构造抬升背景下河流地貌对长期气候变化响应的数值实验研究
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摘要
构造抬升和气候变化是影响地貌演化的两个重要外部因素,随着对地表过程的进一步认识以及计算机技术的发展,采用数值模拟的方式来研究地貌演化与构造抬升和气候变化之间的关系成为一个新的地学研究方向,也逐渐得到地学界的关注。近年来,已有一些关于模拟长期地貌演化的研究成果问世,但该领域的研究在国内几乎是一片空白。此外,已有研究多针对于低海拔、沙质河床,而很少有涉及高海拔、构造抬升强烈、砾质河床的地区。为此,我们以青藏高原北缘祁连山东段的一个小流域——沙沟河为例,通过构建具有物理基础的数值模型,模拟不同场景下河流对于构造抬升和气候变化的响应,探讨了这两个外部因素在地貌演化中所起的作用,在长期地貌演化数值模拟方面做出有益的尝试。
通过设定不同场景,我们首先模拟了河流纵剖面对于构造抬升和气候变化的响应,发现(1)河流纵剖面的发育对于基岩易侵蚀性敏感,对初始面形态不敏感;(2)无构造抬升,气候变化引起的河流可达到的最大流量决定河流均衡纵剖面形态;(3)无气候变化,构造抬升的幅度及断层位置决定裂点的迁移时间和速率:(4)气候变化与构造抬升共同作用时,河流呈现较为复杂的响应过程,河流纵剖面会反复调整达到多次均衡。
考虑到坡面过程以及泥沙侧向汇入对于河流搬运堆积有一定的影响,我们又构建了二维空间流域地貌演化数值模型,并设定不同的场景,对河流如何响应气候变化和构造抬升这两个外部因素进行数值实验研究:(1)研究区的实验结果对流向算法不敏感,不同的坡度算法对实验结果有一定的影响,采用不同空间分辨率的DEM对实验结果影响很大;(2)无构造抬升,流域地表对于快速气候变化较为敏感;(3)无气候变化,单次构造抬升应该是造成流域形态变化的主要因素。
Tectonic uplift and climate change are two major factors which have effect on landscape evolution. With development of computer technology and knowledge of surface processes in advance, some scholars started using numerical simulation technology to study the relationship between landscape evolution and the two major factors - tectonic uplift and climate change. Numerical simulation has been used in many scientific areas but little in geosicence until recent decades. In China, there was almost none relative study invovled in long-term landscape evolution. And those existed researches more focused on low-altitude areas with sand-bed rivers than high-altitude areas with stong uplift and gravel-bed rivers. So, we developed a long-term landscape evolution model based on physical theories and applied it to Shagou, a little drainage which located on Eastern Qilian Mountains. Through numerical experiments with different settings, we explored how river has response to tectonic uplift and climatic change and how these two factors have effect on landscape evolution and tried to enrich experiences in numerical simulation in geoscience.
At first, we simulated how fluvial long-profile has response to climate change and tectonic uplift in different conditions and found that (1) fluvial long-profile is sensitive to bedrock erodibility (kb) and initial profile has little effect on experiment results; (2) with no tectonic uplift event, the largest water discharge in river caused by climate change determines the shape of fluvial equilibrium long-profile; (3) with climate not changing, the magnitude of tectonic uplift and the location of fault determine how long time needed in split spot migration and how quick the split spot migrates, respectively; (4) when tectonic uplift event occurs with climate changing, river generally has complex response process. Fluvial long-profile would adjust again and again and reached few equilibrious stages.
Considering that hillslope processes and lateral sediment inflow would influence sediment transport process in river, we developd a 2-D drainage landscape evolution model and did some numerical experiments with different settings. After analyzing results, we found that (1) study area is not sensitive to routing algorithms, different algorithms used to calculate gradient have effect on results and different spatial resolution of DEM, which used as initial condition, has great effect on results; (2) drainage surface is sensitive to rapid climate change when no tectonic uplift event occurs; (3) With climate not changing, single tectonic uplift would be the main factor which causes changes of drainage form.
通过设定不同场景,我们首先模拟了河流纵剖面对于构造抬升和气候变化的响应,发现(1)河流纵剖面的发育对于基岩易侵蚀性敏感,对初始面形态不敏感;(2)无构造抬升,气候变化引起的河流可达到的最大流量决定河流均衡纵剖面形态;(3)无气候变化,构造抬升的幅度及断层位置决定裂点的迁移时间和速率:(4)气候变化与构造抬升共同作用时,河流呈现较为复杂的响应过程,河流纵剖面会反复调整达到多次均衡。
考虑到坡面过程以及泥沙侧向汇入对于河流搬运堆积有一定的影响,我们又构建了二维空间流域地貌演化数值模型,并设定不同的场景,对河流如何响应气候变化和构造抬升这两个外部因素进行数值实验研究:(1)研究区的实验结果对流向算法不敏感,不同的坡度算法对实验结果有一定的影响,采用不同空间分辨率的DEM对实验结果影响很大;(2)无构造抬升,流域地表对于快速气候变化较为敏感;(3)无气候变化,单次构造抬升应该是造成流域形态变化的主要因素。
Tectonic uplift and climate change are two major factors which have effect on landscape evolution. With development of computer technology and knowledge of surface processes in advance, some scholars started using numerical simulation technology to study the relationship between landscape evolution and the two major factors - tectonic uplift and climate change. Numerical simulation has been used in many scientific areas but little in geosicence until recent decades. In China, there was almost none relative study invovled in long-term landscape evolution. And those existed researches more focused on low-altitude areas with sand-bed rivers than high-altitude areas with stong uplift and gravel-bed rivers. So, we developed a long-term landscape evolution model based on physical theories and applied it to Shagou, a little drainage which located on Eastern Qilian Mountains. Through numerical experiments with different settings, we explored how river has response to tectonic uplift and climatic change and how these two factors have effect on landscape evolution and tried to enrich experiences in numerical simulation in geoscience.
At first, we simulated how fluvial long-profile has response to climate change and tectonic uplift in different conditions and found that (1) fluvial long-profile is sensitive to bedrock erodibility (kb) and initial profile has little effect on experiment results; (2) with no tectonic uplift event, the largest water discharge in river caused by climate change determines the shape of fluvial equilibrium long-profile; (3) with climate not changing, the magnitude of tectonic uplift and the location of fault determine how long time needed in split spot migration and how quick the split spot migrates, respectively; (4) when tectonic uplift event occurs with climate changing, river generally has complex response process. Fluvial long-profile would adjust again and again and reached few equilibrious stages.
Considering that hillslope processes and lateral sediment inflow would influence sediment transport process in river, we developd a 2-D drainage landscape evolution model and did some numerical experiments with different settings. After analyzing results, we found that (1) study area is not sensitive to routing algorithms, different algorithms used to calculate gradient have effect on results and different spatial resolution of DEM, which used as initial condition, has great effect on results; (2) drainage surface is sensitive to rapid climate change when no tectonic uplift event occurs; (3) With climate not changing, single tectonic uplift would be the main factor which causes changes of drainage form.
引文
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