳.车辆随机荷载与柔性路面相互作用的研究[D].广州:中南大学,2007.
[72]杨果岳,张家生,王晅,陈晓斌,黄永强.车辆速度与载重对路面结构影响的现场试验研究[J].岩土力学,2008,29(11):3099-3014.
[73]杨果岳,王晅,张家生.车辆载重对沥青混凝土路面结构影响的研究[J].公路工程,2008,33(3):34-37,48.
[74]王晅,张家生,杨果岳,陈晓斌.重载作用下公路路基及基层动应力测试研究[J].振动与冲击,2007,26(2):169-174.
[75]吴湘兴,杨小平.建筑地基基础[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2004.
[76]魏汝龙.整理压缩试验资料的一种新方法[J].水利水运科学研究,1980,(3):90–93.
[77]刘保健,张军丽.土工压缩试验成果分析方法与应用[J].中国公路学报,1999,12(1):37–41.
[78]张茂花,谢永利,刘保健.基于割线模量法的黄土增湿变形本构关系研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(3):609-616.
[2]郑晏武.中国黄土的湿陷性[M].北京:地质出版社,1982.
[3]龚晓南.高等级公路地基处理设计指南[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2005.
[4]罗宇生,汪国烈.湿陷性黄土研究与工程[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[5]王念秦,张倬元.黄土滑坡灾害研究[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,2005.
[6]张宗祜,张之一,王芸生.中国黄土[M].北京:地质出版社,1989.
[7]陕西省计划委员会.GB 50025-2004湿陷性黄土地区建筑规范[S].北京.中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[8]雷祥义.西安附近黄土孔隙特怔[J].水文地质工程地质,1988(4):34-37
[9]赵景波,陈云.黄土的孔隙与湿陷性研究[J].工程地质学报1994,2(2):76-82.
[10]穆斯塔伐耶夫.湿陷性黄土上地基与基础的计算[M].北京:水利水电出版社,1984.
[11]高国瑞.黄土微结构分类与湿陷性[J].中国科学,1980,(12):1203-1208.
[12]胡瑞林,官国琳,李向全,张礼中.黄土湿陷性的微结构效应[J].工程地质学报,1999,7(2):161-167.
[13]关文章.湿陷性黄土工程性能新篇[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,1992.
[14]冯连昌,郑晏武.中国湿陷性黄土[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1982.
[15]王家鼎,张倬元,李保雄.黄土自重湿陷变形的脉动液化机理[J].地理科学,1999,19(3):272-276.
[16]汤连生.黄土湿陷性的微结构不平衡吸力成因论[J].工程地质学报,2003,11(1):31-35.
[17]关文章.黄土湿陷原因初步研究[J].冶金勘察技术情报,1979,(2).
[18]Barden L,McGown,A,Collins K.The Collapse Mechanism in Partly Saturated Soil[J].Eng.Geol.,1973,7:49-60.
[19]高国瑞.黄土湿陷变形的结构理论[J].岩土工程学报,1990,12(4):1-10.
[20]刘东生,等.中国的黄土堆积[M].北京:科学出版社,1965.
[21]J.Feda. Mechanisms of collapse of soil stricture[A]. In:Genesis and properties of collapsible soils[C].Proc,workshop,Loughborough,1994,ed E.Derbyshire & others, (Kluwer:NATO ASI Series C,468),1995,149-172.
[22]D.GFredlund,J.K-M.Gan.The collapse meechanism of a soil subjected to one-dimensional loading and wetting[A].In:Genesis and properties of collapsible soils[C].Proc,workshoP,Loughborough,1994,ed E.Derbyshire & others,(Kluwer;NATO ASI Series C,468),1995,173-205.
[23]苗天德.黄土湿陷变形机理的研究性状[A].见:全国黄土学术会议论文集[c].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.73-82.
[24]谢定义,齐吉琳.土结构性及其定量化参数研究的新途径[J].岩土工程学报,1999,21(6):651-656.
[25]蒲毅彬,陈万业,廖全荣.陇东黄土湿陷过程的CT结构变化研究[J].岩土工程学报2000,22(1):49-54.
[26]雷胜友,唐文栋.黄土在受力和湿陷过程中微结构变化的CT扫描分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(24):4166-4169.
[27]胡瑞林.粘性土微结构定量模型及其工程地质特征研究[M].北京:地质出版社,1995.
[28]强瑜.关于湿陷性黄土属性的认识[A].见:全国黄土学术会议论文集〔c].乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社,1994.68-75.
[29]邢义川.黄土力学性质研究的发展和展望[J].水力发电学报,2000,71(4):54-65.
[30]宋献华.初探湿陷性黄土产生湿陷的充要条件[J].勘察科学技术,1994,(6):33-36.
[31]张炜,张苏民.我国黄土工程性质研究的发展[J].岩土工程学报,1995,17(6):80-88.
[32]陈广峰,米海珍,韩志勇..兰州Ⅲ级阶地黄土湿陷性初步试验研究[J].甘肃工业大学学报,2001,27(2):77-81.
[33]雷祥义.西安黄土显微结构类型[J].西北大学学报,1983,41(4):56-63.
[34]雷祥义.中国黄土的孔隙类型与湿陷性[J].中国科学(B辑),1987,(12):1309-1316.
[35]宋众勋,王兴刚.陇东地区黄土湿陷性研究[J].土工基础,2004,18(4):37-40.
[36]刘祖典.影响黄土湿陷系数因素分析[J].工程勘察,1994,(5):6-11.
[37]Zaiguan Lin. Variation in collapsibity and strength of loess with age [A].In:Genesis and properties of collapsible soils[C].Proc,workshop ,Loughborough,1994,ed E.Derbyshire & others,(Kluwer; NATO ASI Series C,468),1995,247-265.
[38]赵景波,岳应利,陈云.黄土湿陷性及其成因[J].地质力学学报,1997,3(4):62-68.
[39]高国瑞.兰州黄土显微结构和湿陷机理的探讨[J].兰州大学学报,1979(2):123-134
[40]陈开圣,彭小平.关中地区黄土的湿陷特性研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2005,(l):37-40.
[41]樊怀仁,郭睿.关中地区黄土湿陷性影响因素分析[J].西安科技学院学报,2003,23(2):160-163.
[42]宋众勋.陇东地区黄土工程地质分区和变形特性研究[J].土工基础,2004,18(l):50-54.
[43]苏联国家建设委员会.苏联建筑法规(房屋及建筑物基础,HHn2.02.01-83)[S].北京:水利电力部翻译出版,1986.
[44]陈正汉,许镇鸿,刘祖典.关于黄土湿陷的若干问题[J].土木工程学报,1986,(3):86-94.
[45]董思远.湿陷性黄土的变形与强度特性[D].西安:西安理工大学,1988.
[46]沈珠江.黄土的损伤力学模型探索[A].第七届全国土力学与岩土工程学术讨论会议论文选集[C],建筑工业出版社,1994. [ 47 ] R.L.Handy.A stress path model for collapsible loess[Al.In:Genesis and properties of collapsible soils[c].Proc,workshoP,Loughborough,1994,ed E.Derbyshire,(KIuwer:NATO ASI Series C,468),1995,33-47.
[48]J.D.Nieuwenhuls, M.B.De Groot. Simulation and modelling of collapsible soils [A].In:Genesis and properties of collapsible soils[c].Proc , workshoP ,Loughborough,1994,ed E.Derbyshire & others,(KIuwer:NATO ASI Series C,468),1995,345-359.
[49]魏汝龙,整理压缩试验资料的-种新方法[J].水利水运科学研究,1980,3:91-93.
[50]谢婉丽王家鼎张新军等,模糊信息优化方法在黄土湿陷性评价中的应用[J],西北大学学报(自然科学版),2005,35(1):95-99.
[51]陈开圣彭小平,模糊综合评判法在黄土湿陷性评价中的应用[J].公路交通科技,2005,22(9):16-17.
[52]吴翔天,关中地区黄土湿陷性的模糊综合评判[J],西部探矿工程,2005.2:201-203.
[53]刘悦王家鼎,黄土湿陷性评价中的模糊信息优化处理方法[J],西北大学学报(自然科学版),2002,30(1):78-82.
[54]井彦林仵彦卿崔中兴等,黄土湿陷性的智能化评价[J],水土保持通报,2006,(1):53-56.
[55]井彦林仵彦卿杨丽娜等,基于数据挖掘技术的黄土湿陷性评价[J],西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(4):130-134.
[56]井彦林,基于数据挖掘技术的黄土湿陷性研究[D].西安:西安理工大学,2006.
[57]杨立建,辽西地区黄土工程特性的试验研究[D].长春,吉林大学,2007.
[58]辽宁省地质局水文地质大队,辽宁第四纪[M].北京:地质出版社,1983.
[59]韩胜利,朝阳地区黄土湿陷敏感性及其分类研究[D].长春,吉林大学,2006.
[60]周波,王常明,匡少华,张静涛.辽宁阜朝高速公路路基黄土的工程地质性质[J].世界地质,2009,28(1):120-126.
[61]李保雄,李永进.兰州马兰黄土的工程地质特性[J].甘肃科学学报,2003,15(3):31-34.
[62]路晶芳,向树元,江尚松,等.西藏日喀则末次冰期风成黄土粒度分析及其意义[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2008,22(5):80-85.
[63]王永焱,林在贯,等.中国黄土和结构特征及物理力学性质[M].北京:科学出版社, 1990.
[64]黄文熙.土的工程性质[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1983.
[65]中华人民共和国水利部.GB/T 50123-1999土工试验方法标准[S].北京:中国计划出版社,1999.
[66]方祥位,陈正汉,申春妮,王和文,刘厚健.原状Q2黄土三轴剪切特性[J].岩土力学与工程学报,2008,27(2):383-390.
[67]张茂花.湿陷性黄土增(减)湿变形性状试验研究[D].西安:长安大学,2002.
[68]高建立,尹如军.公路路基设计与施工[M].郑州:河水利出版社,2005.
[69]徐毅.交通荷载对高速公路路基影响的试验研究[D].南京:河海大学,2006.
[70]高一新,刘国慧.重轴载交通下沥青混凝土路面损坏分析[J].公路,2002,10:7-10.
[71]杨果岳.车辆随机荷载与柔性路面相互作用的研究[D].广州:中南大学,2007.
[72]杨果岳,张家生,王晅,陈晓斌,黄永强.车辆速度与载重对路面结构影响的现场试验研究[J].岩土力学,2008,29(11):3099-3014.
[73]杨果岳,王晅,张家生.车辆载重对沥青混凝土路面结构影响的研究[J].公路工程,2008,33(3):34-37,48.
[74]王晅,张家生,杨果岳,陈晓斌.重载作用下公路路基及基层动应力测试研究[J].振动与冲击,2007,26(2):169-174.
[75]吴湘兴,杨小平.建筑地基基础[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2004.
[76]魏汝龙.整理压缩试验资料的一种新方法[J].水利水运科学研究,1980,(3):90–93.
[77]刘保健,张军丽.土工压缩试验成果分析方法与应用[J].中国公路学报,1999,12(1):37–41.
[78]张茂花,谢永利,刘保健.基于割线模量法的黄土增湿变形本构关系研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(3):609-616.