可持续城市住区环境生态设计研究
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摘要
本文从生态城市所涉及的人居环境建设这个目前非常迫切的问题入手,对生态设计的原则、思想和在实际工作的应用方法进行了深入的研究和总结,并应用生态设计方法对温岭生态示范居住小区进行了设计实践工作,通过这些工作对生态设计在实际工作中的应用进行了积极的探索,并取得一定成果。
对于城市住区人居环境设计,从城市住区结构入手,将通常城市规划设计中住区结构的用地、设施、空间、景观的划分与景观生态学中的斑块、廊道及基质的景观模型相联系,从而将生态学中所关注的物质、能量流动以及生态系统结构与住区工程设计结构连接起来,将环境问题引入到住区工程设计中,并对住区人居环境生态设计所必须的精确工程图形表达提出了完整的方案。
在城市居住区生态设计中所涉及到的各种具体工程设计,特别是对绿色空间、雨水利用、水景观构成及水体处理、污水处理与回用、能源系统的分级利用等方面的工程设计问题提出了新的思路和设计方法,并初步总结和制订了一套生态居住区的评价指标体系作为城市居住区生态设计所应达到的目标。
在温岭生态示范居住小区的设计过程中,应用研究成果重点对居住区内的建筑布局、绿色空间、水景观及水体处理、风能利用、建筑生态设计、建筑材料的选择、污水处理与回用、道路交通系统等方面根据当地的实际情况和目前的技术、经济条件进行细致的生态设计,并赋予该居住区丰富的形态及景观视觉效果、极具特性的文化联想和地域象征意义。
设计工作是复杂、精确的,设计所面临的对象是千变万化的,因此,不可能有一种标准的生态设计方法可以到处套用。所以,生态设计更多表现为一种设计思想和原则,它表现为设计者怎样通过创造性的设计工作将生态学思想体现在设计方案中。城市居住区人居环境生态设计的目标是要在保育自然生态系统的同时,建设健康、方便、舒适、安全和景观优美的人居环境,为形成富有活力和文明的社区文化提供良好的物质条件,在经济、技术可行的基础上,将生态学原理完整地体现在居住区的设计方案中,使之成为生态合理的城市居住区设计方案。温岭生态示范居住小区的生态设计实践为发展生态合理的城市居住区设计方法进行了有益的探索,并为今后的生态居住区设计研究工作提供了较好的示范案例和设计依据。
Starting with one urgent problems related to the eco-city construction, residential environment construction, this paper seriously researches and summaries eco-design principles and measures. These measures were used in the design of pilot demonstration project-WenLing eco-district, in which some pilot research about using eco-design in actual construction project was actively done. The results are as follows:
For the environmental design of human settlements in urban areas, based on the structure of urban residential areas, this study associates, the types of land-use, facilities, space and landscape in traditional planning and design of residential structures with patches, corridors and matrices in landscape ecology, so the relationships among mass flux, energy flow and the structures of ecosystems in ecology and designs of residential structures have been established, and the environmental aspects have been combined into designs of residential areas. Finally, a complete scheme of expression of exact engineering mapping that is necessary for ecological design of human settlements has been presented.
The new idea and design measure have brought forward about designing diversified projects for urban human settlement environment, especially for example green space, rain water use, water sight and cleaning water, waster water treatment and reuse, and energy system et al. The guideline system that appraises ecological human settlement has been summarized and drew about design target for urban human settlement.
In the design of pilot project, WenLing eco-district, based on the local actual conditions and available techniques and economic situation, Some aspects were designed carefully, including land use, green space, building design, building materials, water resource system, wastewater treatment and reuse system, energy system, transportation system, solid waste treatment and so on. In the scheme, landscape effects, local and cultural characteristics were considered.
Eco-design is a kind of complicated and accurate design measure and its working objects vary widely. Thereby it is not possible to establish a set of standard measure that can be used everywhere. Eco-design is a kind of design idea and principle, it integrates ecological idea into design scheme by the designer's creative design work. The object of making eco-design for residential environment in urban area is constructing healthy, convenient, comfortable, safe and beautiful residential environment and providing good infrastructure for the formation of community culture that should be vigorous and civilized, while protecting and sustaining natural ecosystem. Ecological principle is integrated into the design scheme of this district according to the economic and technological feasibility. In the design of WenLing eco-district, some explorations for the measure designing urban residential district with ecological rationality were made. This scheme can be used as pilot case and design base for new eco-district design.
对于城市住区人居环境设计,从城市住区结构入手,将通常城市规划设计中住区结构的用地、设施、空间、景观的划分与景观生态学中的斑块、廊道及基质的景观模型相联系,从而将生态学中所关注的物质、能量流动以及生态系统结构与住区工程设计结构连接起来,将环境问题引入到住区工程设计中,并对住区人居环境生态设计所必须的精确工程图形表达提出了完整的方案。
在城市居住区生态设计中所涉及到的各种具体工程设计,特别是对绿色空间、雨水利用、水景观构成及水体处理、污水处理与回用、能源系统的分级利用等方面的工程设计问题提出了新的思路和设计方法,并初步总结和制订了一套生态居住区的评价指标体系作为城市居住区生态设计所应达到的目标。
在温岭生态示范居住小区的设计过程中,应用研究成果重点对居住区内的建筑布局、绿色空间、水景观及水体处理、风能利用、建筑生态设计、建筑材料的选择、污水处理与回用、道路交通系统等方面根据当地的实际情况和目前的技术、经济条件进行细致的生态设计,并赋予该居住区丰富的形态及景观视觉效果、极具特性的文化联想和地域象征意义。
设计工作是复杂、精确的,设计所面临的对象是千变万化的,因此,不可能有一种标准的生态设计方法可以到处套用。所以,生态设计更多表现为一种设计思想和原则,它表现为设计者怎样通过创造性的设计工作将生态学思想体现在设计方案中。城市居住区人居环境生态设计的目标是要在保育自然生态系统的同时,建设健康、方便、舒适、安全和景观优美的人居环境,为形成富有活力和文明的社区文化提供良好的物质条件,在经济、技术可行的基础上,将生态学原理完整地体现在居住区的设计方案中,使之成为生态合理的城市居住区设计方案。温岭生态示范居住小区的生态设计实践为发展生态合理的城市居住区设计方法进行了有益的探索,并为今后的生态居住区设计研究工作提供了较好的示范案例和设计依据。
Starting with one urgent problems related to the eco-city construction, residential environment construction, this paper seriously researches and summaries eco-design principles and measures. These measures were used in the design of pilot demonstration project-WenLing eco-district, in which some pilot research about using eco-design in actual construction project was actively done. The results are as follows:
For the environmental design of human settlements in urban areas, based on the structure of urban residential areas, this study associates, the types of land-use, facilities, space and landscape in traditional planning and design of residential structures with patches, corridors and matrices in landscape ecology, so the relationships among mass flux, energy flow and the structures of ecosystems in ecology and designs of residential structures have been established, and the environmental aspects have been combined into designs of residential areas. Finally, a complete scheme of expression of exact engineering mapping that is necessary for ecological design of human settlements has been presented.
The new idea and design measure have brought forward about designing diversified projects for urban human settlement environment, especially for example green space, rain water use, water sight and cleaning water, waster water treatment and reuse, and energy system et al. The guideline system that appraises ecological human settlement has been summarized and drew about design target for urban human settlement.
In the design of pilot project, WenLing eco-district, based on the local actual conditions and available techniques and economic situation, Some aspects were designed carefully, including land use, green space, building design, building materials, water resource system, wastewater treatment and reuse system, energy system, transportation system, solid waste treatment and so on. In the scheme, landscape effects, local and cultural characteristics were considered.
Eco-design is a kind of complicated and accurate design measure and its working objects vary widely. Thereby it is not possible to establish a set of standard measure that can be used everywhere. Eco-design is a kind of design idea and principle, it integrates ecological idea into design scheme by the designer's creative design work. The object of making eco-design for residential environment in urban area is constructing healthy, convenient, comfortable, safe and beautiful residential environment and providing good infrastructure for the formation of community culture that should be vigorous and civilized, while protecting and sustaining natural ecosystem. Ecological principle is integrated into the design scheme of this district according to the economic and technological feasibility. In the design of WenLing eco-district, some explorations for the measure designing urban residential district with ecological rationality were made. This scheme can be used as pilot case and design base for new eco-district design.
引文
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[2]姚时章,王江萍.城市居住外环境设计.重庆:重庆大学出版社,2000:13-14.
[3]刘宾谊.走向可持续发展的规划设计.建筑学报,1997,7:4-7.
[4]邓晓红,李晓峰.生态发展:中国传统聚落未来,1999,3:3-4.
[5]姚时章,蒋中秋.城市绿化设计.重庆:重庆大学出版社,2000:48-62.
[6]王如松.高效、和谐.城市生态调控原则与方法.见:叶秀山主编.博士论丛:高效.和谐.长沙:湖南教育出版社,1988:18-150.
[7]肖笃宁.景观生态学.理论、方法及应用.北京:中国林业大学出版社,1991:35-46.
[8]王如松.挑战、机遇、行动—转型期中国城市可持续发展的生态学.全国第三届城市生态学术讨论大会报告,深圳,1997,12:8-10.
[9]Sim Vander Ryn,Stuart Cowan.Ecological design.Manufactured,USA,1996:142-175.
[10]Auty Ray.Patterns of Development:Resource,Policy and Economic Growth.London:Edward Arnold,1995:3-4
[11]Sim Vander Ryn,Stuart Cowan.Sustainability and design.In:Sim Vander Ryn.ed.Ecological design.Washington:Island Press,1996:3-33.
[12]王建国.生态原则与绿色城市设计.建筑学报,1997,7:8-12.
[13]胡京.寻找交接点.面向可持续发展的思考.新建筑,1999,2:18-20.
[14]李敏.城市绿地系统与人居环境规划.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999:32-41.
[15]贾倍思.绿色城市不是可持续发展城市.新建筑,1999,7:15-17.
[16]刘晓君,罗福周等.绿色建筑体系效益与费用度量方法.西安建筑科技大学学报,1999,3:1-4.
[17]王长庆,龙惟定等译.绿色建筑技术手册.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999:134-137.
[18]欧阳志云.区域可持续发展生态规划方法.现代生态学的热点问题研究.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996:86-94.
[19]邓述平,王仲谷.居住区规划设计资料集.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1996:396-412.
[20]宋海林,胡邵学.关于生态建筑的几点认识和思考(一).建筑学报,1999,3: 10-15.
[21]黄涛.绿色建筑.重视生态环境的科学思维.新建筑,1997,1:67-68.
[22]祁斌.日本可持续的建筑设计方法与实践.世界建筑,1999,2:30-35.
[23]扬经文.绿色摩天楼的设计与规划.世界建筑,1999,2:21-41.
[24]王洪涛.生态居住空间.新建筑,1997,2:23-24.
[25]董卫.略谈生态建筑.世界建筑,1998,1:14-15.
[26]日华.托马斯.赫尔佐格的生态建筑.世界建筑,1999,2:16-20.
[27]韩冬青.绿色设计及其在城市建设中的难点.新建筑,1999,2:63-68.
[28]胡新辉.将生态设计思想引入住宅设计.中外建筑,1991,7:22-23.
[29]顾国维.绿色技术及其应用.上海:同济大学出版社,1999:8-45.
[30]焦小皖,胡文旭.光窗透明材料的实验研究.太阳能学报,1997,1:67-68.
[31]毛刚,段敬阳.结合气候的设计思路.世界建筑,1998,1:15-18.
[32]涂逢祥.英国建筑节能概述.新型建筑材料,1997,12:18-21.
[33]李宏.21世纪新型功能建筑玻璃的发展展望.国外建材科技,1999,9:15-17.
[34]周若祁.绿色建筑.北京:中国计划出版社.1998:23-34.
[35]李树国.建筑物用太阳能电池的进展.中国能源,1997,11:39-48.
[36]吴享洪.香港的可持续住房设计:欣怡花园及未来.世界建筑,1997,3:32-41.
[37]谭正炎.建筑与环境.中外建筑,1999,7:6-7.
[38]刘宛译.热带地方建筑.建筑学报,1999,7:13-16.
[39]刘华斌.夏热东冷地区围护结构建筑节能技术.建筑技术,1998,10:688-690.
[40]付祥钊.夏热东冷地区建筑热环境与能耗状况.建筑技术,1998,10:691-692.
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