基于重传的蓝牙ACL链路传输性能研究
摘要
蓝牙是一种短距离无线数据和语音的通信技术规范,它具有组网灵活、低成本、低功耗等特点。因此,在许多领域都得到广泛的应用。但是这并不表明蓝牙技术已经尽善尽美,它仍然有很多地方值得分析和改进,以达到进一步提高传输性能的目的。
论文从ACL数据传输的过程入手,深入的研究了基带层、HCI和L2CAP层对数据进行的处理,具体分析存在问题的原因,探寻性能提升的空间。
在研究基带层ACL分组性能的基础上,论文提出利用重传次数估计信道质量,在此基础上,提出了基于重传次数的自适应分组选择策略,实现了分组选择理论到实际应用的过渡。仿真分析了算法的性能结果。该算法可以实时跟踪信道的质量,既适用于稳定信道,也适用于不稳定信道。并且兼顾有效性和易实现性。
论文提出了L2CAP层的选择重传算法,利用L2CAP支持多个逻辑信道的特点,结合该层固有的重传模式(连续重传)和流控制模式,为一个数据流配置两条L2CAP逻辑信道,数据信道和重传信道。两个信道协调工作实现了选择重传。通过仿真分析,该算法实现简单,能提高重传效率,从而提高系统吞吐量,降低时延。
Bluetooth technique is an open global standard of wireless data and voice communication, which can help to easily implement wireless transmission among personal digital devices. Bluetooth has many advantages, such as low cost, low power consumption, small size, free spectral bandwidth and short communication distance. It can be used for voice communication, data communication, electronic devices connection and information automatic exchange.
Although Bluetooth has so many advantages, it is not perfect and still need to be improved. Some techniques in Bluetooth are not the most advanced in the telecommunication area. The goal of Bluetooth is to be universal, cheap and compact in structure, therefore it do not focus on the advanced property of the technologies that are in use. Taking error correction encoding for example, Bluetooth employed 1/3 rate repetition code, 2/3 rate hamming code instead of convolutional codes with which the coding rate is the same, Turbo code and or other more advanced ways of encoding. ARQ are mainly simple "stop and wait " schemes in the baseband. The users always hope to choose more advanced techniques which can utmostly raise the performance.
The data flow passes through L2CAP layer, HCI, baseband layer and RF layer step by step when data is transmitted on Bluetooth ACL. The fragmentation and recombination and data transfer between higher layer and lower layer are normally done in the L2CAP layer. The baseband layer is in charge of processing the data flow before transmitting, which can guarantee the reliability of the data. Finally the data is transmitted by RF circuit. The inverse procedure is used to receive the data. The goal of this thesis work is to do research on the data processing in each layer, analyze and correct the existing problems in order to improve the performance of the high data rate Bluetooth transmission.
The creativity of the thesis work can be conclude in 3 aspects:
1. One method to solve the problem about uncertainty channel quantity is presented. This method is to use the numbers of Retransmission to estimate the Bluetooth physics channel.
2. One algorithm about adaptive packet selection is introduced in the baseband layer. The numbers of repeated transmission is used in this algorithm in order to achieve packet selection and real time channel quantity track.
3. In the L2CAP layer, a scheme to deploy two L2CAP logical channel for one data flow is presented. A new select repeat scheme that can achieve two L2CAP format coalescent, increase the efficiency of data repeat transmission and reliability of data transmission is also introdruced.
The thesis work can be organized in 6 parts:
Part 1 is the introduction of the Bluetooth. It introduce the application area and future of the Bluetooth, analyze the current situation and problem of the research work. Finally how to organize the thesis work is presented.
Part 2 is the analysis of the Bluetooth protocol standard. It simply analyze the Bluetooth protocol, which can help to deepen the understanding of the core technique of Bluetooth.
The first two part is the basic theory of this thesis work.
Patr 3 is the study about Bluetooth low layer data transmission. In the chapter, we carefully analyze Bluetooth ACL data transmission and data processing over baseband layer and HCI. The data is transmitted in the format of baseband packet. Bluetooth can define many formats of packet. In the baseband layer, error check, correct and retransmission are used to ensure the reliability of the data.
Part 4 is the study on the data transmission in the L2CAP layer and the basics of L2CAP. There are three work formats in L2CAP layer: basic mode, retransmission mode and flow control mode. When working on the basic mode, the L2CAP layer does not ensure the reliability, so this mode is not good for the requirement of the high transmission quantity. Then we also study about the data transmission on retransmission mode and flow control mode in detail. The way to improve repeat of L2CAP is introduced.
The Part 3 and Part 4 mainly focus on the process of the ACL link data transmission and analysis of the factors that can affect the transmission performance. These two Parts are the basis of the improvements that will be introduced in the following chapter.
Part 5 which is the core part of this thesis work introduces a algorithm that can improve the performance of ACL data transmission. On the basis of the analysis that is presented in the above Parts, Pare 5 introduces a adaptive packet selection scheme that is based on the numbers of repeat and a algorithm about selective repeat in L2CAP layer. First, adaptive packet selection scheme, Bluetooth protocol 1.2 define six formats that is guaranteed for reliability. We analyze the relation between these data packets repeat probability and bit error probability (BER) , derive the average data rate that should be achieved in the case of different BER, and present a adaptive packet selection scheme that is based on the numbers of repeat. This algorithm is to get the numbers of repeat in the decision time and then derive the threshold of the number of repeat for packet type switching. By comparing these two values, we can get the best packet. This algorithm solves the problems that are coused by uncertainty channel quantity and is suitable for unsteady channel. The algorithm implements the transition from theory to practice. The simulation results and analysis are presented to show the validity and simplicity of the algorithm. Then a algorithm about selective repeat in L2CAP layer is introduced. In the algorithm, the feature that Bluetooth L2CAP support several logical channels combine with retransmission mode and flow control mode can configured two logical channels, data channel and repeat channel for one data flow. The data channel is working under flow control mode to transmit the data in order. When the repeat transmission is needed, the data channel is switching to the repeat channel. The repeat channel is working under repeat format which repeat window number is 1. When the repeat transmission is done, the channel is switched to data channel. The cooperation between two channels can achieve selective repeat. The simulation results and analysis also indicate that the algorithm is easy to implement and has good system throughput, then increase the efficiency.
Conclusions and possible future research directions are discussed in Part 6. The problems of Bluetooth transmission that need to be solved are presented as well.
论文从ACL数据传输的过程入手,深入的研究了基带层、HCI和L2CAP层对数据进行的处理,具体分析存在问题的原因,探寻性能提升的空间。
在研究基带层ACL分组性能的基础上,论文提出利用重传次数估计信道质量,在此基础上,提出了基于重传次数的自适应分组选择策略,实现了分组选择理论到实际应用的过渡。仿真分析了算法的性能结果。该算法可以实时跟踪信道的质量,既适用于稳定信道,也适用于不稳定信道。并且兼顾有效性和易实现性。
论文提出了L2CAP层的选择重传算法,利用L2CAP支持多个逻辑信道的特点,结合该层固有的重传模式(连续重传)和流控制模式,为一个数据流配置两条L2CAP逻辑信道,数据信道和重传信道。两个信道协调工作实现了选择重传。通过仿真分析,该算法实现简单,能提高重传效率,从而提高系统吞吐量,降低时延。
Bluetooth technique is an open global standard of wireless data and voice communication, which can help to easily implement wireless transmission among personal digital devices. Bluetooth has many advantages, such as low cost, low power consumption, small size, free spectral bandwidth and short communication distance. It can be used for voice communication, data communication, electronic devices connection and information automatic exchange.
Although Bluetooth has so many advantages, it is not perfect and still need to be improved. Some techniques in Bluetooth are not the most advanced in the telecommunication area. The goal of Bluetooth is to be universal, cheap and compact in structure, therefore it do not focus on the advanced property of the technologies that are in use. Taking error correction encoding for example, Bluetooth employed 1/3 rate repetition code, 2/3 rate hamming code instead of convolutional codes with which the coding rate is the same, Turbo code and or other more advanced ways of encoding. ARQ are mainly simple "stop and wait " schemes in the baseband. The users always hope to choose more advanced techniques which can utmostly raise the performance.
The data flow passes through L2CAP layer, HCI, baseband layer and RF layer step by step when data is transmitted on Bluetooth ACL. The fragmentation and recombination and data transfer between higher layer and lower layer are normally done in the L2CAP layer. The baseband layer is in charge of processing the data flow before transmitting, which can guarantee the reliability of the data. Finally the data is transmitted by RF circuit. The inverse procedure is used to receive the data. The goal of this thesis work is to do research on the data processing in each layer, analyze and correct the existing problems in order to improve the performance of the high data rate Bluetooth transmission.
The creativity of the thesis work can be conclude in 3 aspects:
1. One method to solve the problem about uncertainty channel quantity is presented. This method is to use the numbers of Retransmission to estimate the Bluetooth physics channel.
2. One algorithm about adaptive packet selection is introduced in the baseband layer. The numbers of repeated transmission is used in this algorithm in order to achieve packet selection and real time channel quantity track.
3. In the L2CAP layer, a scheme to deploy two L2CAP logical channel for one data flow is presented. A new select repeat scheme that can achieve two L2CAP format coalescent, increase the efficiency of data repeat transmission and reliability of data transmission is also introdruced.
The thesis work can be organized in 6 parts:
Part 1 is the introduction of the Bluetooth. It introduce the application area and future of the Bluetooth, analyze the current situation and problem of the research work. Finally how to organize the thesis work is presented.
Part 2 is the analysis of the Bluetooth protocol standard. It simply analyze the Bluetooth protocol, which can help to deepen the understanding of the core technique of Bluetooth.
The first two part is the basic theory of this thesis work.
Patr 3 is the study about Bluetooth low layer data transmission. In the chapter, we carefully analyze Bluetooth ACL data transmission and data processing over baseband layer and HCI. The data is transmitted in the format of baseband packet. Bluetooth can define many formats of packet. In the baseband layer, error check, correct and retransmission are used to ensure the reliability of the data.
Part 4 is the study on the data transmission in the L2CAP layer and the basics of L2CAP. There are three work formats in L2CAP layer: basic mode, retransmission mode and flow control mode. When working on the basic mode, the L2CAP layer does not ensure the reliability, so this mode is not good for the requirement of the high transmission quantity. Then we also study about the data transmission on retransmission mode and flow control mode in detail. The way to improve repeat of L2CAP is introduced.
The Part 3 and Part 4 mainly focus on the process of the ACL link data transmission and analysis of the factors that can affect the transmission performance. These two Parts are the basis of the improvements that will be introduced in the following chapter.
Part 5 which is the core part of this thesis work introduces a algorithm that can improve the performance of ACL data transmission. On the basis of the analysis that is presented in the above Parts, Pare 5 introduces a adaptive packet selection scheme that is based on the numbers of repeat and a algorithm about selective repeat in L2CAP layer. First, adaptive packet selection scheme, Bluetooth protocol 1.2 define six formats that is guaranteed for reliability. We analyze the relation between these data packets repeat probability and bit error probability (BER) , derive the average data rate that should be achieved in the case of different BER, and present a adaptive packet selection scheme that is based on the numbers of repeat. This algorithm is to get the numbers of repeat in the decision time and then derive the threshold of the number of repeat for packet type switching. By comparing these two values, we can get the best packet. This algorithm solves the problems that are coused by uncertainty channel quantity and is suitable for unsteady channel. The algorithm implements the transition from theory to practice. The simulation results and analysis are presented to show the validity and simplicity of the algorithm. Then a algorithm about selective repeat in L2CAP layer is introduced. In the algorithm, the feature that Bluetooth L2CAP support several logical channels combine with retransmission mode and flow control mode can configured two logical channels, data channel and repeat channel for one data flow. The data channel is working under flow control mode to transmit the data in order. When the repeat transmission is needed, the data channel is switching to the repeat channel. The repeat channel is working under repeat format which repeat window number is 1. When the repeat transmission is done, the channel is switched to data channel. The cooperation between two channels can achieve selective repeat. The simulation results and analysis also indicate that the algorithm is easy to implement and has good system throughput, then increase the efficiency.
Conclusions and possible future research directions are discussed in Part 6. The problems of Bluetooth transmission that need to be solved are presented as well.
引文
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[7]Abhishek Das,Abhishek Ghose,Ashu Razdan,et al.Enhancing performance of asynchronous data traffic over theBluetooth wireless ad-hoc network[C].Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies,2001,1:591-600.
[8]Wensheng Zhang,Hao Zhu and Guohong Cao.Improving Bluetooth network performance through a time-slot leasing approach[C].Wireless Communications and Networking Conference,2002,2:592-596.
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[14]J.Misic,V.B.Misic.Modeling Bluetooth Piconet Performance[J].IEEE Communication Letters,2003,7(1):18-20.
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[28]徐飞,庄弈琪,郭峰,载荷长度对数据传输吞吐量的影响[J].电子科技大学学报,2008,37(1).39-42
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[2]金纯,许光辰,孙睿.蓝牙技术[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2001.3.
[3]李纯.蓝牙技术起跳[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2002.1.
[4]NATHEN JM.蓝牙揭密[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2001.8.
[5]N.Golmie,N.Chevrollier.Techniques to improve Bluetooth performance in interference environments[C].Military Communications Conference,2001.Communications for Network-Centric Operations:Creating the Information Force,2001,1:581-585.
[6]Chert-Hart Shih,Kuochen Wang and Ae-Yun Liu.Enhancing Bluetooth Performance in Interference Environments via Channel-State-Dependent Packet Scheduling with Adaptive Packet Selection[C].Personal,Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications,2004,2:1183-1187.
[7]Abhishek Das,Abhishek Ghose,Ashu Razdan,et al.Enhancing performance of asynchronous data traffic over theBluetooth wireless ad-hoc network[C].Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies,2001,1:591-600.
[8]Wensheng Zhang,Hao Zhu and Guohong Cao.Improving Bluetooth network performance through a time-slot leasing approach[C].Wireless Communications and Networking Conference,2002,2:592-596.
[9]Jelena,Vojislav.Bridges of Bluetooth county:topologies,scheduling,and performance[J].SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS,2003,21(2):240-258.
[10]Howitt,I.Bluetooth performance in the presence of 802.11b WLAN[J].IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2002.11,51(6):1640-1651.
[11]N.Golmie,R.E.Van Dyck,A.Soltanian,et al.Interference Evaluation of Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11b Systems[J].ACM Wireless Networks,2003,9:201-211.
[12]韩娟娟,刘乃安等.AFH-一使蓝牙与Wi-Fi共存[J].无线电工程,2003(1):41-44.
[13]Ivan Howitt.Mutual interference between independent Bluetooth piconets[J].IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2003,52(3):708-718.
[14]J.Misic,V.B.Misic.Modeling Bluetooth Piconet Performance[J].IEEE Communication Letters,2003,7(1):18-20.
[15]G.Carrozzal,M.Cinquel,D.Cotroneo,S.Russo.Dependability Evaluation and Modeling of the Bluetooth Data Communication Channel.16th Euromicro Conference on Parallel,Distributed and Network-Based Processing,2008:245-252.
[16]M.C.Valenti,M.Robert,J.H.Reed.On the throughput of Bluetooth data transmission[C].Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference,2002:119-123.
[17]Kleinschmidt J H,Pellenz M E,JAMHOUR E.Bluetooth network performance in Nakagami-m fading channels[C].IFIP TC6 International Conference on Mobile and Wireless Communications Networks,Singapore:IEEE,2004:639-644.
[18]Chen L Jyh,Kapoor R,Sanadidi M Y,Et Al.Enhancing Bluetooth Tcp Throughput Via Link Layer Packet Adaptation[C].IEEE International Conference On Communications,2004:4012-4016.
[19]SARKAR S,ANJUM F,GUHA R.Optimal communication in Bluetooth piconets[J].IEEE Transaction of Vehicular Technology,2005,54(2):709-721.
[20]Stranne A,Edfors O,Molin B A.Throughput Dependence on Packet Length in Bluetooth Network[C].RVK 05,Linkoping:Sweden,2005,June 14-16.
[21]F.Yang,K.Wang and Z.Qian.Performance analysis of Bluetooth packet transmission and adaptive packet selection strategy[J].J.Communi.,2005.9,26(9):97-102.
[22]Ki Won Sung and Chae Y.Lee.Determination of the Multi-slot Transmission in Bluetooth Systems with the Estimation of the Channel Error Probability[J].Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing,2006(6):61-68.
[23]M.C.Ju.H.Park,D.K.Hong,K.J.Youn and J.W.Cho.Packet selection scheme based on a channel quality estimation for Bluetooth systems[C].Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications,2002(1):228-231.
[24]Jung-Ho Yoon,Seung-Bum Lee,Sin-Chong Park.Packet and modulation type selection scheme based on channel quality estimation for Bluetooth evolution systems[C].Wireless Communications and Networking Conference,IEEE,2004(2):1014-1017.
[25]Jesung Kim,Yujin Lim.An adaptive segmentation scheme for the Bluetooth-based wireless channel[J].Computer Communications and Networks,2001:440-445.
[26]杨帆,王坷,钱志鸿.基于信噪比的蓝牙自适应分组选择算法[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2006,36(1):103-107.
[27]杨帆,王坷,钱志鸿.蓝牙分组传输性能分析与自适应分组选择策略[J].通信学报,2005,26(9):97-102.
[28]徐飞,庄弈琪,郭峰,载荷长度对数据传输吞吐量的影响[J].电子科技大学学报,2008,37(1).39-42
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