新时期食品药品安全应急管理研究
|
摘要
食品药品安全日益成为全球性的一件大事。对于中国来讲,在过去的几十年中社会和经济的快速发展,人口数量的巨大增长,以及经济全球化都深刻改变了我们生产、买卖、制作以及消耗食品药品的方式。迅速的城市化与生活方式的改变意味着我们消费的食品药品越来越多的是在家庭以外的加工和制作的,食物链的增长以及复杂化使食品药品安全风险更大,会导致广泛的、灾难性的后果。近几年密集发生的食品药品安全事件说明了这一趋势,如何在当前社会转型期为国民提供安全的食品药品,如何采取有效的政府管制以减少食品药品安全事件的发生,是值得我们深入研究的课题。
食品药品应急管理是政府为公民提供安全的食品药品消费环境的一个特殊领域和一种特殊服务。健全食品药品安全应急管理体制本质是要求政府加强社会管理和公共服务功能,实现政府及公共部门由管制型向服务型的深刻转变。面对食品药品危机多发、频发的挑战,加强食品药品应急管理研究工作,对提高政府应对食品药品危机的组织化程度和综合化能力,具有重大意义。从当前来看,我国在食品药品安全应急管理方面还处于较低阶段,一旦发生食品药品安全危机,往往是监管部门事后仓促“灭火”,相关执法部门匆匆召开联席会议,确定彼此的职责、工作分工和工作步骤,最后的行政问责也难以起到惩戒效果。这种事后的应急处理方式已经不能及时控制原因日趋复杂的食品药品安全危机,也不能满足公众对政府高效处理危机的期望,更可能发生部门之间的互相推诿以及信息沟通的迟缓与不力。建立完善的食品药品安全应急管理体系,不仅有助于上述问题的解决,还可以增强政府公信力,恢复公众对食品药品安全的信任,有助于维护安定和谐的社会环境。
新时期食品药品安全事件正在考验着我国各级政府的应急处置能力。如何促进食品药品安全事件应急机制适应并服务于快速发展的经济,如何建立有效的食品药品安全评估和预测系统,如何对在不确定性的情境之下进行科学决策,存在很多理论和实践空白,这是本论文研究的背景和动机。
本文以新时期食品药品安全典型事件为例,应用危机管理理论分析方法,在公共管理的视角下重新看待食品药品安全事件应急处理过程,以分析、构建统一高效食品药品安全评估和预警机制为切入点,借鉴国外先进模式,试图探索建立符合具有中国特色、符合当前社会经济发展现状、能够与《食品安全法》紧密衔接的食品药品安全应急管理体系。
Food and drug safety is increasingly becoming a global event. For China itself, in the past few decades, the rapid social and economic development of the tremendous population growth and economic globalization are profoundly changed the way we produce, trade, production and consumption of food and drugs approach. Rapid urbanization and lifestyle changes mean that we consume more and more food and drugs is that in the processing and production outside the family, the food chain of the growth and complexity to a greater food and drug safety risk will lead to widespread, catastrophic consequences. In recent years, intensive food and drug safety incidents occurred in illustration of this trend, how in the current period of social transition for the citizens to provide a safe food and drugs, how to take effective government control in order to reduce the incidence of food and drug safety is worthy of our in-depth study of subject.
Emergency management is the Food and Drug Administration for businesses and citizens to provide a safe environment, food and drug consumption in a particular area and a special service. Improve the food and drug safety system of the nature of emergency management is to ask the Government to strengthen social management and public service functions of government and public sector from a regulatory model to a service-oriented profound transformation. Crisis in the face of the Food and Drug multiple, frequent challenges, strengthen the Food and Drug emergency management research, enhancing the Food and Drug Administration response to the crisis in the degree of organization and integration capabilities, is of great significance. From the current point of view, China's food and drug safety in emergency management is still at a low stage, in the event of food and drug safety crisis, often after a hasty regulatory authorities, "fire", the relevant law enforcement departments held a joint meeting to rush to determine each other's duties, division of labor and work steps, the final administrative accountability is difficult to play a disciplinary effect. This post-emergency treatment can no longer control in a timely manner the reasons for the increasing complexity of food and drug safety incidents, we can not meet the public's expectations of the government and efficient handling of the crisis, more likely to occur between departments keep passing the buck, as well as information communication, slow and weak. Establish and improve the food and drug safety emergency management system, will not only help to solve these problems, but also can enhance the credibility of the Government to restore public confidence in food and drug safety, help maintain a stable and harmonious social environment.
New era food and drug safety incidents are a test of our ability to deal with emergencies at all levels of government. How to promote food safety incident emergency response mechanism to adapt to and serve the fast-growing economy, how to establish an effective food and drug safety assessment and prediction systems, how the situation of uncertainty under the scientific decision-making, there are many gaps in the theory and practice, This is the background to the study of this issue and motivation.
In this paper, the typical food and drug safety the new era as an example, the application of crisis management theory, analysis methods, in the perspective of public administration re-look at food and drug security incident response process to analyze, build a uniform and efficient food and drug safety assessment and early warning mechanisms for Cut point, drawing on the advanced mode, trying to explore and establish the line with Chinese characteristics, in line with the current socio-economic development situation, the ability to "Food Safety Law" closely co-ordinated the food and drug safety emergency management system.
食品药品应急管理是政府为公民提供安全的食品药品消费环境的一个特殊领域和一种特殊服务。健全食品药品安全应急管理体制本质是要求政府加强社会管理和公共服务功能,实现政府及公共部门由管制型向服务型的深刻转变。面对食品药品危机多发、频发的挑战,加强食品药品应急管理研究工作,对提高政府应对食品药品危机的组织化程度和综合化能力,具有重大意义。从当前来看,我国在食品药品安全应急管理方面还处于较低阶段,一旦发生食品药品安全危机,往往是监管部门事后仓促“灭火”,相关执法部门匆匆召开联席会议,确定彼此的职责、工作分工和工作步骤,最后的行政问责也难以起到惩戒效果。这种事后的应急处理方式已经不能及时控制原因日趋复杂的食品药品安全危机,也不能满足公众对政府高效处理危机的期望,更可能发生部门之间的互相推诿以及信息沟通的迟缓与不力。建立完善的食品药品安全应急管理体系,不仅有助于上述问题的解决,还可以增强政府公信力,恢复公众对食品药品安全的信任,有助于维护安定和谐的社会环境。
新时期食品药品安全事件正在考验着我国各级政府的应急处置能力。如何促进食品药品安全事件应急机制适应并服务于快速发展的经济,如何建立有效的食品药品安全评估和预测系统,如何对在不确定性的情境之下进行科学决策,存在很多理论和实践空白,这是本论文研究的背景和动机。
本文以新时期食品药品安全典型事件为例,应用危机管理理论分析方法,在公共管理的视角下重新看待食品药品安全事件应急处理过程,以分析、构建统一高效食品药品安全评估和预警机制为切入点,借鉴国外先进模式,试图探索建立符合具有中国特色、符合当前社会经济发展现状、能够与《食品安全法》紧密衔接的食品药品安全应急管理体系。
Food and drug safety is increasingly becoming a global event. For China itself, in the past few decades, the rapid social and economic development of the tremendous population growth and economic globalization are profoundly changed the way we produce, trade, production and consumption of food and drugs approach. Rapid urbanization and lifestyle changes mean that we consume more and more food and drugs is that in the processing and production outside the family, the food chain of the growth and complexity to a greater food and drug safety risk will lead to widespread, catastrophic consequences. In recent years, intensive food and drug safety incidents occurred in illustration of this trend, how in the current period of social transition for the citizens to provide a safe food and drugs, how to take effective government control in order to reduce the incidence of food and drug safety is worthy of our in-depth study of subject.
Emergency management is the Food and Drug Administration for businesses and citizens to provide a safe environment, food and drug consumption in a particular area and a special service. Improve the food and drug safety system of the nature of emergency management is to ask the Government to strengthen social management and public service functions of government and public sector from a regulatory model to a service-oriented profound transformation. Crisis in the face of the Food and Drug multiple, frequent challenges, strengthen the Food and Drug emergency management research, enhancing the Food and Drug Administration response to the crisis in the degree of organization and integration capabilities, is of great significance. From the current point of view, China's food and drug safety in emergency management is still at a low stage, in the event of food and drug safety crisis, often after a hasty regulatory authorities, "fire", the relevant law enforcement departments held a joint meeting to rush to determine each other's duties, division of labor and work steps, the final administrative accountability is difficult to play a disciplinary effect. This post-emergency treatment can no longer control in a timely manner the reasons for the increasing complexity of food and drug safety incidents, we can not meet the public's expectations of the government and efficient handling of the crisis, more likely to occur between departments keep passing the buck, as well as information communication, slow and weak. Establish and improve the food and drug safety emergency management system, will not only help to solve these problems, but also can enhance the credibility of the Government to restore public confidence in food and drug safety, help maintain a stable and harmonious social environment.
New era food and drug safety incidents are a test of our ability to deal with emergencies at all levels of government. How to promote food safety incident emergency response mechanism to adapt to and serve the fast-growing economy, how to establish an effective food and drug safety assessment and prediction systems, how the situation of uncertainty under the scientific decision-making, there are many gaps in the theory and practice, This is the background to the study of this issue and motivation.
In this paper, the typical food and drug safety the new era as an example, the application of crisis management theory, analysis methods, in the perspective of public administration re-look at food and drug security incident response process to analyze, build a uniform and efficient food and drug safety assessment and early warning mechanisms for Cut point, drawing on the advanced mode, trying to explore and establish the line with Chinese characteristics, in line with the current socio-economic development situation, the ability to "Food Safety Law" closely co-ordinated the food and drug safety emergency management system.
引文
①赵霖冯振翼安建民：美国突发公共卫生事件应急管理体系一瞥.继续医学教育.第21卷第30期.国际视窗
①《中华人民共和国药品管理法》.附则.2001
①赵林度.食品安全与风险管理.第一章.第一页.2009
①赵培山.食品安全风险评估的现状与发展趋势.http://www.chinavalue.net/Article/Archive/2010/1/22/190173.html
①《中国药品监管白皮书》.2007
[1]李光德.经济转型期中国食品药品安全的社会性管制研究[M].经济科学出版社.2008,(8)
[2]唐民皓.食品药品安全与监管政策研究报告[M].社会科学文献出版社2009,(4)
[3]王芳.食品药品安全的政府规制[D].2005.
[4]中国行政管理学会课题组.我国转型期对突发性事件主要特点、原因及政府对策研究[J].《中国行政管理》,2002年第5期.
[5]李俊清.试论开放式政府及其管理模式[J].《山西大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2003年第6期.
[6]张敬礼.中国食品药品监管理论与法制实践[M].中国法制出版社.2009,(6).
[7]希尔茨(Hits. Philip J.).保护公众健康：美国食品药品百年监管历程[M].2006,(7).
[8]李维.风险社会与主观幸福[M].上海：上海社会科学出版社,2005年.
[9]薛晓源、周战超：全球化与风险社会[C].社会科学文献出版社,2005年.
[10]薛澜、张强、钟开斌：危机管理-转型期中国面临的挑战[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2003年.
[11]科技部.我国食品安全态势调研报告[R].2003.
[12]毕金峰.微生物风险评估原则与应用食品药品发展与监管[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2004.[4].
[13]贾敬敦,陈春明.中国食品安全态势分析[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,2003：16.
[14]郭云沛.中国医药改革开放三十年沉思.中国食品药品监管[J].2005.
[15]万明国.突发公共卫生事件应急管理[M].中国经济出版社.2009(5)
[16]朱恪钧.地方政府应急管理实践研究[M].四川人民出版社.2009(11).
[17]王宏伟.突发事件应急管理：预防、处置与恢复重建[M].中央广播电视 大学出版社.2009.
[18]曹立亚.中国药物警戒[J].2004.
[19]汤天曙,薛毅：我国食品安全现状与对策[J].中国食物与营养,2002.
[20]陈君石.国外食品安全现状对我国的启示[J].中国卫生法制,2002,(10)
[21](美)玛丽恩·内斯特尔.食品安全[M].社会科学文献出版社,2004.
[22][美]约翰·克来顿·托马斯：公共决策中的公民参与,公共管理者的新技能与新策略,北京,中国人民大学出版社,2005年.
[23]张成福、党秀云：公共管理学[M].北京,中国城市出版社,2001年.
[24]白新鹏.食品安全危害及控制措施[M].2010.
[25]丁晓雯.食品安全导论[M].2008.
[26]刘凤玫.我国食品安全政府机关体系问题研究[D].2008.
[27]叶志红.美国食品安全监管的经验及其对中国的启示[D].2008.
[28]周应恒.现代食品安全与管理[M].2008.
[29]宋华琳.规制研究.第二辑,食品与药品安全的政府监管[M].2009.
[30]王辉.我国药品安全存在的问题与对策分析[D].2008.
[31]曹立亚.美国药品安全监管历程与监测体系[M].2006.
[32]段小贝.公共卫生应急处置与案例评析[M].2010.
[33]叶宁.政府公共卫生危机公关研究[D].2009.
[34]关群红.突发公共事件应对--现代启示录[M].2009.
[35]郑力.突发公共卫生事件应对策略[M]。北京：科学出版社,2003,56-58
[36]薛庆根.美国食品安全体系及对我国的启示[J].经济纵横,2006(2)：62～64.
[37]刘志英.风险分析--我国食品安全管理新趋向.内蒙古科技与经济,2005(14).
[38]王芳,陈松,钱永忠.国外食品安全风险分析制度建立及特点分析.世界农业,2008(9)：44-47.
[39]徐成德.我国开展食品安全风险分析的问题与对策.农产品加工·学刊,2009(2).
①《中华人民共和国药品管理法》.附则.2001
①赵林度.食品安全与风险管理.第一章.第一页.2009
①赵培山.食品安全风险评估的现状与发展趋势.http://www.chinavalue.net/Article/Archive/2010/1/22/190173.html
①《中国药品监管白皮书》.2007
[1]李光德.经济转型期中国食品药品安全的社会性管制研究[M].经济科学出版社.2008,(8)
[2]唐民皓.食品药品安全与监管政策研究报告[M].社会科学文献出版社2009,(4)
[3]王芳.食品药品安全的政府规制[D].2005.
[4]中国行政管理学会课题组.我国转型期对突发性事件主要特点、原因及政府对策研究[J].《中国行政管理》,2002年第5期.
[5]李俊清.试论开放式政府及其管理模式[J].《山西大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2003年第6期.
[6]张敬礼.中国食品药品监管理论与法制实践[M].中国法制出版社.2009,(6).
[7]希尔茨(Hits. Philip J.).保护公众健康：美国食品药品百年监管历程[M].2006,(7).
[8]李维.风险社会与主观幸福[M].上海：上海社会科学出版社,2005年.
[9]薛晓源、周战超：全球化与风险社会[C].社会科学文献出版社,2005年.
[10]薛澜、张强、钟开斌：危机管理-转型期中国面临的挑战[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2003年.
[11]科技部.我国食品安全态势调研报告[R].2003.
[12]毕金峰.微生物风险评估原则与应用食品药品发展与监管[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2004.[4].
[13]贾敬敦,陈春明.中国食品安全态势分析[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,2003：16.
[14]郭云沛.中国医药改革开放三十年沉思.中国食品药品监管[J].2005.
[15]万明国.突发公共卫生事件应急管理[M].中国经济出版社.2009(5)
[16]朱恪钧.地方政府应急管理实践研究[M].四川人民出版社.2009(11).
[17]王宏伟.突发事件应急管理：预防、处置与恢复重建[M].中央广播电视 大学出版社.2009.
[18]曹立亚.中国药物警戒[J].2004.
[19]汤天曙,薛毅：我国食品安全现状与对策[J].中国食物与营养,2002.
[20]陈君石.国外食品安全现状对我国的启示[J].中国卫生法制,2002,(10)
[21](美)玛丽恩·内斯特尔.食品安全[M].社会科学文献出版社,2004.
[22][美]约翰·克来顿·托马斯：公共决策中的公民参与,公共管理者的新技能与新策略,北京,中国人民大学出版社,2005年.
[23]张成福、党秀云：公共管理学[M].北京,中国城市出版社,2001年.
[24]白新鹏.食品安全危害及控制措施[M].2010.
[25]丁晓雯.食品安全导论[M].2008.
[26]刘凤玫.我国食品安全政府机关体系问题研究[D].2008.
[27]叶志红.美国食品安全监管的经验及其对中国的启示[D].2008.
[28]周应恒.现代食品安全与管理[M].2008.
[29]宋华琳.规制研究.第二辑,食品与药品安全的政府监管[M].2009.
[30]王辉.我国药品安全存在的问题与对策分析[D].2008.
[31]曹立亚.美国药品安全监管历程与监测体系[M].2006.
[32]段小贝.公共卫生应急处置与案例评析[M].2010.
[33]叶宁.政府公共卫生危机公关研究[D].2009.
[34]关群红.突发公共事件应对--现代启示录[M].2009.
[35]郑力.突发公共卫生事件应对策略[M]。北京：科学出版社,2003,56-58
[36]薛庆根.美国食品安全体系及对我国的启示[J].经济纵横,2006(2)：62～64.
[37]刘志英.风险分析--我国食品安全管理新趋向.内蒙古科技与经济,2005(14).
[38]王芳,陈松,钱永忠.国外食品安全风险分析制度建立及特点分析.世界农业,2008(9)：44-47.
[39]徐成德.我国开展食品安全风险分析的问题与对策.农产品加工·学刊,2009(2).