基于货运成本模型的集装箱多式联运经济性研究
摘要
运输成本是物流成本的主要构成部分,也是政府和运输企业制定相关政策和运输价格的重要参考依据。运输成本的计算结果将直接影响运输价格策略的选择,也将直接影响制造企业的经营效率以及各种运输方式对社会和个人的影响。但是针对目前蓬勃发展的多式联运模式,没有统一的货运成本计算方法,多式联运在货物运输市场的定位不明确,在中长途货物运输中的成本优势得不到体现,制约了我国货物运输及我国集装箱多式联运的发展。因而研究我国集装箱多式联运的模式,设计基于支出主体的货物运输成本模型,研究多式联运网络的经济性和中长途货物运输成本优势,对提高我国集装箱多式联运的市场参与度,促进我国集装箱运输及我国集装箱多式联运的发展都有着重要意义。
本文总结了集装箱多式联运的特点,分析了其对我国开展集装箱多式联运值得借鉴之处。阐述了基于支出主体分类货物运输成本的构成与意义,分析了外部成本内部化的作用与策略。针对多式联运网络和道路运输网络的运营特点,建立了基于支出主体的货物运输成本计算模型,并将该模型应用于多式联运网络和道路运输网络,对我国和欧盟的集装箱全程门到门多式联运与道路运输的流程和经济性进行了实证研究和对比分析,论证了多式联运在中长途货物运输市场中的定位与成本优势,并讨论了外部成本内部化对多式联运的影响。
Transportation cost is the main factor of the cost of logistics, and is the key point of the economics of transportation. Intermodal freight transportation, which is widely used in the developed nations, including door-to-door transportation, is the high stage of freight transportation and the main mode of container transportation. Developing intermodal transportation could promote the cooperation of the different transportation modes and help the optimization of distribution of transportation resource. And it is significant for the development of international trade and acceleration of economic in China to develop intermodal freight transportation. The low attendance of railway restricts the developing of intermodal transportation in China. Thus the research on the intermodal freight transportation network, the building of full cost model of freight transportation and the study of the economic and competitiveness in the long and mid-distance freight transportation market, would be important for the development of intermodal freight transportation in China.
This paper develops a model for calculating comparable combined internal and external costs of intermodal and road freight transport network based on the operation characteristics of both networks. It discussed the necessity of developing intermodal transportation under the international background. The model is applied to the simplified configuration of both networks to compare the different economy and market competitiveness of both networks in Europe and China. The objective is to investigate the economics of intermodal transportation and provide some advices for social policy on the prospective competition between two networks from a social perspective.
本文总结了集装箱多式联运的特点,分析了其对我国开展集装箱多式联运值得借鉴之处。阐述了基于支出主体分类货物运输成本的构成与意义,分析了外部成本内部化的作用与策略。针对多式联运网络和道路运输网络的运营特点,建立了基于支出主体的货物运输成本计算模型,并将该模型应用于多式联运网络和道路运输网络,对我国和欧盟的集装箱全程门到门多式联运与道路运输的流程和经济性进行了实证研究和对比分析,论证了多式联运在中长途货物运输市场中的定位与成本优势,并讨论了外部成本内部化对多式联运的影响。
Transportation cost is the main factor of the cost of logistics, and is the key point of the economics of transportation. Intermodal freight transportation, which is widely used in the developed nations, including door-to-door transportation, is the high stage of freight transportation and the main mode of container transportation. Developing intermodal transportation could promote the cooperation of the different transportation modes and help the optimization of distribution of transportation resource. And it is significant for the development of international trade and acceleration of economic in China to develop intermodal freight transportation. The low attendance of railway restricts the developing of intermodal transportation in China. Thus the research on the intermodal freight transportation network, the building of full cost model of freight transportation and the study of the economic and competitiveness in the long and mid-distance freight transportation market, would be important for the development of intermodal freight transportation in China.
This paper develops a model for calculating comparable combined internal and external costs of intermodal and road freight transport network based on the operation characteristics of both networks. It discussed the necessity of developing intermodal transportation under the international background. The model is applied to the simplified configuration of both networks to compare the different economy and market competitiveness of both networks in Europe and China. The objective is to investigate the economics of intermodal transportation and provide some advices for social policy on the prospective competition between two networks from a social perspective.
引文
[1]王松文.中转路径管理在船公司经营活动中的重要性[J].集装箱化,2002(9)：9-10.
[2]武振业,宋天生,赵柯.海运集装箱运输路径选择[J].西南交通大学学报,2006(6)：269-272.
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[20]Anily, S., Federgruen, A.One warehouse multiple retailer systems with vehicle routing costs [J] Management Science,1990,36 (1):92-114.
[21]Kaj Holmberg. Exact solution methods for incapacitated location problems with convex transportation costs [J] European Journal of Operational Research,1999,114:127-140.
[22]云俊.运输问题优化方法的综合应用[J].武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版),2001(3)：323-325.
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[28]European Commisson 2001b. Improvement of Pre-and End-Haulage-IMPREND, European Commissions, Directorate General DG VII, RTD 4th Framework Programme, Brussels.
[29]European Commisson 2002. EU Intermodal Transport:Key Statistical Data 1992-1999, European Commissions, Office for Official Publications of European Communities, Luxembourg.
[30]European Conference of Ministers of Transport 1998. Report on the Current State of Combined Transport in Europe, European Conference of Ministers of Transport, Paris.
[31]朱晓宁.集装箱多式联运通道规划理论与方法的研究.博士论文.1999.
[32]高家驹.综合运输概论.中国铁道出版社.1993.
[33]边彦东.关于多式联运通道效益综合评价问题的研究.系统工程实践与理论.1999.
[34]高媛丽.东北地区集装箱多式联运通道发展分析.硕士论文.2003.
[35]中华人民共和国铁道部,交通部,国际集装箱多式联运管理规则.1997.3
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[37]王涛.一种多式联运网络运输方式的组合优化模式.交通系统与工程.2003.
[38]张建勇.一种多式联运网络的最优分配模式研究.铁道学报.2002.
[39]刘世超.综合运输体系中公路货运外部成本的内部外.系统工程,2005(6)：25-29.
[40]UERR,2000. Developing a Quality Strategy for Combined Transport, International Union of Combined Rail-Road Transport Companies, Final Report, PACT Programme, Brussel.
[41]Ballis, A., Golias, J.,2002. Comparative evaluation of existing and innovative rail-road freight transport terminals. Transportation Research A 36A,593-611.
[42]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2008.
[2]武振业,宋天生,赵柯.海运集装箱运输路径选择[J].西南交通大学学报,2006(6)：269-272.
[3]顾国林,闫海峰,谭云江.中心站间铁路集装箱运输径路选择优化研究[J].铁道货运,2006(4)：9-12.
[4]李祖杰,杨柯,王思明.铁路集装箱运输径路辅助决策系统的研究[J].铁路计算机应用,2005(5)：4-6.
[5]贺国先.集装箱公铁联运的费用加权最短路计算机算法阴.铁道学报,2006(1)：1-5.
[6]Shen W.S., Khoong C.M.ADSS for empty container distribution planning[J]. Decision Support System.1995,15(1):75-82.
[7]Teoor Gabriel Crainic, Michel Gendreau, Pierre Dejax. Dynamic and stochastic, models for the location of empty containers[J]. Journal of the Operational Research Society.1992,43(10): 102-126.
[8]Linda K.Nozick, Mark A.Tunrquist. Inventory, transportation, service quality and the location of distribution centers [J] European Journal of Operational Research,2001,129:362-371.
[9]Tyworth, J. E.The inventory theoretic approach in transportation selection models:a critical review [J] Logistics and Transportation Review,1991,27 (4):299-318.
[10]Tyworth, J. E.Modeling transportation-inventory trade-offs in a stochastic setting [J] Journal of Business Logistics,1992,13 (2):97-125.
[11]S.C hanas, D.Kuchta. A concept of solution of the Transportation Problem with fuzzy cost co-efficient [J] Fuzzy Sets and Systems,1996,82:299-305.
[12]Sunil Chopra, Peter Meindl. Supply Chain Management:Strategy, planning and operation [M] Prentice Hall, Inc,2001.
[13]Milan Janic, Modeling the full cost of an intermodal and road freight transport network, Transportation Research Part D 12(2007):33-44.
[14]秦四平.运输经济学(第二版).2007.中国铁道出版社.
[15]Tyworth John E., Amy Zhaohui Zeng. Estimating the effects of carrier transit-time performance on logistics cost and service [J], Transport Res.A,1998, Vol32, No.2:89-97.
[16]Vaidyanathan Jayaraman, Hasan Pirkul. Planning and coordination of production and distribution facilities for multiple commodities [J] European Journal of Operational Research,2001, 133:394-408.
[17]Abdullah Dasci, Veda Verter. A continuous model for production-distribution system design [J] European Journal of Operational Research,2001,129:287-298.
[18]Wendy W. Qu, James H. Bookbinder, Paul Iyogun. An integrated inventory-transportation system with modified periodic policy for multiple products, [J] European Journal of Operational Research,1999,115:254-269.
[19]Joseph Geunes, Amy Z. Zengb. Impacts of inventory shortage policies on transportation requirements in two-stage distribution systems. [J] European Journal of Operational Research, 2001,129:299-310.
[20]Anily, S., Federgruen, A.One warehouse multiple retailer systems with vehicle routing costs [J] Management Science,1990,36 (1):92-114.
[21]Kaj Holmberg. Exact solution methods for incapacitated location problems with convex transportation costs [J] European Journal of Operational Research,1999,114:127-140.
[22]云俊.运输问题优化方法的综合应用[J].武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版),2001(3)：323-325.
[23]Daganzo, C.F.,1999. Logistics System Analysis, third ed. Springer, Berlin.
[24]European Commisson 1999. The Common Transport Policy-Sustainable Mobility: Perspectives for the Future, European Commission, Economic and Social Committee and Committee of the Regions, Directorate General DG VII.
[25]European Commisson 2000. The Way to Sustainable Mobility:Cutting the External Cost of Transport, Brochure of the European Commission, Brussels.
[26]European Commisson 2001a. Real Cost Reduction of Door-to-door Intermodal Transport-RECORDIT, European Commissions, Directorate General DG Ⅶ, RTD 5th Framework Programme, Brussels, Belgium.
[27]朱晓宁.集装箱多式联运通道的形成与运作机理分析.运筹与管理.2001第3期.
[28]European Commisson 2001b. Improvement of Pre-and End-Haulage-IMPREND, European Commissions, Directorate General DG VII, RTD 4th Framework Programme, Brussels.
[29]European Commisson 2002. EU Intermodal Transport:Key Statistical Data 1992-1999, European Commissions, Office for Official Publications of European Communities, Luxembourg.
[30]European Conference of Ministers of Transport 1998. Report on the Current State of Combined Transport in Europe, European Conference of Ministers of Transport, Paris.
[31]朱晓宁.集装箱多式联运通道规划理论与方法的研究.博士论文.1999.
[32]高家驹.综合运输概论.中国铁道出版社.1993.
[33]边彦东.关于多式联运通道效益综合评价问题的研究.系统工程实践与理论.1999.
[34]高媛丽.东北地区集装箱多式联运通道发展分析.硕士论文.2003.
[35]中华人民共和国铁道部,交通部,国际集装箱多式联运管理规则.1997.3
[36]铁道部科学研究院运输及经济研究所,集装箱国际联运(多式联运)方案的研究研究报告,1998.5.
[37]王涛.一种多式联运网络运输方式的组合优化模式.交通系统与工程.2003.
[38]张建勇.一种多式联运网络的最优分配模式研究.铁道学报.2002.
[39]刘世超.综合运输体系中公路货运外部成本的内部外.系统工程,2005(6)：25-29.
[40]UERR,2000. Developing a Quality Strategy for Combined Transport, International Union of Combined Rail-Road Transport Companies, Final Report, PACT Programme, Brussel.
[41]Ballis, A., Golias, J.,2002. Comparative evaluation of existing and innovative rail-road freight transport terminals. Transportation Research A 36A,593-611.
[42]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2008.