我国食品安全政府监管问题与对策研究
摘要
“民以食为天”,道出了食品在公众生活中举足轻重的地位。食品质量安全关系到人们的身体健康、生命安全及社会经济。当前食品种类越来越丰富,但食品质量安全问题越来越突出。近年来,全球性食品安全问题频发,它已经成为一个“国家安全”、“地区安全”乃至“地球人”安全的大问题,世界各国政府大多将食品安全视为国家公共安全,并纷纷加大监管力度。我国也屡屡遭遇各类食品安全事故。2008年的“三鹿事件”以其危害面之大、影响范围之广,震惊中外而为世人瞩目。虽然导致这些悲剧发生的因素很多,但政府监管不力是造成这次食品安全事故的罪魁祸首。政府监管是解决和矫正市场失灵问题的有效手段,因此,我国迫切需要加强和改革政府食品安全监管体制。
为了挽救我国食品安全危机,2009年2月28日,全国人大常委会通过了《中华人民共和国食品安全法》,该法明确建立了以权责一致为原则,分工明晰、责任明确、权威高效,决策与执行适度分开、相互协调的食品安全监管体制。然而新法所规定的食品安全监管体制对于解决当前存在的“多头监管、监管缝隙”力度不大。因此正值《食品安全法》实施之际,研究如何加强我国食品安全政府监管,具有很强的现实意义。
由于食品安全监管涉及到多方面、多环节、多层次和多领域的问题,并且我国食品安全研究起步较晚,食品安全监管问题就显得特别复杂。为了推进我国食品安全监管问题的研究,尽快构建我国食品安全监管体系,本文运用经济学、公共管理、政治学、法学等相关理论,采取理论分析与实证分析、总体分析与个案剖析、比较分析、文献研究等研究方法,以“三鹿事件”为实证,针对我国食品安全监管存在的主要问题,考虑我国国情并综合国外食品安全监管理论与实践,思考并设计了具有中国特色的食品安全监管体系和监管外部环境。全文共分五个部分进行了系统而深入的研究。第一部分为绪论。第二部分是我国食品安全政府监管概述,论述了食品安全政府监管的重要性和必要性以及历史和现状。第三部分以“三鹿事件”为例分析我国食品安全政府监管存在的问题。第四部分是发达国家食品安全政府监管的经验借鉴。第五部分是综合本文研究结论,提出完善我国食品安全监管的对策。文章最后得出结论,政府监管是保证食品质量安全的有效途径,但信息不对称等因素削弱了政府监管的效率,因而应厘清与市场自我治理的边界,确定监管的重点,最大限度地保障我国食品安全。这些研究成果,希望能够对我国食品安全监管的理论与实践的发展起到一定的参考作用,完善我国食品安全监管体系,有效解决乃至消除食品安全问题及其隐患。
Food is the paramount necessity of the people. This point out that food occupies a decisive position in the public life. Quality and safety of the food which are related to people's health, safety of life and social economy.At present, food quality and safety issues become increasingly prominent with more and more food variety products coming. In recent years, global food safety issues become frequent, it has become a big issues of the "national security", "regional security" and even "earth people security", most of governments around the world regard the food safety as a national public safety and all of them strengthen the force of supervision. But in recent years, China has repeatedly suffered various types of food safety incidents. It had a big damage face and widespread influence in "San Lu Incident "of the year 2008, which shocked the world's attention. Although there are many factors which due to these tragedies, but it contributed to the culprit that the government weak supervision of food safety incidents. Government supervision system is the effective means which can solve and correct market failure. Therefore, it need strengthen and reform the government food safety supervision regime.
In order to save China's food security crisis, the "Food Safety Law," passed on February 28,2009 by the NPC Standing Committee. The law clearly established a food safety regulatory regime which has rights and responsibilities consistent with the principle, clear division of responsibility clear, authoritative and efficient, decision-making and implementation of appropriate separate and coordinated. However, under the new law on food safety supervision and management system do little effort to resolve the "bull regulation, supervision gap" exists currently. Therefore, I research on how to strengthen China's food safety government supervision when "Food Safety Law" is implementing has a strong practical significance.
As food safety supervision involves many aspects, multi-link, multi-level and multi-field problems, coupled with China's food safety research started later, China's food safety management problem becomes particularly complex. In order to promote China's food safety supervision study of the problem as soon as possible to build China's food safety supervision system, in this paper, I used some related theories such as economics, public administration, political science, law and so on, took many ways such as theoretical analysis and empirical analysis, the overall analysis and case analysis, comparative analysis and literature research, took "San Lu Incident" for example found out he main problems of China's food safety, and integrated foreign food safety control theory and practice, China's specific conditions, thought and designed with Chinese characteristics, food safety monitoring system and monitoring the external environment. The whole text is divided into five parts of the system and in-depth study. The first part is preface. The second part is an overview of government r supervision of food safety in China, discussed the importance and necessity of government supervision food safety, and the history and current situation. The third part is took the "San Lu Incident" for an example to analyze problems of government supervision of China's food safety. The fourth part is to learn the experiences of the government supervision of food safety in developed countries. Part V is a comprehensive conclusion of this study to propose countermeasuresf or China's food safety supervision. Article is concluded, government regulation is an effective way to ensure food quality and safety, but the information asymmetry and other factors weakened the efficiency of government regulation, so we should clarify the border of self-governance of the market, determine the focus of regulatory, protect our country food safety do our best.
Results of these studies, I hope that it will play a reference role in China's food safety supervision on the development of theory and practice, improving China's food safety supervision system, solving effectively even elimilating issues and risks of food safety.
为了挽救我国食品安全危机,2009年2月28日,全国人大常委会通过了《中华人民共和国食品安全法》,该法明确建立了以权责一致为原则,分工明晰、责任明确、权威高效,决策与执行适度分开、相互协调的食品安全监管体制。然而新法所规定的食品安全监管体制对于解决当前存在的“多头监管、监管缝隙”力度不大。因此正值《食品安全法》实施之际,研究如何加强我国食品安全政府监管,具有很强的现实意义。
由于食品安全监管涉及到多方面、多环节、多层次和多领域的问题,并且我国食品安全研究起步较晚,食品安全监管问题就显得特别复杂。为了推进我国食品安全监管问题的研究,尽快构建我国食品安全监管体系,本文运用经济学、公共管理、政治学、法学等相关理论,采取理论分析与实证分析、总体分析与个案剖析、比较分析、文献研究等研究方法,以“三鹿事件”为实证,针对我国食品安全监管存在的主要问题,考虑我国国情并综合国外食品安全监管理论与实践,思考并设计了具有中国特色的食品安全监管体系和监管外部环境。全文共分五个部分进行了系统而深入的研究。第一部分为绪论。第二部分是我国食品安全政府监管概述,论述了食品安全政府监管的重要性和必要性以及历史和现状。第三部分以“三鹿事件”为例分析我国食品安全政府监管存在的问题。第四部分是发达国家食品安全政府监管的经验借鉴。第五部分是综合本文研究结论,提出完善我国食品安全监管的对策。文章最后得出结论,政府监管是保证食品质量安全的有效途径,但信息不对称等因素削弱了政府监管的效率,因而应厘清与市场自我治理的边界,确定监管的重点,最大限度地保障我国食品安全。这些研究成果,希望能够对我国食品安全监管的理论与实践的发展起到一定的参考作用,完善我国食品安全监管体系,有效解决乃至消除食品安全问题及其隐患。
Food is the paramount necessity of the people. This point out that food occupies a decisive position in the public life. Quality and safety of the food which are related to people's health, safety of life and social economy.At present, food quality and safety issues become increasingly prominent with more and more food variety products coming. In recent years, global food safety issues become frequent, it has become a big issues of the "national security", "regional security" and even "earth people security", most of governments around the world regard the food safety as a national public safety and all of them strengthen the force of supervision. But in recent years, China has repeatedly suffered various types of food safety incidents. It had a big damage face and widespread influence in "San Lu Incident "of the year 2008, which shocked the world's attention. Although there are many factors which due to these tragedies, but it contributed to the culprit that the government weak supervision of food safety incidents. Government supervision system is the effective means which can solve and correct market failure. Therefore, it need strengthen and reform the government food safety supervision regime.
In order to save China's food security crisis, the "Food Safety Law," passed on February 28,2009 by the NPC Standing Committee. The law clearly established a food safety regulatory regime which has rights and responsibilities consistent with the principle, clear division of responsibility clear, authoritative and efficient, decision-making and implementation of appropriate separate and coordinated. However, under the new law on food safety supervision and management system do little effort to resolve the "bull regulation, supervision gap" exists currently. Therefore, I research on how to strengthen China's food safety government supervision when "Food Safety Law" is implementing has a strong practical significance.
As food safety supervision involves many aspects, multi-link, multi-level and multi-field problems, coupled with China's food safety research started later, China's food safety management problem becomes particularly complex. In order to promote China's food safety supervision study of the problem as soon as possible to build China's food safety supervision system, in this paper, I used some related theories such as economics, public administration, political science, law and so on, took many ways such as theoretical analysis and empirical analysis, the overall analysis and case analysis, comparative analysis and literature research, took "San Lu Incident" for example found out he main problems of China's food safety, and integrated foreign food safety control theory and practice, China's specific conditions, thought and designed with Chinese characteristics, food safety monitoring system and monitoring the external environment. The whole text is divided into five parts of the system and in-depth study. The first part is preface. The second part is an overview of government r supervision of food safety in China, discussed the importance and necessity of government supervision food safety, and the history and current situation. The third part is took the "San Lu Incident" for an example to analyze problems of government supervision of China's food safety. The fourth part is to learn the experiences of the government supervision of food safety in developed countries. Part V is a comprehensive conclusion of this study to propose countermeasuresf or China's food safety supervision. Article is concluded, government regulation is an effective way to ensure food quality and safety, but the information asymmetry and other factors weakened the efficiency of government regulation, so we should clarify the border of self-governance of the market, determine the focus of regulatory, protect our country food safety do our best.
Results of these studies, I hope that it will play a reference role in China's food safety supervision on the development of theory and practice, improving China's food safety supervision system, solving effectively even elimilating issues and risks of food safety.
引文
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②[美]戴维·L·.书默,艾丹·R·维宁,戴星翼译.政府分析—理论与实践[M].上海：上海译文出版社,2006.34-39页.
③胡代光、高鸿业.现代西方经济学辞典[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,1996.74页.
④陈振明.公共管理学—一种不同于传统行政学的研究途径[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2003.210-216页.
⑤辛歆.食品安全问题的政府监管研究.优秀博硕士论文数据库[D].2006.
①国务院新闻办中国的食品质量安全状况白皮书[R].北京：2007
①资料来源：新华网http://www.he.xinhuanet.com/zhuanti/slwtn/
①中华人民共和国食品安全法(草案).http://npc.people.com.cn/GB/7142517.html.人民网,2008.
②数据来源：中华人民共和国中央人民政府网http//www.gov.cn./jrzg/2008-6/20/content-654161.htn.
①中华人民共和国标准化法实施条例http://www.Chinatt315.org.cn/zcfg,中国质量检验协会网站.
②刘世平.农业标准化与农产品质量安全.行业标准[J].2003年第11期.
③什么是食品质量安全市场准入制度http://www.fsi.gov.cn,国家食品安全信息中心网站,2006.
①王志刚HACCP体系认证标签对商品价格有影响吗?——来自北京市海淀区六大超市奶制品的调查研究.中国软科学[J].2009(4)：75-82页.
②段悦,高晓敏.关于食品的风险分析.口岸卫生控制[J].2006年第12卷第1期.
①张继宗.发达国家对食品安全的监管及启示.中国工商管理研究[J].2005年第9期.
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①欧盟食品安全白皮书.http://www.agri.ac.cn.北京农业信息网,2000年1月.
①中华人民共和国食品安全法[EB/OL].http://www.bjhi.gov.cn.2009.
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②[美]戴维·L·.书默,艾丹·R·维宁,戴星翼译.政府分析—理论与实践[M].上海：上海译文出版社,2006.34-39页.
③胡代光、高鸿业.现代西方经济学辞典[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,1996.74页.
④陈振明.公共管理学—一种不同于传统行政学的研究途径[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2003.210-216页.
⑤辛歆.食品安全问题的政府监管研究.优秀博硕士论文数据库[D].2006.
①国务院新闻办中国的食品质量安全状况白皮书[R].北京：2007
①资料来源：新华网http://www.he.xinhuanet.com/zhuanti/slwtn/
①中华人民共和国食品安全法(草案).http://npc.people.com.cn/GB/7142517.html.人民网,2008.
②数据来源：中华人民共和国中央人民政府网http//www.gov.cn./jrzg/2008-6/20/content-654161.htn.
①中华人民共和国标准化法实施条例http://www.Chinatt315.org.cn/zcfg,中国质量检验协会网站.
②刘世平.农业标准化与农产品质量安全.行业标准[J].2003年第11期.
③什么是食品质量安全市场准入制度http://www.fsi.gov.cn,国家食品安全信息中心网站,2006.
①王志刚HACCP体系认证标签对商品价格有影响吗?——来自北京市海淀区六大超市奶制品的调查研究.中国软科学[J].2009(4)：75-82页.
②段悦,高晓敏.关于食品的风险分析.口岸卫生控制[J].2006年第12卷第1期.
①张继宗.发达国家对食品安全的监管及启示.中国工商管理研究[J].2005年第9期.
①
①欧盟食品安全白皮书.http://www.agri.ac.cn.北京农业信息网,2000年1月.
①中华人民共和国食品安全法[EB/OL].http://www.bjhi.gov.cn.2009.
[1]陈富良.放松管制与强化管制[M].上海三联书店,1995.
[2]陈锡文、邓楠.中国食品安全战略研究[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004.
[3]伏浩.中国乳品消费研究[M].北京：中国农业大学,2005.
[4]富子梅.食品安全统一标准[M].上海人民出版社,2003.
[5]房庆.我国食品安全标准体系的现状与展望[J].世界标准化与质量管理,2004(12)
[6]国家质量监督检验检疫总局.国家质检总局关于进一步加强食品质量安全监管工作的通知.见：国质检监[2005]182号文件.
[7]国家质量监督检验检疫总局.中国的食品质量安全状况白皮书,国家质量监督检验检疫总局门户网站www.aqsiq.gov.cn.
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