基于微气候环境优化的哈尔滨市高层住区规划策略研究
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摘要
城市化进程日益加快的今天,土地集约化使得高层住区的出现成为不可避免的趋势,建设住区户外环境的基本目标就是以人为中心,适应人的需求,提高环境的舒适性。气候因子对人类居住具有直接影响,气候的适宜程度决定着人居环境的舒适与否,对于地处东北严寒地区的哈尔滨而言,气候条件是对户外环境建设起重要作用的主导生态因子之一。更值得关注的是,过高的建筑密度和容积率、不当的建筑形式和群体组合方式等都导致高层住区微气候环境质量的下降,这些都极大地影响了寒地居民的户外生活质量。
本文在有关于城市气候、户外微气候与建筑和城市规划设计的关系、气候设计分析过程中的科学模拟方法等的理论研究基础上,对气候、城市气候、高层住区的概念进行了诠释和界定,详细论述了寒地气候和微气候的关系,及气候对高层住区户外环境的影响,以及微气候环境对人体舒适程度的影响,进一步总结出高层住区微气候环境的特点,着重叙说了高层住区风环境和日照的特点。
通过对哈尔滨市高层住区基本概况的总结,选取典型实例进行实地调研,通过调查问卷分析、环境行为观测分析、现场测量数据收集、计算机数值模拟分析等多种方法,对哈尔滨市高层住区微气候环境现状存在的问题进行总结,提出了存在的主要问题是高层风效应产生的不利影响和日照的不足及在住区规划设计中对气候及微气候的影响考虑不足。
针对上述问题,通过计算机数值模拟手段对影响哈尔滨市高层住区户外环境的相关构成要素进行分析,重点分析了气候因素中风效应和日照的影响情况。最后,根据哈尔滨城市气候的特点,提出基于微气候环境优化的哈尔滨市高层住区规划设计策略,包括群体建筑组合形式、建筑形式选择、住区场地规划、和绿化、水体、铺装的设计等,并建议在户外环境规划策略的基础上制定相应的城市管理规定,包括风环境和日照间距系数的控制管理规定。
总体来说,建设出适合哈尔滨城市特点的高层住区户外环境,从而改善寒地城市居民户外活动的环境条件,提高户外活动的热舒适度,提升高层住区的生活活力是有意义的课题,需要进行长期性的研究。
The process of urbanization is accelerating today, land-intensive high-level makes the emergence of settlements has become an inevitable trend of building settlements in the outdoor environment, the basic goal is to serve the people, meet the needs of the people and improve the environment of comfort. Climatic factors on human settlements have a direct impact on the climate determines the appropriate level of the living environment comfortable or not, is located in the northeast region of the cold in Harbin, the weather conditions on the outdoor environment plays an important role in building the leading factor of ecological One. It should be noted that the high building density and floor area ratio, in the form of improper construction and combination groups, have led to settlements in high-level micro-climate of declining environmental quality, which greatly affected the residents of the cold outdoor quality of life.
In this article on urban climate, micro-climate and outdoor architecture and urban planning and design of the relationship between design and analysis of climate science in the process of simulation, and so on the basis of theoretical research on climate and climate cities, settlements of high-level interpretation of the concept of And to define in detail the cold climate and the relationship between the micro-climate, weather and the outdoor environment for high-level settlements, as well as the micro-climate and environment on human comfort, a high-level summary of further settlements of the characteristics of the micro-climate and environment, The settlements Narrative focus on high-level wind environment and the characteristics of sunshine.
The Harbin settlements on the basic profiles of high-level summary of selected examples of typical on-site investigation, through the analysis of questionnaires, conduct environmental observation, on-site data collection, computer numerical simulation analysis of a number of ways, the city of Harbin on the high-level micro-settlements Climate-environment problems sum up, and put forward the main problems is the high-level wind effects and adverse effects of the lack of sunshine and settlements in the planning and design of micro-climate and climate into account the impact of inadequate.
In response to these problems through computer simulation by means of high-level impact of Harbin settlements related to the outdoor environment for constituent elements of the analysis, focusing on the analysis of climatic factors and the effects of sunlight stroke the impact of the situation. Finally, the city of Harbin, according to the characteristics of the climate, based on micro-climate environment to optimize the high-level Harbin settlements planning and design strategies, including groups in the form of portfolio construction, construction in the form of options settlements site planning, and green, water, the pavement design And suggested that in the outdoor environment, planning strategy on the basis of the development of city regulations, including wind and sunshine to control the distance factor regulations.
On the whole, the construction characteristics of the city of Harbin for a high-level settlements outdoor environment, so as to improve cold urban environmental conditions of outdoor activities, outdoor activities to improve the thermal comfort, high-level to enhance the vitality of life settlements is meaningful The issue, the need for long-term.
本文在有关于城市气候、户外微气候与建筑和城市规划设计的关系、气候设计分析过程中的科学模拟方法等的理论研究基础上,对气候、城市气候、高层住区的概念进行了诠释和界定,详细论述了寒地气候和微气候的关系,及气候对高层住区户外环境的影响,以及微气候环境对人体舒适程度的影响,进一步总结出高层住区微气候环境的特点,着重叙说了高层住区风环境和日照的特点。
通过对哈尔滨市高层住区基本概况的总结,选取典型实例进行实地调研,通过调查问卷分析、环境行为观测分析、现场测量数据收集、计算机数值模拟分析等多种方法,对哈尔滨市高层住区微气候环境现状存在的问题进行总结,提出了存在的主要问题是高层风效应产生的不利影响和日照的不足及在住区规划设计中对气候及微气候的影响考虑不足。
针对上述问题,通过计算机数值模拟手段对影响哈尔滨市高层住区户外环境的相关构成要素进行分析,重点分析了气候因素中风效应和日照的影响情况。最后,根据哈尔滨城市气候的特点,提出基于微气候环境优化的哈尔滨市高层住区规划设计策略,包括群体建筑组合形式、建筑形式选择、住区场地规划、和绿化、水体、铺装的设计等,并建议在户外环境规划策略的基础上制定相应的城市管理规定,包括风环境和日照间距系数的控制管理规定。
总体来说,建设出适合哈尔滨城市特点的高层住区户外环境,从而改善寒地城市居民户外活动的环境条件,提高户外活动的热舒适度,提升高层住区的生活活力是有意义的课题,需要进行长期性的研究。
The process of urbanization is accelerating today, land-intensive high-level makes the emergence of settlements has become an inevitable trend of building settlements in the outdoor environment, the basic goal is to serve the people, meet the needs of the people and improve the environment of comfort. Climatic factors on human settlements have a direct impact on the climate determines the appropriate level of the living environment comfortable or not, is located in the northeast region of the cold in Harbin, the weather conditions on the outdoor environment plays an important role in building the leading factor of ecological One. It should be noted that the high building density and floor area ratio, in the form of improper construction and combination groups, have led to settlements in high-level micro-climate of declining environmental quality, which greatly affected the residents of the cold outdoor quality of life.
In this article on urban climate, micro-climate and outdoor architecture and urban planning and design of the relationship between design and analysis of climate science in the process of simulation, and so on the basis of theoretical research on climate and climate cities, settlements of high-level interpretation of the concept of And to define in detail the cold climate and the relationship between the micro-climate, weather and the outdoor environment for high-level settlements, as well as the micro-climate and environment on human comfort, a high-level summary of further settlements of the characteristics of the micro-climate and environment, The settlements Narrative focus on high-level wind environment and the characteristics of sunshine.
The Harbin settlements on the basic profiles of high-level summary of selected examples of typical on-site investigation, through the analysis of questionnaires, conduct environmental observation, on-site data collection, computer numerical simulation analysis of a number of ways, the city of Harbin on the high-level micro-settlements Climate-environment problems sum up, and put forward the main problems is the high-level wind effects and adverse effects of the lack of sunshine and settlements in the planning and design of micro-climate and climate into account the impact of inadequate.
In response to these problems through computer simulation by means of high-level impact of Harbin settlements related to the outdoor environment for constituent elements of the analysis, focusing on the analysis of climatic factors and the effects of sunlight stroke the impact of the situation. Finally, the city of Harbin, according to the characteristics of the climate, based on micro-climate environment to optimize the high-level Harbin settlements planning and design strategies, including groups in the form of portfolio construction, construction in the form of options settlements site planning, and green, water, the pavement design And suggested that in the outdoor environment, planning strategy on the basis of the development of city regulations, including wind and sunshine to control the distance factor regulations.
On the whole, the construction characteristics of the city of Harbin for a high-level settlements outdoor environment, so as to improve cold urban environmental conditions of outdoor activities, outdoor activities to improve the thermal comfort, high-level to enhance the vitality of life settlements is meaningful The issue, the need for long-term.
引文
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2 Michael Hough. City Form and Natural Process: Towards a New Vernaculars. VNR Comany. 1984:203~220
3 Baruch Givani, Climate Consideration in Building and Urban Design. A Division of International Thomson Publishing Inc, 1998:300-315
4柏春.城市气候设计.同济大学博士论文. 2005: 18
5杨柳.建筑气候分析与设计策略研究.西安建筑科技大学博士论文. 2003:27-39
6陈飞.建筑与气候.同济大学博士论文. 2007: 230-248
7张家诚.中国气候总论.气象出版社, 2002: 1-2
8徐祥得,汤绪.城市化环境气象学因论.气象出版社, 2002: 1-2
9周淑贞.城市气候学.气候出版社, 1994: 1-100
10刘加平.城市物理环境.气候出版社, 1994: 1-100
11李爱贞,刘厚凤,张桂琴.气候系统变化与人类活动.气象出版社, 2003:9-10
12冷红,郭恩章,袁青.气候城市设计对策研究.城市规划. 2003, 27(9):50
13刘德明.寒地城市公共环境设计.哈尔滨建筑大学博士论文. 1998: 1-50
14宋德萱.建筑环境控制学.东南大学出版社, 1993: 84
15陈桂标.人体舒适度的预报方法.广东气象. 2000, 4:29
16高绍凤.应用气候学.气象出版社, 2001:23
17 John E.Oliver. Climate and man’s environment and introduction to applied climatology. New York, Wiley, 1973: 119
18李云平.寒地高层住区风环境模拟分析及设计策略研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文. 2006: 12-13
19希缪.风对结构的作用—风工程导论.刘尚培译.上海同济大学出版社,1992:348-349
20李会知.城市建筑风环境的风洞模拟研究.华北水利水电学院学报. 1999,9: 32-34
21 T·A·马克斯,E·N·莫里斯.建筑物·气候·能量.陈世嶙译.北京建筑工业出版社, 1990: 159
22吴林,周新民,祝炜平,范一胜.上海城市对风的影响.中国地理学会.城市气候与城市规划.北京.科学出版社, 1985: 57
23桑建国.街谷环流和热力结构的数值模拟.应用气象学报. 2002: 69-81
24肖逸生.应重视城市建筑的特异现象.住宅科技. 2002: 12
25王祥荣.生态与环境—城市可持续发展与生态环境调控新论.东南大学出版社, 2002: 97
26 A.Fernandez,, S.de Schiller, J.M.Evans. Wind in Urban Space-Development and Application of an Evaluation Method. Architecture and Urban Space:. Proceeding of the Ninth International PLEA Conference: 38
27 Brown, GZ, Dakay, Mark, Barbhaya. Sun, wind and light :architecture design strategies. Wiley. 1985: 20
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