德阳市水污染物及其总量控制研究
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摘要
随着社会经济的持续发展,环境问题不断突出,水环境作为其重要组成部分,污染最为严重。水污染物及其总量控制已成为维持社会发展、生态平衡的重要研究课题。本文在国内外研究现状的基础上,结合德阳市水环境的特点及污染物现状,制定出适合德阳市水环境系统的水质评价、污染源分析、水环境容量核算、水污染物总量控制与分配的方法,形成了注重理论性和实践性的方法体系。
首先,在对德阳市水环境特征分析的基础上,应用模糊综合评价法进行了水质现状评价,结果显示:全市5条河流共20个监测断面中满足Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、劣Ⅴ类水质标准的断面比例分别为10%、5%、50%、5%、20%、10%;采用等标污染负荷法对主要污染源进行了评价,明确了水环境的主要污染物为BOD5和COD,其等标污染负荷比分别为40.65%和29.33%。
其次,进行了水环境容量的分析。其测算结果表明:德阳市主要河流COD环境容量为11781吨/年,氨氮水环境容量为791.1吨/年;旌阳区、什邡市、中江县的水环境容量较小,绵竹市和罗江县的水环境容量较大。
第三,结合公平性和效益型原则,在水污染物总量控制和分配中引入了环境基尼系数的概念。针对近、长期总量控制分别确定了区域和行业总量分配评价指标。
在区域总量分配中,当COD作为水污染物时,公平性大小依次为:GDP-COD环境基尼系数(0.1509)>人口-COD环境基尼系数(0.2070)>环境容量-COD环境基尼系数(0.2886);当氨氮作为水污染物时,GDP-氨氮环境基尼系数(0.2293)>环境容量-氨氮环境基尼系数(0.2689)>人口-氨氮环境基尼系数(0.3188)。
在行业总量分配中,当COD作为水污染物时,公平性大小依次为:新鲜用水量-COD环境基尼系数(0.1759)>工业总产值-COD环境基尼系数(0.4149);当氨氮作为水污染物时,新鲜用水量-氨氮环境基尼系数(0.3856)>工业总产值-氨氮环境基尼系数(0.4018)。
文中对总量控制初始分配方案进行了优化,结果表明:在区域总量优化分配中,优化后各指标的基尼系数更为合理和公平;在行业总量分配,建立了水污染物总量行业优化分配模型,并用MATLAB进行模型优化求解,COD排放总量削减了82.65%,新鲜用水量削减了29.15%,同时各行业的工业总产值之和增加了112.63%,使水资源量、污染物水环境容量重新得到优化分配,社会布局和行业结构更加合理协调。
With the sustainable development of society and economy, environmental problem had been prominent continuously, and water environment was an important component of which, the pollution problem was the most serious. The water pollutants and its total amount control had become an important research field in keeping the balance of environment and sustainable development of the society. Aiming at the limitation of the existed researches,both at home and abroad, this paper,combining with the characteristics of the water environment and pollution status in Deyang city, a new method was proposed for water quality evaluation,pollution source analysis,water environment capacity calculation,total amount control and distribution of the water pollution. As a result,a theoretical ,practicable method system for water pollutants and its total amount control was established.
Firstly, based on the characteristics of water environment,the fuzzy mathematical evaluation method was introduced to the water quality evaluation ,and the results showed: 5 rivers, with a total of 20 monitoring sections to meet theⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ, inferiorⅤwater quality standard , the section rate was 10%, 5%, 50%, 5%, 20%, 10% separately;The equal-standard waste load method was used to evaluate the main sources of pollution,also the major pollutants BOD5 and COD were made clear,with the equal-standard waste load ratio was 40.65% and 29.33% respectively.
Secondly, the water environmental capacity was analysed. The measurement results showed that: COD water environmental capacity of the main rivers was 11,781 tons / year in Deyang city ,and NH3-N water environmental capacity was 791.1 tons / year; In Jingyang area, Shifang city and Zhongjiang county ,the water environmental capacity was relativelty small, however,in Mianzhu city and Luojiang county,the water environmental capacity was relatively large.
Thirdly,combined with the equity and efficiency principle, a new conception of environmental Gini coefficient was introduced to total amount control and allocation for the water pollutants. Aiming at the near and long-term total amount control, the total evaluation index of regional and industry allocation were determined respectively.
In the regional total amount allocation, when the COD was the water pollution, the size of fairness was in sequence of: GDP-COD environmental Gini coefficient (0.1509)> Population-COD environmental Gini coefficient (0.2070)> environmental capacity-COD environmental Gini coefficient (0.2886); when the NH3-N was the water pollution, the size of fairness was in sequence of: GDP- NH3-N environment Gini coefficient (0.2293)> Environmental Capacity - NH3-N environmental Gini coefficient (0.2689)> Population - NH3-N environment Gini coefficient (0.3188).
In the industry total amount allocation, when the COD was the water pollution, the size of fairness was in sequence of: Fresh water-COD environmental Gini coefficient (0.1759)> Gross industrial output value -COD environmental Gini coefficient (0.4149); when the NH3-N was the water pollution, the size of fairness was in sequence of: Fresh water - NH3-N environment Gini coefficient (0.3856)> Gross industrial output value - NH3-N environment Gini coefficient (0.4018).
In this paper, the initial total amount allocation program had been optimized,and the results showed that:in the optimization of regional total amount allocation, the Gini coefficient of the indexes optimized were more reasonable and fair; In the optimization of industry total amount allocation, the optimizing allocation model of the industry total amount was built. COD and fresh water emissions had reduced 82.65% and 29.15% respectively, while the gross industrial output value of the industry had increased 112.63%. Water resources and pollutant environmental capacities allocation were re-optimized , with more reasonable and coordinated between the social distribution and industry structure.
首先,在对德阳市水环境特征分析的基础上,应用模糊综合评价法进行了水质现状评价,结果显示:全市5条河流共20个监测断面中满足Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、劣Ⅴ类水质标准的断面比例分别为10%、5%、50%、5%、20%、10%;采用等标污染负荷法对主要污染源进行了评价,明确了水环境的主要污染物为BOD5和COD,其等标污染负荷比分别为40.65%和29.33%。
其次,进行了水环境容量的分析。其测算结果表明:德阳市主要河流COD环境容量为11781吨/年,氨氮水环境容量为791.1吨/年;旌阳区、什邡市、中江县的水环境容量较小,绵竹市和罗江县的水环境容量较大。
第三,结合公平性和效益型原则,在水污染物总量控制和分配中引入了环境基尼系数的概念。针对近、长期总量控制分别确定了区域和行业总量分配评价指标。
在区域总量分配中,当COD作为水污染物时,公平性大小依次为:GDP-COD环境基尼系数(0.1509)>人口-COD环境基尼系数(0.2070)>环境容量-COD环境基尼系数(0.2886);当氨氮作为水污染物时,GDP-氨氮环境基尼系数(0.2293)>环境容量-氨氮环境基尼系数(0.2689)>人口-氨氮环境基尼系数(0.3188)。
在行业总量分配中,当COD作为水污染物时,公平性大小依次为:新鲜用水量-COD环境基尼系数(0.1759)>工业总产值-COD环境基尼系数(0.4149);当氨氮作为水污染物时,新鲜用水量-氨氮环境基尼系数(0.3856)>工业总产值-氨氮环境基尼系数(0.4018)。
文中对总量控制初始分配方案进行了优化,结果表明:在区域总量优化分配中,优化后各指标的基尼系数更为合理和公平;在行业总量分配,建立了水污染物总量行业优化分配模型,并用MATLAB进行模型优化求解,COD排放总量削减了82.65%,新鲜用水量削减了29.15%,同时各行业的工业总产值之和增加了112.63%,使水资源量、污染物水环境容量重新得到优化分配,社会布局和行业结构更加合理协调。
With the sustainable development of society and economy, environmental problem had been prominent continuously, and water environment was an important component of which, the pollution problem was the most serious. The water pollutants and its total amount control had become an important research field in keeping the balance of environment and sustainable development of the society. Aiming at the limitation of the existed researches,both at home and abroad, this paper,combining with the characteristics of the water environment and pollution status in Deyang city, a new method was proposed for water quality evaluation,pollution source analysis,water environment capacity calculation,total amount control and distribution of the water pollution. As a result,a theoretical ,practicable method system for water pollutants and its total amount control was established.
Firstly, based on the characteristics of water environment,the fuzzy mathematical evaluation method was introduced to the water quality evaluation ,and the results showed: 5 rivers, with a total of 20 monitoring sections to meet theⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ, inferiorⅤwater quality standard , the section rate was 10%, 5%, 50%, 5%, 20%, 10% separately;The equal-standard waste load method was used to evaluate the main sources of pollution,also the major pollutants BOD5 and COD were made clear,with the equal-standard waste load ratio was 40.65% and 29.33% respectively.
Secondly, the water environmental capacity was analysed. The measurement results showed that: COD water environmental capacity of the main rivers was 11,781 tons / year in Deyang city ,and NH3-N water environmental capacity was 791.1 tons / year; In Jingyang area, Shifang city and Zhongjiang county ,the water environmental capacity was relativelty small, however,in Mianzhu city and Luojiang county,the water environmental capacity was relatively large.
Thirdly,combined with the equity and efficiency principle, a new conception of environmental Gini coefficient was introduced to total amount control and allocation for the water pollutants. Aiming at the near and long-term total amount control, the total evaluation index of regional and industry allocation were determined respectively.
In the regional total amount allocation, when the COD was the water pollution, the size of fairness was in sequence of: GDP-COD environmental Gini coefficient (0.1509)> Population-COD environmental Gini coefficient (0.2070)> environmental capacity-COD environmental Gini coefficient (0.2886); when the NH3-N was the water pollution, the size of fairness was in sequence of: GDP- NH3-N environment Gini coefficient (0.2293)> Environmental Capacity - NH3-N environmental Gini coefficient (0.2689)> Population - NH3-N environment Gini coefficient (0.3188).
In the industry total amount allocation, when the COD was the water pollution, the size of fairness was in sequence of: Fresh water-COD environmental Gini coefficient (0.1759)> Gross industrial output value -COD environmental Gini coefficient (0.4149); when the NH3-N was the water pollution, the size of fairness was in sequence of: Fresh water - NH3-N environment Gini coefficient (0.3856)> Gross industrial output value - NH3-N environment Gini coefficient (0.4018).
In this paper, the initial total amount allocation program had been optimized,and the results showed that:in the optimization of regional total amount allocation, the Gini coefficient of the indexes optimized were more reasonable and fair; In the optimization of industry total amount allocation, the optimizing allocation model of the industry total amount was built. COD and fresh water emissions had reduced 82.65% and 29.15% respectively, while the gross industrial output value of the industry had increased 112.63%. Water resources and pollutant environmental capacities allocation were re-optimized , with more reasonable and coordinated between the social distribution and industry structure.
引文
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