不同时间尺度长江口及毗邻海域浮游生物群落变化过程的初步研究
|
摘要
河口生物群落具有适应不同时间尺度上各种化学、生物和物理影响的能力。近二十年来,生物评价方法和评估标准开始被应用于研究生物群落对全球气候变化、人类活动的响应,其中,浮游生物作为指示类生物较多的应用于监测河口环境状况。浮游生物处于河口生态系统食物链始端,其群落结构和功能的变化与水环境因子的变化存在较高相关性,可为水质变化提供早期预警信息,是河口监测的主要指示类群之一。自上世纪五十年代以来,许多学者对长江口浮游生物进行了广泛研究,多涉及不同季节浮游生物空间分布的变化,很少涉及微微型浮游生物和病毒的周日变化过程。另外,随着长江三峡工程截流蓄水和投入运行,长江口水域营养盐和悬浮物输入量等将显著变化,可能导致浮游生物的空间分布和季节变化模式发生改变。同时,全球气候变化和人类活动对河口生态环境的影响往往在较长的时间尺度上才能显现,因此有必要对浮游生物群落结构的年际变化过程进行研究。本文基于2005年7月和11月的走航观测数据,2006年6月的走航观测和定点观测数据,以及近十年(1996-2005年)的历史观测数据,从不同时间尺度研究了长江口及毗邻海域浮游生物群落变化过程。结果如下:
(1)周日变化
定点观测的叶绿素α浓度、微微型浮游生物(Picoplankton)和病毒(Viruses)丰度的时间序列数据,通过非线性矩形方程进行曲线拟合,结果表明了潮汐动力过程是影响河口区叶绿素α浓度、微微型浮游生物和病毒丰度周日变化过程的主要因子。表层叶绿素α浓度、微微型浮游生物和病毒丰度的周日波动呈现典型的半日周期(11-13小时)变化,而中层和底层由于沉积物再悬浮作用和水体层化现象的影响,波动周期与表层明显不同。叶绿素口浓度、微微型浮游生物和病毒丰度的周日变化与各环境因子(温度、盐度、浊度和无机营养盐)之间没有显著的相关关系。
(2)夏、秋季变化
夏、秋季分别鉴定浮游植物203种和298种,其中,赤潮种中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)是该海域绝对的优势种。浮游植物细胞平均丰度夏季(5.48×10~4cells L~(-1))低于秋季(2.70×10~5 cells L~(-1)),而叶绿素α平均浓度夏季(2.34mg m~(-3))高于秋季(1.32 mg m~(-3))。多样性指数(H′)均值夏季(1.51)高于秋季(0.86),均匀度(J)均值夏季(0.59)也高于秋季(0.34)。浮游植物的空间分布具有明显的块状区域特征,其季节变化主要受海区的流系特征、营养盐、悬浮物等因素的制约。虽然,浮游植物的空间分布和季节变化模式与三峡工程蓄水前后无明显差异,但所鉴定的浮游植物种类数量与三峡工程蓄水前同期相比明显增多,这可能与三峡工程蓄水后泥沙输入量显著减少、海流入侵等有关。
应用流式细胞仪同步分析了夏季水样中微微型浮游生物和病毒丰度。聚球藻(Synechococcus)、微微型真核浮游植物(Picoeukaryotes)、异养细菌(Heterotrophic bacteria)和病毒平均丰度分别达数量级10~7、10~6、10~9、10~9 cellsL~(-1)。回归分析结果表明,病毒丰度与盐度呈正相关关系,与浊度、硝酸盐、磷酸盐、硅酸盐呈负相关关系,可见,病毒对河口环境变化具有高度的敏感性。聚球藻、微微型真核浮游植物、异养细菌和病毒丰度与三峡工程蓄水前后研究结果相比有所变化,特别是病毒,丰度减少达一个数量级,这可能与三峡工程蓄水后径流量减少、海流入侵等密切相关。因此,病毒可作为河口环境变化的高敏感性指示因子。
(3)年际变化
近十年来,长江口及毗邻海域浮游生物群落结构己发生明显变化。由于长江三峡工程截流蓄水的影响,自2000年以来,该水域悬浮物、COD、无机氮和硅酸盐浓度呈显著下降趋势,富营养化程度有所缓解,但氮磷比值始终高于40,远大于Redfield比值16,硅氮比值也从1996年的1.35下降到2005年的0.94。长期氮磷硅比值的失衡导致了具有光合性和非光合性营养方式的甲藻类在浮游植物群落中所占比例大幅攀升,硅藻的组成比例下降,甲藻类赤潮频繁发生。硅藻群落的减少,致使饵料生物主要组成者桡足类的组成比例正逐渐下降,非饵料生物水母的比例正逐渐增高。近几年来,为改善海域环境现状,控制西部陆源污染物输入量的措施已取得一定效果,但河口水质并无明显改善。浮游生物群落结构年际变化表明了维持其群落结构的稳定性控制输入营养盐比例相对于控制西部陆源污染物输入量可能更为重要。
Estuarine plankton communities can respond to global climate change and human activities at different timescales,and there are obvious relationships between the changes in plankton communities and water environmental factors.Hence plankton may serve as a bioindicator to monitor estuarine environmental conditions. Since the 1950s,many scientists have conducted an extensive number of studies on plankton seasonal changes in spatial distribution in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent sea,but rare of them has focused on diel changes of picoplankton and viruses. In addition,nutrient and suspended matter discharges from the Changjiang River will tremendously decrease due to the water storage of the Three Gorges Dam,thus may lead to some changes in spatial distribution and seasonal variation patterns of plankton.Further more,the impacts of global climate change and human activities on estuarine eco-environment exhibit on a long time scale,and then interannual study on plankton community is necessary.Based on the data from cruise monitoring in July and November 2005 and in June 2006,anchor monitoring in June 2006,and historical observations from 1996 to 2005,we studied the changes in plankton community in Changjiang Estuary and adjacent sea at different timescales.The results are as follows:
(1)Diel changes
Time-series data sets on the fluctuations of the Chlorophyllα,the picoplankton and viruses with tide were obtained and treated by a tidal model based on a rectangle equation.The results reveal that tidal action is a major factor in affecting diel variations of chlorophyllα,picoplankton and viruses in the Changjiang Estuary.The chlorophyll a concentration varied with a semidiurnal period of～11 hr in surface waters,and the cell abundances of picoplankton and viruses～13 hr,coinciding with the tidal period.However,different periods were found in middle and bottom waters, due to the influences of tidal induced physical forcings such as resuspension and stratification.The diel variations of chlorophyllα,picoplankton and viruses are no significant correlation with the environmental factors(temperature,salinity,turbidity, inorganic nutrients).
(2)Changes in summer and autumn
Two hundred and three phytoplankton species in summer and 298 in autumn were identified.Skeletonema costatum was the dominant species identified.The average cell abundance was lower in summer(5.48×10~4 cells L~(-1))than in autumn (2.70×10~5 cells L~(-1)),however,the average chlorophyllαconcentration was higher in summer(2.34 mg m~(-3))than in autumn(1.32 mg m~(-3)).The average diversity index(H') was higher in summer(1.51)than in autumn(0.86),as was the average evenness(J) (0.59 and 0.34,respectively).Spatial distribution of phytoplankton featured distinct regionality,and the seasonal variation was controlled by factors such as water source, nutrient,suspended matter,and so on.Although the spatial distribution and seasonal variation patterns were found no difference between before and after the water storage of the Three Gorges Dam,identified species number was higher than that before the dam,which may be related to the consequent changes such as reduced sediment discharge and intensified seawater intrusion after the dam.
Cell abundances of picoplankton and viruses were simultaneously determined by flow cytometry.The average abundances of Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes, heterotrophic bacteria and viruses were at the order of 10~7,10~6,10~9 and 10~9 cells L~(-1), respectively.Regression analysis results reveal that viral abundance was positively correlated with salinity,and negatively correlated with turbidity and inorganic nutrient concentrations,indicating that viruses can be the most sensitive to environmental changes compared with the picoplankton groups.Cell abundances of picoplankton and viruses were found changes after the water storage of the Three Gorges Dam.Particularly,viral abundance decreased to one order of magnitude. Therefore,viruses may serve as a high sensitive indicator to monitor estuarine environmental changes.
(3)Interannual changes
Plankton community structure has changed in the Changjiang Estuary in the last ten years.The annual average concentrations of suspended matter,COD,TIN and silicate have clearly decreased since 2000,which is attributed mainly to the Three Gorges Project.Although eutrophication has declined to a certain extent since 2000, N/P ratio was always much higher than 40 and Si/N ratio reduced from 1.35 in 1996 to 0.94 in 2005.As an ecological consequence to such nutrient balance changes,the dominance of diatoms decreased,dinoflagellates increasingly dominated the phytoplankton population,and the frequency of harmful algal blooms caused by dinoflagellates increased.Furthermore,due to the reduced diatom availability,the dominance of copepods decreased,and medusas increasingly dominated the zooplankton population.Nutrient ratios,therefore,are more important in controlling the stability of plankton community structure than are the amounts of contamination loadings from land.
(1)周日变化
定点观测的叶绿素α浓度、微微型浮游生物(Picoplankton)和病毒(Viruses)丰度的时间序列数据,通过非线性矩形方程进行曲线拟合,结果表明了潮汐动力过程是影响河口区叶绿素α浓度、微微型浮游生物和病毒丰度周日变化过程的主要因子。表层叶绿素α浓度、微微型浮游生物和病毒丰度的周日波动呈现典型的半日周期(11-13小时)变化,而中层和底层由于沉积物再悬浮作用和水体层化现象的影响,波动周期与表层明显不同。叶绿素口浓度、微微型浮游生物和病毒丰度的周日变化与各环境因子(温度、盐度、浊度和无机营养盐)之间没有显著的相关关系。
(2)夏、秋季变化
夏、秋季分别鉴定浮游植物203种和298种,其中,赤潮种中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)是该海域绝对的优势种。浮游植物细胞平均丰度夏季(5.48×10~4cells L~(-1))低于秋季(2.70×10~5 cells L~(-1)),而叶绿素α平均浓度夏季(2.34mg m~(-3))高于秋季(1.32 mg m~(-3))。多样性指数(H′)均值夏季(1.51)高于秋季(0.86),均匀度(J)均值夏季(0.59)也高于秋季(0.34)。浮游植物的空间分布具有明显的块状区域特征,其季节变化主要受海区的流系特征、营养盐、悬浮物等因素的制约。虽然,浮游植物的空间分布和季节变化模式与三峡工程蓄水前后无明显差异,但所鉴定的浮游植物种类数量与三峡工程蓄水前同期相比明显增多,这可能与三峡工程蓄水后泥沙输入量显著减少、海流入侵等有关。
应用流式细胞仪同步分析了夏季水样中微微型浮游生物和病毒丰度。聚球藻(Synechococcus)、微微型真核浮游植物(Picoeukaryotes)、异养细菌(Heterotrophic bacteria)和病毒平均丰度分别达数量级10~7、10~6、10~9、10~9 cellsL~(-1)。回归分析结果表明,病毒丰度与盐度呈正相关关系,与浊度、硝酸盐、磷酸盐、硅酸盐呈负相关关系,可见,病毒对河口环境变化具有高度的敏感性。聚球藻、微微型真核浮游植物、异养细菌和病毒丰度与三峡工程蓄水前后研究结果相比有所变化,特别是病毒,丰度减少达一个数量级,这可能与三峡工程蓄水后径流量减少、海流入侵等密切相关。因此,病毒可作为河口环境变化的高敏感性指示因子。
(3)年际变化
近十年来,长江口及毗邻海域浮游生物群落结构己发生明显变化。由于长江三峡工程截流蓄水的影响,自2000年以来,该水域悬浮物、COD、无机氮和硅酸盐浓度呈显著下降趋势,富营养化程度有所缓解,但氮磷比值始终高于40,远大于Redfield比值16,硅氮比值也从1996年的1.35下降到2005年的0.94。长期氮磷硅比值的失衡导致了具有光合性和非光合性营养方式的甲藻类在浮游植物群落中所占比例大幅攀升,硅藻的组成比例下降,甲藻类赤潮频繁发生。硅藻群落的减少,致使饵料生物主要组成者桡足类的组成比例正逐渐下降,非饵料生物水母的比例正逐渐增高。近几年来,为改善海域环境现状,控制西部陆源污染物输入量的措施已取得一定效果,但河口水质并无明显改善。浮游生物群落结构年际变化表明了维持其群落结构的稳定性控制输入营养盐比例相对于控制西部陆源污染物输入量可能更为重要。
Estuarine plankton communities can respond to global climate change and human activities at different timescales,and there are obvious relationships between the changes in plankton communities and water environmental factors.Hence plankton may serve as a bioindicator to monitor estuarine environmental conditions. Since the 1950s,many scientists have conducted an extensive number of studies on plankton seasonal changes in spatial distribution in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent sea,but rare of them has focused on diel changes of picoplankton and viruses. In addition,nutrient and suspended matter discharges from the Changjiang River will tremendously decrease due to the water storage of the Three Gorges Dam,thus may lead to some changes in spatial distribution and seasonal variation patterns of plankton.Further more,the impacts of global climate change and human activities on estuarine eco-environment exhibit on a long time scale,and then interannual study on plankton community is necessary.Based on the data from cruise monitoring in July and November 2005 and in June 2006,anchor monitoring in June 2006,and historical observations from 1996 to 2005,we studied the changes in plankton community in Changjiang Estuary and adjacent sea at different timescales.The results are as follows:
(1)Diel changes
Time-series data sets on the fluctuations of the Chlorophyllα,the picoplankton and viruses with tide were obtained and treated by a tidal model based on a rectangle equation.The results reveal that tidal action is a major factor in affecting diel variations of chlorophyllα,picoplankton and viruses in the Changjiang Estuary.The chlorophyll a concentration varied with a semidiurnal period of～11 hr in surface waters,and the cell abundances of picoplankton and viruses～13 hr,coinciding with the tidal period.However,different periods were found in middle and bottom waters, due to the influences of tidal induced physical forcings such as resuspension and stratification.The diel variations of chlorophyllα,picoplankton and viruses are no significant correlation with the environmental factors(temperature,salinity,turbidity, inorganic nutrients).
(2)Changes in summer and autumn
Two hundred and three phytoplankton species in summer and 298 in autumn were identified.Skeletonema costatum was the dominant species identified.The average cell abundance was lower in summer(5.48×10~4 cells L~(-1))than in autumn (2.70×10~5 cells L~(-1)),however,the average chlorophyllαconcentration was higher in summer(2.34 mg m~(-3))than in autumn(1.32 mg m~(-3)).The average diversity index(H') was higher in summer(1.51)than in autumn(0.86),as was the average evenness(J) (0.59 and 0.34,respectively).Spatial distribution of phytoplankton featured distinct regionality,and the seasonal variation was controlled by factors such as water source, nutrient,suspended matter,and so on.Although the spatial distribution and seasonal variation patterns were found no difference between before and after the water storage of the Three Gorges Dam,identified species number was higher than that before the dam,which may be related to the consequent changes such as reduced sediment discharge and intensified seawater intrusion after the dam.
Cell abundances of picoplankton and viruses were simultaneously determined by flow cytometry.The average abundances of Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes, heterotrophic bacteria and viruses were at the order of 10~7,10~6,10~9 and 10~9 cells L~(-1), respectively.Regression analysis results reveal that viral abundance was positively correlated with salinity,and negatively correlated with turbidity and inorganic nutrient concentrations,indicating that viruses can be the most sensitive to environmental changes compared with the picoplankton groups.Cell abundances of picoplankton and viruses were found changes after the water storage of the Three Gorges Dam.Particularly,viral abundance decreased to one order of magnitude. Therefore,viruses may serve as a high sensitive indicator to monitor estuarine environmental changes.
(3)Interannual changes
Plankton community structure has changed in the Changjiang Estuary in the last ten years.The annual average concentrations of suspended matter,COD,TIN and silicate have clearly decreased since 2000,which is attributed mainly to the Three Gorges Project.Although eutrophication has declined to a certain extent since 2000, N/P ratio was always much higher than 40 and Si/N ratio reduced from 1.35 in 1996 to 0.94 in 2005.As an ecological consequence to such nutrient balance changes,the dominance of diatoms decreased,dinoflagellates increasingly dominated the phytoplankton population,and the frequency of harmful algal blooms caused by dinoflagellates increased.Furthermore,due to the reduced diatom availability,the dominance of copepods decreased,and medusas increasingly dominated the zooplankton population.Nutrient ratios,therefore,are more important in controlling the stability of plankton community structure than are the amounts of contamination loadings from land.
引文
Alvera-Azcarate A., Ferreira J.G., Nunes J.P., 2003. Modelling eutrophication in mesotidal and macrotidal estuaries. The role of intertidal seaweeds. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci., 57 (4): 715-724.
Azam F., Hodson R.E., 1977. Size distribution and activity of marine microheterotrophs. Limnol. Oceanogr., 22: 492-501.
Azam F., Fenchel T., Gray J.G., Meyer-rell L.A., Thingstad T., 1983. The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 10: 257-263.
Baldi F., Minacci A., Saliot A., Mejanelle L., Moteric P., Turk V., Malej A., 1997. Cell lysis and release of particulate polysaccharides in extensive marine mucilage assessed by lipid biomarkers and molecular probes. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 153: 45-57.
Beardsley R.C., Limeburner R., Yu H., Cannon G.A., 1985. Discharge of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) into the East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 4: 57-76.
Bergh O., Borsheim K.Y., Bratbak G., Heldal M., 1989. High abundance of Viruses found in aquatic environment. Nature, 340: 467-468.
Blanchot J., Rodier M., 1996. Picophytoplankton abundance and biomass in the western tropical Pacific Ocean during the 1992 El Nino year: results from flow cytometry. Deep-Sea Research, 43: 877-895.
Bougrier S., Hawkins A.J.S., Heral M., 1997. Preingestive selection of different microalgal mixtures in Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus edulis, analysed by flow cytometry. Aquaculture, 150: 123-134.
Bratbak G., Egge J.K., Heldal M., 1993. Viral mortality of the marine alga Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophiceae) and termination of algal blooms. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 93: 39-48.
Bratbak G., Heldal M., Thingstad T.F., Tuomi P., 1996. Dynamics of virus abundance in coastal seawater. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol, 19: 263-269.
Bricker S.B., Clement C.G., Pirhalla D.E., Orlando S.P., Farrow D.R.G., 1999. National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment: Effects of Nutrient Enrichment in the Nation's Estuaries. NOAA, National Ocean Service, Special Projects Office and the National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science. Silver Spring, MD: pp. 71.
Bricker S.B., Ferreira J.G., Simas T., 2003. An integrated methodology for assessment of estuarine trophic status. Ecological Modelling, 169: 39-60.
Brussaard C.P.D., Marie D., Bratbak G., 2000. Flow cytometric detection of vieuses. J. Virol. Methods, 85: 175-182.
Brussaard C.P.D., 2004. Viral control of phytoplankton populations: a review. J. Eukaryot Microbiol, 51: 125-138.
Brzezinski M.A., 1985. The Si:C:N ratio of marine diatoms: interspecific variability and the effect of some environmental variables. Journal of Phycology, 21: 347-357.
Buck K.R., Chavez F.P., Campbell L., 1996. Basin-wide distributions of living carbon components and the inverted trophic pyramid of the central gyre of the north Atlantic Ocean, summer 1993. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 10: 283-298.
Burkholder J.M., Mallin M.A., Glasgow H.B., 1999. Fish kills, bottom water hypoxia and the toxic Pfiesteria complex in the Neuse River and Estuary. Mar. Ecol. Prog., 179:301-310.
Campbell L., Liu H., Nolla H., Vaulot D., 1997. Annual variability of phytoplankton and bacteria in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean at Station ALOHA during the 1991-1994 ENSO event. Deep-Sea Research, 44: 167-192.
Campbell L., Landry M.R., Constantinou J., Nolla H.A., Brown S.L., Liu H., Caron D.A., 1998. Response of microbial community structure to environmental forcing in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Research, 45: 2301-2325.
Cavender-Bares K.K., Mann E.L., Chisholm S.W., Ondrusek M.E., Bidigare R.R., 1999. Differential response of equatorial Pacific phytoplankton to iron fertilization. Limnol. Oceanogr., 44: 237-246.
Cederwall H., Elmgren R., 1990. Biological effects on eutrophication in the Baltic Sea, particularly the coastal zone. Ambio, 19(3): 109-112.
Chai C., Yu Z.M., Song X.X, Cao X.H., 2006. The status and characteristics of eutrophication in the Yangtze River (Changjiang) Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea, China. Hydrobiologia, 563: 313-328.
Che Y, He Q., Lin W.Q., 2003. The distributions of particulate heavy metals and its indication to the transfer of sediments in the Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46: 123-131.
Chen C., Zhu J., Beardsley R.C., Franks P.J.S., 2003. Physical-biological sources for dense algal blooms near the Changjiang River. Geophysical Research Letters, 30: 1515-1518.
Chen J.Y, Shen H.T., Yu C.X., 1988. Processes of Dynamics and Geomorphology of the Changjiang Estuary, pp.454. Shanghai Scientific and Technological Publisher, Shanghai.
Chen J.Y., Chen S.L., 2003. Ecological environmental changes in the Changjiang estuary and suggestions for countermeasure. Water Resources Hydropower Engineering, 34 (1): 19-25.
Chen S.P., Chen X.M., Li C.P., et al., 1999. Distribution features of zooplankton in the southwest of the Daya Bay. In: The synthetic experimental station of marine biology in the Daya Bay. Beijing: Meteorological Press, pp 73-100.
Chen Y.P., Huang J.Q., 1992. Distribution of Cladocera in Jiulong River Estuary. Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait, 11(3): 233-237.
Chen Y.W., Gao X.Y., 2000. Comparison of Two Methods for Phytoplankton Chlorophyll-a Concentration Measurement. Journal of Lake Sciences, 12(2): 185-188.
Chen Z., Li J., Shen H., Wang Z., 2001. Changjiang of China: historical analysis of discharge variability and sediment flux. Geomorphology, 41: 77-91.
Chisholm S.W., Olson R.J., Zettler E.R., Goericke R., Waterbury G.B., Welschmeyer N.A., 1988. A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone. Nature, 334: 340-343.
Cloern J.E., 1982. Does the benthos control phytoplankton biomass in South San Francisco Bay? Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 9: 191-202.
Cloern J.E., 1991. Tidal stirring and phytoplankton bloom dynamics in an estuary. J. Mar. Res., 49: 203-221.
Cloern J.E., 1996. Phytoplankton bloom dynamics in coastal ecosystems: A review with some general lessons from sustained investigation of San Francisco Bay, California. Reviews of Geophysics, 34: 127-168.
Cloern J.E., 1999. The relative importance of light and nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth: A simple index of coastal ecosystem sensitivity to nutrient enrichment. Aquatic Ecology, 33: 3-16.
Cloern J.E., 2001. Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 210: 223-253.
Coljin F., Dijkema K.S., 1981. Species composition of benthic diatoms and distribution of chlorophyll a on an intertidal flat in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 4: 9-21.
Conley D.J., Stalnacke P., Pitkanen H., Wilander A., 2000. The transport and retention of dissolved silicate by rivers in Sweden and Finland. Limnology and Oceanography, 45 (8): 1850-1853.
Danovaro R., Armeni M., Corinaldesi C., Mei M.L., 2003. Viruses and marine pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46: 301-304.
Duarte P., Macedo M.F., Fonseca L.C., 2006. The relationship between phytoplankton diversity and community function in a coastal lagoon. Hydrobiologia, 555: 3-18.
Estrada M., Henriksen P., Gasol J.M., Casamayor E.O., Pedrosalio C., 2004. Diversity of planktonic photoautotrophic microorganisms along a salinity gradient as depicted by microscopy, flow cytometry, pigment analysis and DNA-based methods. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 49: 281-293.
Ferreira J.G., Wolff W.J., Simas T.C., Bricker S.B., 2005. Does biodiversity of estuarine phytoplankton depend on hydrology? Ecological Modelling, 187: 513-523.
Fonseca J.C., Marques J.C., Paiva A.A., Freitas A.M., Madeira V.M.C., Jorgensen S.E., 2000. Nuclear DNA in the determination of weighing factors to estimate exergy from organisms biomass. Ecol. Model., 126: 179-189.
Froneman P.W., 2000. Feeding studies of selected zooplankton in a temperate estuary, South Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 51(5): 543-552.
Froneman P.W., 2001. Seasonal changes in zooplankton biomass and grazing impact in the temperate estuary, South Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 52 (5): 543-553.
Froneman P.W., 2002. Response of the plankton to three different hydrological phases of the temporarily open/closed Kasouga Estuary, South Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 55(4): 535-546.
Fuhrman J.A., 1999. Marine virus and their biogeochemical and ecological effects. Nature, 399: 541-548.
Gameiro C., Cartaxana P., Cabrita M.T., Brotas V., 2004. Variability in chlorophyll and phytoplankton composition in an estuarine system. Hydrobiologia, 525: 113-124.
Gao X.L., Song J.M., 2005. Phytoplankton distributions and their relationship with the environment in the Changjiang Estuary, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50: 327-335.
Gao S.Q., Lin Y.A., Jin M.M., Gao D.W., 2004. Distribution features of nutrients and nutrient structure in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea in spring and autumn. Donghai Marine Science, 22: 38-50.
Gao S.W., Wang K., 1995. The abundance and distribution of zooplankton in the Jiaozhou Bay. In: Dong J.H., Jiao L.Z. eds. Ecological research of the Jiaozhou Bay. Beijing: Science Press, pp. 151-158.
Gao S., 2005. Changes in material fluxes from the Changjiang River: implications on the adjoining continental shelf ecosystems. In Coastal ecosystem responses to changing nutrient inputs from large temperate and sub-tropical rivers, with emphasis on comporison among the Mississippi (USA), Pearl (China), Yangtze (China) and Rhone (France) rivers. An international symposium, Xiamen University, China.
Gorenc S., Kostaschuk R., Chen Z., 2004. Spatial variations in heavy metals on tidal flats in the Yangtze Estuary, China. Environmental Geology, 45: 1101-1108.
Gu X.G., Yuan Q., Yang J.W., Hua L., 1995. An ecological study on phytoplankton in frontal region of Changjiang estuarine area. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2: 1-15.
Guo Y, Yang Z., 1992. Quantitative variation and ecological analysis of phytoplankton in the estuarine area of the Changjiang River. Studia Marina Sinica, 33:167-189.
Hallegraeff G.M., 1976. Pigment diversity, biomass and species diversity of phytoplankton of three Dutch lakes. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, pp.177.
Hans W.P., Lexia M.V., Benjamin L.P., Jason E.A., Lawrence W.H., Jr., 2006. Anthropogenic and climatic influences on the eutrophication of large estuarine ecosystems. Limnology and Oceanography, 51: 448-462.
Harrison P.J., Hu M.H., Yang Y.P., Lu X., 1990. Phosphate limitation in estuarine and coastal waters of China. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 140: 79-87.
Hobbie J.E., Daley R.J., Jasper S., 1977. Use of Nuclepore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy. Appliedand Environmental Microbiology, 33:1225-1228.
Hong J.C., 2003. Ecological study on red tide in the China main estuaries and bays. Part VI. Changjiang Estuary, pp. 159-178. In: Qi, Y.Z. (ed.), China Inshore Red Tide. Science Press, Beijing.
Hori K., Saito Y., Zhao Q.H., Cheng X.R., Wang P.X., Sato Y., Li C.X., 2001. Sedimentary facies of the tide-dominated paleo-Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary during the last transgression. Marine Geology, 177: 331-351.
Hu D.X., 1994. Some striking features of circulation in the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea. In Oceanology of China Seas, pp. 27-38. Ed. by D. Zhou, Y. B. Liang, and C. K. Zeng. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.
Hu F.X., Hu H., Gu G.C., 2002. The Study of Fronts in the Changjiang Estuary. The East China Normal University Press, Shanghai, pp. 220.
Hu M.H., Yang Y.P., Xu C.L., Harrison P.J., 1989. Phosphate limitation of phytoplankton growth in the Changjiang Estuary. Oceanologia Sinica, 11: 439-443.
Huang J.Q., Zhen Z., 1986. Effect of Salinity on the distribution of copepods in Jiulong River estuary. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 8(1): 3-91.
Huang J.Q., 1983. On the species composition and distribution of estuarine zooplankton at the Jiulong River. Journal of Xiamen University (Natural Science), 22(1): 88-95.
Huang L.M., Jian W.J., Song X.Y., Huang X.P., Liu S., Qian P.Y, Yin K.D., Wu M., 2004. Species diversity and distribution for phytoplankton of the Pearl River estuary during rainy and dry seasons. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49: 588-596.
Humborg C., Conley D.J., Rahm L., Wulff F., Cociasu A., Ittekkot V., 2000. Silicon retention in river basins: far-reaching effects on biogeochemistry and aquatic food webs in coastal marine environments. Ambio, 29: 45-50.
Humborg C., Ittekkot V., Cociasu A., Bodungen B., 1997. Effect of Danube River dam on Black Sea biogeochemistry and ecosystem structure. Nature, 386: 385-388.
Irigoien X., Huisman J., Harris R.P., 2004. Marine ecology: Different measures of biodiversity. Nature, 429: 863-867.
Jaworski N.A., 1981. Sources of nutrients and the scale of eutrophication problems in estuaries. In Estuaries and Nutrients, pp. 83-110. Ed. by B. J. Neilson, and L. Cronin. Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey.
Jiao N.Z., Yang Y.H., Koshikawa H., Watanabe M., 2002. Influence of hydrographic conditions on picoplankton distribution in the East China Sea. Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 30: 37-48.
Jiao N.Z., Yang Y.H., Hong N., Ma Y, Harada S., Koshikawa H., Watanabe M., 2005. Dynamics of autotrophic picoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria in the East China Sea. Cont. Shelf Res., 25: 1265-1279.
Jiao N.Z., Hong N., Zhang Y, 2005. Picoplankton responses to ecological gradients in the Yangtze river estuary and its adjacent areas in the East China Sea. In: Coastal ecosystem responses to changing nutrient inputs from large temperate and sub-tropical rivers, with emphasis on comporison among the Mississippi (USA), Pearl (China), Yangtze (China) and Rhone (France) rivers. An international symposium, Xiamen University, China.
Jiao N.Z., Zhao Y.L., Luo T.W., Wang X.L., 2006. Natural and anthropogenic forcing on the dynamics of virioplankton in the Yangtze River Estuary. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 86: 543-550.
Jiao N.Z., Zhang Y., Zeng Y.H., Gardner W.D., et al., 2007. Ecological anomalies in the East China Sea: Impacts of the Three Gorges Dam? Water Research, 41: 1287-1293.
Joann M.B., Howard B.G., 2001. History of Toxic "Pfiesteria" in North Carolina Estuaries from 1991 to the Present. Bioscience, 51: 827-841.
Kennedy V.S., 1986. The estuary as a filter. New York: Academic Press.
Kibirige I., Perissinotto R., 2003. The zooplankton community of the Mpenjati Estuary, a South African temporarily open/closed system. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 58(4): 727-741.
Kocum E.G., Underwood J.C., Nedwell D.B., 2002. Simultaneous measurement of phytoplanktonic primary production, nutrient and light availability along a turbid, eutrophic UK east coast estuary (the Come Estuary). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 231: 1-12.
Koseff J.R., Holen J.K., Monismith S.G., Cloern J.E., 1993. Coupled effects of vertical mixing and benthic grazing on phytoplankton populations in shallow, turbid estuaries. J. Mar. Res., 51: 843-868.
Lauria M.L., Purdie D.A., Sharpies J., 1999. Contrasting phytoplankton distributions controlled by tidal turbulence in an estuary. Journal of Marine Systems, 21: 189-197.
Le Pape O., Delamo Y, Menesguen A., Aainot A., Quequiner B., Treguer P., 1996. Resistance of a coastal ecosystem to increasing eutrophic conditions: The Bay of Brest (France), a semi-enclosed zone of Western Europe. Cont. Shelf Res., 16: 1885-1907.
Legender L., Demers S., 1985. Auxiliary energy, ergoclines and aquatic biological production. Naturaliste Canadien, 112: 5-14.
Lewitus A.J., Koepfler E.T., Morris J.T., 1998. Swasonal variation in the regulation of phytoplankton by nitrogen and grazing in a salt-marsh estuary. Limnol. Oceanogr., 43(4): 636-646.
Lin X.J., Huang B.Q., Hong H.S., et al., 2002. Vertical characteristics and diel variation of chlorophyll ain the typical areas of East China Sea and Southern Yellow Sea. Marine Sciences, 26(11): 57-63.
Liu H., Suzuki K., Minami C., Saino T., Watanabe M., 2002a. Picoplankton community structure in the subarctic Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea during summer 1999. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 237: 1-14.
Liu H., Imai K., Suzuki K., Nojiri Y., Tsurushima N., Saino T., 2002b. Seasonal variability of picophytoplankton ana bacteria in the western subarctic Pacific Ocean at Station KNOT. Deep-Sea Res. II, 49: 5409-5420.
Liu H., Dagg M., Campell L., Urban-Rich J., 2004. Picophytoplankton and bacterioplankton in the Mississippi river plume and its adjacent waters. Estuaries, 27: 147-156.
Liu S.M., Zhang J., Chen H.T., Wu Y., Xiong H., Zhang Z.F., 2003. Nutrients in the Changjiang and its tributaries. Biogeochemistry, 62: 1-18.
Livingston R.J., 2001. Eutrophication processes in coastal systems: origin and succession of plankton blooms and effects on secondary production in Gulf Coast estuaries. Center for Aquatic Research and Resource Management, Florida State University, CRC Press, pp. 327.
Li Y, Li D.J., Tang J.L., et al., 2007. Phytoplankton distribution and variation in the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent sea. Environmental Science, 28(4): 719-729.
Mallin M.A., Paerl H.W., 1994. Planktonic trophic transfer in an estuary: seasonal, diel, and community structure effects. Ecology., 75(8): 2168-2184.
Mallin M.A., Cahoon L.B., Mclver M.R., Parsons D.C., Shank G.C., 1999. Alternation of factors limiting phytoplankton production in the Cape Fear Rive Estuary. Estuaries, 22(4): 825-836.
Margalef R., 1978. Life-forms as survival alternatives in an unstable environment. Oceanolog Act, 1: 493-509.
Marie D., Partensky F., Jacquet S., Vaulot D., 1997. Enumeration and cell cycle analysis of natural populations of marine picoplankton by flow cytometry using the nucleic acid stain SYBR Green I. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 63: 186-193.
Marie D., Brussaard C.P.D., Thyrhaug R., Bratbak G., Vaulot, D., 1999. Enumeration of marine viruses in culture and natural samples by flow cytometry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 65: 45-52.
Marie D., Simon N., Guillou L., Partensky F., Vaulot D., 2000. Flow cytometry analysis of marine picoplankton. In Diamond, RA., & DeMaggio, S., In Living Color: Protocols in Flow Cytometry and Cell sorting (pp. 421-454). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
May C.L., Koseff J.R., Lucas L.V., Cloern J.E., Schoellhamer D.H., 2003. Effects of spatial and temporal variability of turbidity on phytoplankton blooms. Mar. Ecol Prog. Ser., 254: 111-128.
Middelboe M., Jorgensen N.O.G., Kroer N., 1996. Effect of viruses on nutrient turnover and growth efficiency of non-infected marine bacterioplankton. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62: 1991-1997.
Milliman J.D., Hsueh Y., Hu D.X., Pashinski D.J., Shen H.T., Yang Z.S., Hacker P., 1984. Tidal phase control of sediment discharge from the Yangtze River. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 19: 119-128.
Moreira-Turcq P.F., Martin J.M., 1998. Characterisation of fine particles by flow cytometry in estuarine and coastal arctic waters. J. Sea Res., 39: 217-226.
Moreira-Turcq P.F., Cauwet G., Martin J.M., 2001. Contribution of flow cytometry to estimate picoplankton biomass in estuarine systems. Hydrobiologia, 462: 157-168.
Morin P.J., Fox J.W., 2004. Ecology: Diversity in the deep blue sea. Nature, 429: 813-814.
Mortazavi B., Iverson R.L., Landing W.M., Lewis F.G., Huang W.R., 2000. Control of phytoplankton production and biomass in a river-dominated estuary. Apalachicola Bay, Florida, USA Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 198: 19-31.
Ning X.R., Vaulot D., 1991. The distribution of Synechococcus spp. in the Changjiang Estuary and its effect on environment. Acta Oceanol. Sin., 13: 552-559.
Ning X.R., Shi J.X., Cai Y.M., et al., 2004. Biological productivity front in the Changjiang Estuary and the Hangzhou Bay and its ecological effects. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 26(6): 96-106.
Nixon S.W., 1995. Coastal marine eutrophication: a definition, social causes and future concerns. Ophelia, 41: 199-219.
Nozais C., Perissinotto R, Mundree S., 2001. Annual cycle of microalgal biomass in a South African temporarily-open estuary: mutrient versus light limitation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 223: 39-48.
Nunes J.P., Ferreira J.G., Gazeau F., Lencart-Silva J., Zhang X.L., Zhu M.Y., Fang J.G., 2003. A model for sustainable management of shellfish polyculture in coastal bays. Aquaculture, 219 (1-4): 257-277.
Officer C.B., Ryther J.H., 1980. The possible importance of silicon in marine eutrophication control. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 3: 83-91.
Olson R.J., Chisholm S.W., Zettler E.R., Altabet M.A., Dusenberry J.A., 1990. Spatial and temporal distributions of prochlorophyte picoplankton in the North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research, 37: 1033-1051.
Pan L.A., Zhang L.H., Zhang J., Gasol J.M., Chao M., 2005. On-board flow cytometric observation of picoplankton community structure in the East China Sea during the fall of different years. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 52: 243-253.
Pan L.A., 2005. Microbial community structure in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters. In: Preliminary study of microbial community structure in the East China Sea shelf area and the frontal region of the northern part of the South China Sea (pp. 85-96). Dissertation of Master Candidate, East China Normal University, China.
Pang C.J., Wang F., Bai X.Z., Zhang M.H., 2003. Distribution features of suspended matter and amount of sediment at the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent area. Marine Sciences, 27: 31-35.
Partensky F., Hess W.R., Vauot D., 1999. Prochlorococcus, a marine phytosynthetic prokaryote of global significance. Microbiol. Mol. Boil. Rev., 63: 106-127.
Pepe M., Giardino C., Borsani G., et al., 2001. Relationship between apparent optical properties and photosynthetic pigments in the sub-alpine Lake Iseo. The Science of the Total Environment, 268: 31-45.
Pielou E.C., 1966. Species-diversity and pattern-diversity in the study of ecological succession. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 10: 370-383.
Pinckney J.L., Paerl H.W., Tester P., Richardson T.L., 2001. The role of nutrient loading and eutrophication in estuarine ecology . Environ. Health. Persp., 109(5): 699-706.
Pomeroy L.R., Darley W.M, Dunn E.L., Gallagher J.L., Haines E.B., Whitnaey D.M., 1981. Primary production. In: L.R. Pomeroy and R.G. Wiegert. The ecology of a salt marsh. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp.37-67.
Pomeroy L.R., Wiebe W.J., 1988. Energetics of microbial food webs. Hydrobiologia, 159:7-18.
Pritchard D.W., 1967. What is an estuary: physical viewpoint. Estuaries, ed. G.H. Lauff, pp. 3-5. Washington D.C.: Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci.
Proctor L.M., Fuhrman J.A., 1990. Viral mortality of marine bacteria and cyanobacteria. Nature, 343: 60-62.
Proctor L.M., Fuhrman J.A., 1992. Mortality of marine bacteria in response to enrichments of the virus size fraction from seawater. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 87: 283-293.
Pu X., Wu Y., Zhang Y, 2000. Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in the Changjiang Estuary. I. Condition of nutrient limitation in autumn. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 22: 60-66.
Pu X., Wu Y, Zhang Y, 2001. Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in the Changjiang Estuary. II. Condition of nutrient limitation in spring. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 23: 57-65.
Rabalsis N.N., Turner R.E., Justic D., Dortch Q., Wiseman W.J. Jr., Gupta B.K. Sen, 1996. Nutrient changes in the Mississippi Rive and system responses on the adjacent continental shelf. Estuaries, 19(2B): 386-407.
Rabalais N.N., Nixon S.W., 2002. Preface: Nutrient over-enrichment of the coastal zone. Estuaries, 25: 639.
Redfiled A.C., 1958. The biological control of chemical factors in the environment. American Scientist, 46: 205-221.
Richardson T.L., Pinckney J.L., Paerl H.W., 2001. Responses of estuarine phytoplankton communities to nitrogen form and missing using microcosm bioassays. Estuaries, 24(6A): 828-839.Shumway S.E., 1990. A review of the effects of algal blooms on shellfish and aquaculture. J. World Aquac. Soc, 21: 65-104.
Sellner K.G., Sellner S.G., Lacouture R.V., Magnien R.E., 2001. Excessive nutrients select for dinoflagellates in the stratified Patapsco River estuary: Margalef regins. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 220: 93-102.
Shaffer G.P., Sullivan M.J., 1988. Water column productivity attributable to dialaced bentic diatoms in well-mixed shallow estuaries. J. Phycol., 24: 132-140.
Shannon C.E., Wiener W., 1949. The Mathematical Theory of Communication, pp.125. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Sharp J.H., 2003. Long-term nutrient trends and phytoplankton response in Delaware estuary, USA. Dallas: Crown Press.
Shen Z., Lu J., Liu X., Diao H., 1992. Distribution characteristics of the nutrients in the Changjiang River Estuary and the effect of the Three Gorges Project on it. Studia Marina Sinica, 39: 109-129.
Shi Z., 2004. Behaviour of fine suspended sediment at the North passage of the Changjiang Estuary, China. Journal of Hydrology, 293: 180-190.
Shumway S.E., 1990. A review of the effects of algal blooms on shellfish and aquaculture. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 21: 65-104.
Shumway S.E., Barter J., Sherman-Caswell S., 1990. Auditing the impact of toxic algal blooms on oyster. Environmental Auditor, 2(1): 41-56.
Siburth J. McN., Smetacek V., Lenz J., 1978. Pelagic ecosystem structure: heterotrophic compartments of the plankton and their relations to plankton size fractions. Limnol. Oceanogr., 23: 1256-1263.
Simas T., Nunes J.P., Ferreira J.G., 2001. Effects of global climate change on coastal salt marshes. Ecol. Model, 139 (1): 1-15.
Smith V.H., Tilman G.D., Nekola J.C., 1999. Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on fresh water, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. Environ. Pollut, 100:179-196.
Smith V.H., 2003. Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems: A global problem. Environ. Sci. Pollut., 10: 1-14.
Stirling G., Wilsey B., 2001. Empirical Relationships between Species Richness, Evenness, and Proportional Diversity. The American Naturalist, 158: 286-299.
Su J.L., Yuan Y.L., 2005. China Sea Hydrology. Beijing: Marine publisher, pp.323-325.
Sun J., Liu D., Wang Z., Shi X., Li R., Zhu M., 2003. Microzooplankton herbivory during red tide-frequent-occurrence period in spring in the East China Sea. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 14: 1073-1080.
Sun S., Xiao T., Yue H.D., 2003. Distribution character of Synechococcus spp. in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea in autumn and spring. Oceanol. Limnol. Sin., 34:161-168.
Suttle C.A., Chan A.M., Coltrell M.T., 1990. Infection of phytoplankton by viruses and reduction of primary productivity. Nature, 347: 467-469.
Suttle C.A., 1992. Inhibition of photosynthesis in phytoplankton by the submicron size fraction concentrated from seawater. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 87: 105-112.
Tarran G.A., Zubkov M.V., Sleigh M.A., Burkill P.H., Yallop M., 2001. Microbial community structure and standing stocks in the NE Atlantic in June and July of 1996. Deep-Sea Res. II., 448: 963-985.
Telesh I.V., 2004. Plankton of the Baltic estuarine ecosystems with emphasis on Neva Estuary: a review of present knowledge and research perspectives. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49: 206-219.
Temel M., 2006. Relationship between some photosynthetic pigments and total algae numbers in Lake Omerli, Istanbul, Turkry. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 23:13-19.
Tett P., Gilpin L., Svendsen H., Erlandsson C.P., Larsson U., Kratzer S., Fouilland E., Janzen C., Lee J., Grenz C., Newton A., Ferreira J.G., Fernandes T., Scory S., 2003. Eutrophication and some European waters of restricted exchange. Cont. Shelf Res., 23: 1635-1671.
Tian R.C., Hu F.X., Martin J.M., 1993. Summer nutrient fronts in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 37: 27-41.
Turner R.E., Rabalais N.N., 1991. Changes in the Mississippi River water quality this century-implications for coastal food webs. Bioscience, 41: 140-147.
Turner R.E., Rabalais N.N., 1994. Coastal eutrophication near the Mississippi river delta. Nature, 368:619-621.
Turner R.E., Qureshi N., Rabalais N.N., Dortch Q., Justic D., Shaw R.F., Cope J., 1998. Fluctuating silicate : nitrate ratios and coastal plankton food webs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95: 13048-13051.
Uncles R.J., Elliot R.C.A., Weston S.A., 1985. Observed fluxes of water, salt and suspended sediments in a muddy, macrotidal Estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 20: 147-167.
Underwood G..J.C, Kromkamp J., 1999. Phytoplankton and the Microphytobenthos. In: D.B. Nedwell and D.G. Raffaelli. Advances in Ecological Research Estuaries, Volume 29. London: Academic Press, pp.93-53.
Varela M., Penas E., 1985. Primary productivity of bentic microalgae in an intertidal sand flat on the Ria de Arosa, NW Spain. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 25: 119-125.
Vaulot D., Ning X.R., 1988. Abundance and cellular characteristics of marine Synechococcus spp. in the dilution zone of Changjiang (Yangtze River, China). Cont. Shelf Res., 8: 1171-1186.
Vaulot D., Partensky F., Neveux J., Mamtoura R.F.C., Llewellyn C.A., 1990. Winter presence of prochlorophytes in surface waters of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr., 35: 1156-1164.
Victor S.K., Robert R.T., Joan A.K., James H.C., Steven R.H., 2002. Costal and marine ecosystems & Global climate change, pp. 7. Pew Center on Global Climate Change.
Vitousek P.M., Mooney H.A., Lubchenko J., Mellilo J.M., 1997. Human domination of Earth's ecosystem. Science, 277: 494-499.
Wang B.D., Wang X.L., Zhan R., 2003. Nutrient conditions in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 58: 127-136.
Wang B.D., 2006. Cultural eutrophication in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) plume: History and perspective. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 69: 471-477.
Wang J.H., Wang W.F., Wu Z.N., et al., 2000. Phytoplankton community distributions and relations to the environmental factors in the typical sea area of East China Sea. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 22: 286-292.
Waterbury J.B., Watson S.W., Guillard R.R.L., Brand L.E., 1979. Widespread occurrence of a unicellular, marine, planktonic, cyanobacterium. Nature, 277: 293-294.
Weinbauer M.G., Fuks D., Peduzzi P., 1993. Distribution of viruses and dissolved DNA along a coastal trophic gradient in the northern Adriatic Sea. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59: 4074-4082.
Weinbauer M.G., Fuks D., Puskaric S., Peduzzi P., 1995. Diel, seasonal, and depth-related variability of viruses and dissolved DNA in the Northern Adriatic Sea. Microbial Ecology, 30: 25-41.
Wommack K.E., Ravel J., Hill R.T., Chun J., Colwell R.R., 1999. Population dynamics of Chesapeake Bay virioplankton: totalcommunity analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65: 231-240.
Wommack K.E., Colwell R.R., 2000. Virioplankton: viruses in aquatic ecosystems. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Annual Review, 64: 69-114.
Wong G.T.F., Gong G.C., Liu K.K., Pai S.C., 1998. Excess nitrate in the East China Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 46: 411-418.
Wu Y.L., Fu Y.N., Zhang Y.S., et al., 2004. Phytoplankton distribution and its relation to the runoff in the Changjiang Estuary. Oceanologia Etlimnologia Sinica, 35(3): 246-251.
Xia B., Lu R.H., Sun P.X., 2001. Spatial-temporal distributions and size compositions of chlorophyll a in the typical areas of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea in the autumn of 2000. Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai & Bohai Seas, 19(4): 37-42.
Xiao T., Yue H.D., Zhang W.C., Wang R., 2003. Distribution of Synechococcus spp. and its role in the microbial food loop in the East China Sea. Oceanol. Limnol. Sin., 34: 33-43.
Xu Z.L., Bai X.M., Yuan Q., et al., 1999. An ecological study phytoplankton in the Changjiang Estuary. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 5(5): 52-54.
Yanagi T., 1994. Material transport in the Yellow/East China Seas. Bull. Coast. Oceanogr., 31:239-256.
Yang J., Hua D., Gu X., 1994. Study on phytoplankton ecology in the plume front of the Changjiang Estuary. Donghai Marine Science, 12: 47-57.
Yang S.L., 1999. Tidal wetland sedimentation in the Yangtze Delta. Journal of Coastal Research, 15: 1091-1099.
Yang S.L., Li M., Dai S.B., Liu Z., Zhang J., Ding P.X., 2006. Drastic decrease in sediment supply from the Yangtze River and its challenge to coastal wetland management. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L06408, doi: 10.1029/2005GL025507.
Yang Y.H., 2000. Distribution of one group of virus in the eastern East China Sea: results from flow cytometry measurement. In: Dynamics of picoplankton in the East and South China Seas and some preliminary in situ experiment on nutrient enrichment effects. Dissertation of Doctoral Candidate, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
Yang Y.F., Wang Q., Chen J.F., Pang S.X., 2006. Research advance in estuarine zooplankton ecology. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 26: 576-585.
Yoshiyama K., Sharp J.H., 2006. Phytoplankton response to nutrient enrichment in an urbanized estuary: apparent inhibition of primary production by overeutrophication. Limnol. Oceanogr., 51: 424-434.
Zhao S.J., Xiao T., Yue H.D., 2003. The distribution of heterotrophic bacteria and some related factors in the East China and Yellow Seas during fall. Oceanol. Limnol. Sin., 34: 295-305.
Zhou M.J., Yan T., Zou J.Z., 2003. Preliminary analysis of the characteristics of red tide areas in Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent sea. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 14: 1031-1038.
Zhou X.Y., Hu D.B., Wang C.Z., et al., 2005. Seasonal and Interannual SST variations in the Changjiang Estuary. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 35: 357-362.
Zhou W.H., Yuan X.C., Huo W.Y., et al., 2004. Distribution of chlorophyll a and primary productivity in the adjacent sea area of Changjiang River Estuary. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 26(3): 143-150.
Zhu G., Xu W., Zhu D., Shi Q., Zhang J., 2003. Distribution of phytoplankton and water dynamical environmental factors in high red tide occurrence area of Changjiang River Estuary. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 14: 1135-1139.
Zhu J.R., 2004. Distribution and dynamical cause of chlorophyll a in Changjiang Estuary. Science in China Ser. D, 2004, 34(8): 757-762.
Zou J.Z., 1985. Primary research on eutrophication and red tide in the Bohai Sea. Hydrobiologia, 127: 27-30.
Azam F., Hodson R.E., 1977. Size distribution and activity of marine microheterotrophs. Limnol. Oceanogr., 22: 492-501.
Azam F., Fenchel T., Gray J.G., Meyer-rell L.A., Thingstad T., 1983. The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 10: 257-263.
Baldi F., Minacci A., Saliot A., Mejanelle L., Moteric P., Turk V., Malej A., 1997. Cell lysis and release of particulate polysaccharides in extensive marine mucilage assessed by lipid biomarkers and molecular probes. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 153: 45-57.
Beardsley R.C., Limeburner R., Yu H., Cannon G.A., 1985. Discharge of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) into the East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 4: 57-76.
Bergh O., Borsheim K.Y., Bratbak G., Heldal M., 1989. High abundance of Viruses found in aquatic environment. Nature, 340: 467-468.
Blanchot J., Rodier M., 1996. Picophytoplankton abundance and biomass in the western tropical Pacific Ocean during the 1992 El Nino year: results from flow cytometry. Deep-Sea Research, 43: 877-895.
Bougrier S., Hawkins A.J.S., Heral M., 1997. Preingestive selection of different microalgal mixtures in Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus edulis, analysed by flow cytometry. Aquaculture, 150: 123-134.
Bratbak G., Egge J.K., Heldal M., 1993. Viral mortality of the marine alga Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophiceae) and termination of algal blooms. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 93: 39-48.
Bratbak G., Heldal M., Thingstad T.F., Tuomi P., 1996. Dynamics of virus abundance in coastal seawater. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol, 19: 263-269.
Bricker S.B., Clement C.G., Pirhalla D.E., Orlando S.P., Farrow D.R.G., 1999. National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment: Effects of Nutrient Enrichment in the Nation's Estuaries. NOAA, National Ocean Service, Special Projects Office and the National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science. Silver Spring, MD: pp. 71.
Bricker S.B., Ferreira J.G., Simas T., 2003. An integrated methodology for assessment of estuarine trophic status. Ecological Modelling, 169: 39-60.
Brussaard C.P.D., Marie D., Bratbak G., 2000. Flow cytometric detection of vieuses. J. Virol. Methods, 85: 175-182.
Brussaard C.P.D., 2004. Viral control of phytoplankton populations: a review. J. Eukaryot Microbiol, 51: 125-138.
Brzezinski M.A., 1985. The Si:C:N ratio of marine diatoms: interspecific variability and the effect of some environmental variables. Journal of Phycology, 21: 347-357.
Buck K.R., Chavez F.P., Campbell L., 1996. Basin-wide distributions of living carbon components and the inverted trophic pyramid of the central gyre of the north Atlantic Ocean, summer 1993. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 10: 283-298.
Burkholder J.M., Mallin M.A., Glasgow H.B., 1999. Fish kills, bottom water hypoxia and the toxic Pfiesteria complex in the Neuse River and Estuary. Mar. Ecol. Prog., 179:301-310.
Campbell L., Liu H., Nolla H., Vaulot D., 1997. Annual variability of phytoplankton and bacteria in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean at Station ALOHA during the 1991-1994 ENSO event. Deep-Sea Research, 44: 167-192.
Campbell L., Landry M.R., Constantinou J., Nolla H.A., Brown S.L., Liu H., Caron D.A., 1998. Response of microbial community structure to environmental forcing in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Research, 45: 2301-2325.
Cavender-Bares K.K., Mann E.L., Chisholm S.W., Ondrusek M.E., Bidigare R.R., 1999. Differential response of equatorial Pacific phytoplankton to iron fertilization. Limnol. Oceanogr., 44: 237-246.
Cederwall H., Elmgren R., 1990. Biological effects on eutrophication in the Baltic Sea, particularly the coastal zone. Ambio, 19(3): 109-112.
Chai C., Yu Z.M., Song X.X, Cao X.H., 2006. The status and characteristics of eutrophication in the Yangtze River (Changjiang) Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea, China. Hydrobiologia, 563: 313-328.
Che Y, He Q., Lin W.Q., 2003. The distributions of particulate heavy metals and its indication to the transfer of sediments in the Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46: 123-131.
Chen C., Zhu J., Beardsley R.C., Franks P.J.S., 2003. Physical-biological sources for dense algal blooms near the Changjiang River. Geophysical Research Letters, 30: 1515-1518.
Chen J.Y, Shen H.T., Yu C.X., 1988. Processes of Dynamics and Geomorphology of the Changjiang Estuary, pp.454. Shanghai Scientific and Technological Publisher, Shanghai.
Chen J.Y., Chen S.L., 2003. Ecological environmental changes in the Changjiang estuary and suggestions for countermeasure. Water Resources Hydropower Engineering, 34 (1): 19-25.
Chen S.P., Chen X.M., Li C.P., et al., 1999. Distribution features of zooplankton in the southwest of the Daya Bay. In: The synthetic experimental station of marine biology in the Daya Bay. Beijing: Meteorological Press, pp 73-100.
Chen Y.P., Huang J.Q., 1992. Distribution of Cladocera in Jiulong River Estuary. Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait, 11(3): 233-237.
Chen Y.W., Gao X.Y., 2000. Comparison of Two Methods for Phytoplankton Chlorophyll-a Concentration Measurement. Journal of Lake Sciences, 12(2): 185-188.
Chen Z., Li J., Shen H., Wang Z., 2001. Changjiang of China: historical analysis of discharge variability and sediment flux. Geomorphology, 41: 77-91.
Chisholm S.W., Olson R.J., Zettler E.R., Goericke R., Waterbury G.B., Welschmeyer N.A., 1988. A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone. Nature, 334: 340-343.
Cloern J.E., 1982. Does the benthos control phytoplankton biomass in South San Francisco Bay? Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 9: 191-202.
Cloern J.E., 1991. Tidal stirring and phytoplankton bloom dynamics in an estuary. J. Mar. Res., 49: 203-221.
Cloern J.E., 1996. Phytoplankton bloom dynamics in coastal ecosystems: A review with some general lessons from sustained investigation of San Francisco Bay, California. Reviews of Geophysics, 34: 127-168.
Cloern J.E., 1999. The relative importance of light and nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth: A simple index of coastal ecosystem sensitivity to nutrient enrichment. Aquatic Ecology, 33: 3-16.
Cloern J.E., 2001. Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 210: 223-253.
Coljin F., Dijkema K.S., 1981. Species composition of benthic diatoms and distribution of chlorophyll a on an intertidal flat in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 4: 9-21.
Conley D.J., Stalnacke P., Pitkanen H., Wilander A., 2000. The transport and retention of dissolved silicate by rivers in Sweden and Finland. Limnology and Oceanography, 45 (8): 1850-1853.
Danovaro R., Armeni M., Corinaldesi C., Mei M.L., 2003. Viruses and marine pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46: 301-304.
Duarte P., Macedo M.F., Fonseca L.C., 2006. The relationship between phytoplankton diversity and community function in a coastal lagoon. Hydrobiologia, 555: 3-18.
Estrada M., Henriksen P., Gasol J.M., Casamayor E.O., Pedrosalio C., 2004. Diversity of planktonic photoautotrophic microorganisms along a salinity gradient as depicted by microscopy, flow cytometry, pigment analysis and DNA-based methods. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 49: 281-293.
Ferreira J.G., Wolff W.J., Simas T.C., Bricker S.B., 2005. Does biodiversity of estuarine phytoplankton depend on hydrology? Ecological Modelling, 187: 513-523.
Fonseca J.C., Marques J.C., Paiva A.A., Freitas A.M., Madeira V.M.C., Jorgensen S.E., 2000. Nuclear DNA in the determination of weighing factors to estimate exergy from organisms biomass. Ecol. Model., 126: 179-189.
Froneman P.W., 2000. Feeding studies of selected zooplankton in a temperate estuary, South Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 51(5): 543-552.
Froneman P.W., 2001. Seasonal changes in zooplankton biomass and grazing impact in the temperate estuary, South Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 52 (5): 543-553.
Froneman P.W., 2002. Response of the plankton to three different hydrological phases of the temporarily open/closed Kasouga Estuary, South Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 55(4): 535-546.
Fuhrman J.A., 1999. Marine virus and their biogeochemical and ecological effects. Nature, 399: 541-548.
Gameiro C., Cartaxana P., Cabrita M.T., Brotas V., 2004. Variability in chlorophyll and phytoplankton composition in an estuarine system. Hydrobiologia, 525: 113-124.
Gao X.L., Song J.M., 2005. Phytoplankton distributions and their relationship with the environment in the Changjiang Estuary, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50: 327-335.
Gao S.Q., Lin Y.A., Jin M.M., Gao D.W., 2004. Distribution features of nutrients and nutrient structure in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea in spring and autumn. Donghai Marine Science, 22: 38-50.
Gao S.W., Wang K., 1995. The abundance and distribution of zooplankton in the Jiaozhou Bay. In: Dong J.H., Jiao L.Z. eds. Ecological research of the Jiaozhou Bay. Beijing: Science Press, pp. 151-158.
Gao S., 2005. Changes in material fluxes from the Changjiang River: implications on the adjoining continental shelf ecosystems. In Coastal ecosystem responses to changing nutrient inputs from large temperate and sub-tropical rivers, with emphasis on comporison among the Mississippi (USA), Pearl (China), Yangtze (China) and Rhone (France) rivers. An international symposium, Xiamen University, China.
Gorenc S., Kostaschuk R., Chen Z., 2004. Spatial variations in heavy metals on tidal flats in the Yangtze Estuary, China. Environmental Geology, 45: 1101-1108.
Gu X.G., Yuan Q., Yang J.W., Hua L., 1995. An ecological study on phytoplankton in frontal region of Changjiang estuarine area. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2: 1-15.
Guo Y, Yang Z., 1992. Quantitative variation and ecological analysis of phytoplankton in the estuarine area of the Changjiang River. Studia Marina Sinica, 33:167-189.
Hallegraeff G.M., 1976. Pigment diversity, biomass and species diversity of phytoplankton of three Dutch lakes. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, pp.177.
Hans W.P., Lexia M.V., Benjamin L.P., Jason E.A., Lawrence W.H., Jr., 2006. Anthropogenic and climatic influences on the eutrophication of large estuarine ecosystems. Limnology and Oceanography, 51: 448-462.
Harrison P.J., Hu M.H., Yang Y.P., Lu X., 1990. Phosphate limitation in estuarine and coastal waters of China. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 140: 79-87.
Hobbie J.E., Daley R.J., Jasper S., 1977. Use of Nuclepore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy. Appliedand Environmental Microbiology, 33:1225-1228.
Hong J.C., 2003. Ecological study on red tide in the China main estuaries and bays. Part VI. Changjiang Estuary, pp. 159-178. In: Qi, Y.Z. (ed.), China Inshore Red Tide. Science Press, Beijing.
Hori K., Saito Y., Zhao Q.H., Cheng X.R., Wang P.X., Sato Y., Li C.X., 2001. Sedimentary facies of the tide-dominated paleo-Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary during the last transgression. Marine Geology, 177: 331-351.
Hu D.X., 1994. Some striking features of circulation in the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea. In Oceanology of China Seas, pp. 27-38. Ed. by D. Zhou, Y. B. Liang, and C. K. Zeng. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.
Hu F.X., Hu H., Gu G.C., 2002. The Study of Fronts in the Changjiang Estuary. The East China Normal University Press, Shanghai, pp. 220.
Hu M.H., Yang Y.P., Xu C.L., Harrison P.J., 1989. Phosphate limitation of phytoplankton growth in the Changjiang Estuary. Oceanologia Sinica, 11: 439-443.
Huang J.Q., Zhen Z., 1986. Effect of Salinity on the distribution of copepods in Jiulong River estuary. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 8(1): 3-91.
Huang J.Q., 1983. On the species composition and distribution of estuarine zooplankton at the Jiulong River. Journal of Xiamen University (Natural Science), 22(1): 88-95.
Huang L.M., Jian W.J., Song X.Y., Huang X.P., Liu S., Qian P.Y, Yin K.D., Wu M., 2004. Species diversity and distribution for phytoplankton of the Pearl River estuary during rainy and dry seasons. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49: 588-596.
Humborg C., Conley D.J., Rahm L., Wulff F., Cociasu A., Ittekkot V., 2000. Silicon retention in river basins: far-reaching effects on biogeochemistry and aquatic food webs in coastal marine environments. Ambio, 29: 45-50.
Humborg C., Ittekkot V., Cociasu A., Bodungen B., 1997. Effect of Danube River dam on Black Sea biogeochemistry and ecosystem structure. Nature, 386: 385-388.
Irigoien X., Huisman J., Harris R.P., 2004. Marine ecology: Different measures of biodiversity. Nature, 429: 863-867.
Jaworski N.A., 1981. Sources of nutrients and the scale of eutrophication problems in estuaries. In Estuaries and Nutrients, pp. 83-110. Ed. by B. J. Neilson, and L. Cronin. Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey.
Jiao N.Z., Yang Y.H., Koshikawa H., Watanabe M., 2002. Influence of hydrographic conditions on picoplankton distribution in the East China Sea. Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 30: 37-48.
Jiao N.Z., Yang Y.H., Hong N., Ma Y, Harada S., Koshikawa H., Watanabe M., 2005. Dynamics of autotrophic picoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria in the East China Sea. Cont. Shelf Res., 25: 1265-1279.
Jiao N.Z., Hong N., Zhang Y, 2005. Picoplankton responses to ecological gradients in the Yangtze river estuary and its adjacent areas in the East China Sea. In: Coastal ecosystem responses to changing nutrient inputs from large temperate and sub-tropical rivers, with emphasis on comporison among the Mississippi (USA), Pearl (China), Yangtze (China) and Rhone (France) rivers. An international symposium, Xiamen University, China.
Jiao N.Z., Zhao Y.L., Luo T.W., Wang X.L., 2006. Natural and anthropogenic forcing on the dynamics of virioplankton in the Yangtze River Estuary. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 86: 543-550.
Jiao N.Z., Zhang Y., Zeng Y.H., Gardner W.D., et al., 2007. Ecological anomalies in the East China Sea: Impacts of the Three Gorges Dam? Water Research, 41: 1287-1293.
Joann M.B., Howard B.G., 2001. History of Toxic "Pfiesteria" in North Carolina Estuaries from 1991 to the Present. Bioscience, 51: 827-841.
Kennedy V.S., 1986. The estuary as a filter. New York: Academic Press.
Kibirige I., Perissinotto R., 2003. The zooplankton community of the Mpenjati Estuary, a South African temporarily open/closed system. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 58(4): 727-741.
Kocum E.G., Underwood J.C., Nedwell D.B., 2002. Simultaneous measurement of phytoplanktonic primary production, nutrient and light availability along a turbid, eutrophic UK east coast estuary (the Come Estuary). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 231: 1-12.
Koseff J.R., Holen J.K., Monismith S.G., Cloern J.E., 1993. Coupled effects of vertical mixing and benthic grazing on phytoplankton populations in shallow, turbid estuaries. J. Mar. Res., 51: 843-868.
Lauria M.L., Purdie D.A., Sharpies J., 1999. Contrasting phytoplankton distributions controlled by tidal turbulence in an estuary. Journal of Marine Systems, 21: 189-197.
Le Pape O., Delamo Y, Menesguen A., Aainot A., Quequiner B., Treguer P., 1996. Resistance of a coastal ecosystem to increasing eutrophic conditions: The Bay of Brest (France), a semi-enclosed zone of Western Europe. Cont. Shelf Res., 16: 1885-1907.
Legender L., Demers S., 1985. Auxiliary energy, ergoclines and aquatic biological production. Naturaliste Canadien, 112: 5-14.
Lewitus A.J., Koepfler E.T., Morris J.T., 1998. Swasonal variation in the regulation of phytoplankton by nitrogen and grazing in a salt-marsh estuary. Limnol. Oceanogr., 43(4): 636-646.
Lin X.J., Huang B.Q., Hong H.S., et al., 2002. Vertical characteristics and diel variation of chlorophyll ain the typical areas of East China Sea and Southern Yellow Sea. Marine Sciences, 26(11): 57-63.
Liu H., Suzuki K., Minami C., Saino T., Watanabe M., 2002a. Picoplankton community structure in the subarctic Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea during summer 1999. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 237: 1-14.
Liu H., Imai K., Suzuki K., Nojiri Y., Tsurushima N., Saino T., 2002b. Seasonal variability of picophytoplankton ana bacteria in the western subarctic Pacific Ocean at Station KNOT. Deep-Sea Res. II, 49: 5409-5420.
Liu H., Dagg M., Campell L., Urban-Rich J., 2004. Picophytoplankton and bacterioplankton in the Mississippi river plume and its adjacent waters. Estuaries, 27: 147-156.
Liu S.M., Zhang J., Chen H.T., Wu Y., Xiong H., Zhang Z.F., 2003. Nutrients in the Changjiang and its tributaries. Biogeochemistry, 62: 1-18.
Livingston R.J., 2001. Eutrophication processes in coastal systems: origin and succession of plankton blooms and effects on secondary production in Gulf Coast estuaries. Center for Aquatic Research and Resource Management, Florida State University, CRC Press, pp. 327.
Li Y, Li D.J., Tang J.L., et al., 2007. Phytoplankton distribution and variation in the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent sea. Environmental Science, 28(4): 719-729.
Mallin M.A., Paerl H.W., 1994. Planktonic trophic transfer in an estuary: seasonal, diel, and community structure effects. Ecology., 75(8): 2168-2184.
Mallin M.A., Cahoon L.B., Mclver M.R., Parsons D.C., Shank G.C., 1999. Alternation of factors limiting phytoplankton production in the Cape Fear Rive Estuary. Estuaries, 22(4): 825-836.
Margalef R., 1978. Life-forms as survival alternatives in an unstable environment. Oceanolog Act, 1: 493-509.
Marie D., Partensky F., Jacquet S., Vaulot D., 1997. Enumeration and cell cycle analysis of natural populations of marine picoplankton by flow cytometry using the nucleic acid stain SYBR Green I. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 63: 186-193.
Marie D., Brussaard C.P.D., Thyrhaug R., Bratbak G., Vaulot, D., 1999. Enumeration of marine viruses in culture and natural samples by flow cytometry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 65: 45-52.
Marie D., Simon N., Guillou L., Partensky F., Vaulot D., 2000. Flow cytometry analysis of marine picoplankton. In Diamond, RA., & DeMaggio, S., In Living Color: Protocols in Flow Cytometry and Cell sorting (pp. 421-454). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
May C.L., Koseff J.R., Lucas L.V., Cloern J.E., Schoellhamer D.H., 2003. Effects of spatial and temporal variability of turbidity on phytoplankton blooms. Mar. Ecol Prog. Ser., 254: 111-128.
Middelboe M., Jorgensen N.O.G., Kroer N., 1996. Effect of viruses on nutrient turnover and growth efficiency of non-infected marine bacterioplankton. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62: 1991-1997.
Milliman J.D., Hsueh Y., Hu D.X., Pashinski D.J., Shen H.T., Yang Z.S., Hacker P., 1984. Tidal phase control of sediment discharge from the Yangtze River. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 19: 119-128.
Moreira-Turcq P.F., Martin J.M., 1998. Characterisation of fine particles by flow cytometry in estuarine and coastal arctic waters. J. Sea Res., 39: 217-226.
Moreira-Turcq P.F., Cauwet G., Martin J.M., 2001. Contribution of flow cytometry to estimate picoplankton biomass in estuarine systems. Hydrobiologia, 462: 157-168.
Morin P.J., Fox J.W., 2004. Ecology: Diversity in the deep blue sea. Nature, 429: 813-814.
Mortazavi B., Iverson R.L., Landing W.M., Lewis F.G., Huang W.R., 2000. Control of phytoplankton production and biomass in a river-dominated estuary. Apalachicola Bay, Florida, USA Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 198: 19-31.
Ning X.R., Vaulot D., 1991. The distribution of Synechococcus spp. in the Changjiang Estuary and its effect on environment. Acta Oceanol. Sin., 13: 552-559.
Ning X.R., Shi J.X., Cai Y.M., et al., 2004. Biological productivity front in the Changjiang Estuary and the Hangzhou Bay and its ecological effects. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 26(6): 96-106.
Nixon S.W., 1995. Coastal marine eutrophication: a definition, social causes and future concerns. Ophelia, 41: 199-219.
Nozais C., Perissinotto R, Mundree S., 2001. Annual cycle of microalgal biomass in a South African temporarily-open estuary: mutrient versus light limitation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 223: 39-48.
Nunes J.P., Ferreira J.G., Gazeau F., Lencart-Silva J., Zhang X.L., Zhu M.Y., Fang J.G., 2003. A model for sustainable management of shellfish polyculture in coastal bays. Aquaculture, 219 (1-4): 257-277.
Officer C.B., Ryther J.H., 1980. The possible importance of silicon in marine eutrophication control. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 3: 83-91.
Olson R.J., Chisholm S.W., Zettler E.R., Altabet M.A., Dusenberry J.A., 1990. Spatial and temporal distributions of prochlorophyte picoplankton in the North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research, 37: 1033-1051.
Pan L.A., Zhang L.H., Zhang J., Gasol J.M., Chao M., 2005. On-board flow cytometric observation of picoplankton community structure in the East China Sea during the fall of different years. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 52: 243-253.
Pan L.A., 2005. Microbial community structure in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters. In: Preliminary study of microbial community structure in the East China Sea shelf area and the frontal region of the northern part of the South China Sea (pp. 85-96). Dissertation of Master Candidate, East China Normal University, China.
Pang C.J., Wang F., Bai X.Z., Zhang M.H., 2003. Distribution features of suspended matter and amount of sediment at the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent area. Marine Sciences, 27: 31-35.
Partensky F., Hess W.R., Vauot D., 1999. Prochlorococcus, a marine phytosynthetic prokaryote of global significance. Microbiol. Mol. Boil. Rev., 63: 106-127.
Pepe M., Giardino C., Borsani G., et al., 2001. Relationship between apparent optical properties and photosynthetic pigments in the sub-alpine Lake Iseo. The Science of the Total Environment, 268: 31-45.
Pielou E.C., 1966. Species-diversity and pattern-diversity in the study of ecological succession. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 10: 370-383.
Pinckney J.L., Paerl H.W., Tester P., Richardson T.L., 2001. The role of nutrient loading and eutrophication in estuarine ecology . Environ. Health. Persp., 109(5): 699-706.
Pomeroy L.R., Darley W.M, Dunn E.L., Gallagher J.L., Haines E.B., Whitnaey D.M., 1981. Primary production. In: L.R. Pomeroy and R.G. Wiegert. The ecology of a salt marsh. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp.37-67.
Pomeroy L.R., Wiebe W.J., 1988. Energetics of microbial food webs. Hydrobiologia, 159:7-18.
Pritchard D.W., 1967. What is an estuary: physical viewpoint. Estuaries, ed. G.H. Lauff, pp. 3-5. Washington D.C.: Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci.
Proctor L.M., Fuhrman J.A., 1990. Viral mortality of marine bacteria and cyanobacteria. Nature, 343: 60-62.
Proctor L.M., Fuhrman J.A., 1992. Mortality of marine bacteria in response to enrichments of the virus size fraction from seawater. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 87: 283-293.
Pu X., Wu Y., Zhang Y, 2000. Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in the Changjiang Estuary. I. Condition of nutrient limitation in autumn. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 22: 60-66.
Pu X., Wu Y, Zhang Y, 2001. Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in the Changjiang Estuary. II. Condition of nutrient limitation in spring. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 23: 57-65.
Rabalsis N.N., Turner R.E., Justic D., Dortch Q., Wiseman W.J. Jr., Gupta B.K. Sen, 1996. Nutrient changes in the Mississippi Rive and system responses on the adjacent continental shelf. Estuaries, 19(2B): 386-407.
Rabalais N.N., Nixon S.W., 2002. Preface: Nutrient over-enrichment of the coastal zone. Estuaries, 25: 639.
Redfiled A.C., 1958. The biological control of chemical factors in the environment. American Scientist, 46: 205-221.
Richardson T.L., Pinckney J.L., Paerl H.W., 2001. Responses of estuarine phytoplankton communities to nitrogen form and missing using microcosm bioassays. Estuaries, 24(6A): 828-839.Shumway S.E., 1990. A review of the effects of algal blooms on shellfish and aquaculture. J. World Aquac. Soc, 21: 65-104.
Sellner K.G., Sellner S.G., Lacouture R.V., Magnien R.E., 2001. Excessive nutrients select for dinoflagellates in the stratified Patapsco River estuary: Margalef regins. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 220: 93-102.
Shaffer G.P., Sullivan M.J., 1988. Water column productivity attributable to dialaced bentic diatoms in well-mixed shallow estuaries. J. Phycol., 24: 132-140.
Shannon C.E., Wiener W., 1949. The Mathematical Theory of Communication, pp.125. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Sharp J.H., 2003. Long-term nutrient trends and phytoplankton response in Delaware estuary, USA. Dallas: Crown Press.
Shen Z., Lu J., Liu X., Diao H., 1992. Distribution characteristics of the nutrients in the Changjiang River Estuary and the effect of the Three Gorges Project on it. Studia Marina Sinica, 39: 109-129.
Shi Z., 2004. Behaviour of fine suspended sediment at the North passage of the Changjiang Estuary, China. Journal of Hydrology, 293: 180-190.
Shumway S.E., 1990. A review of the effects of algal blooms on shellfish and aquaculture. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 21: 65-104.
Shumway S.E., Barter J., Sherman-Caswell S., 1990. Auditing the impact of toxic algal blooms on oyster. Environmental Auditor, 2(1): 41-56.
Siburth J. McN., Smetacek V., Lenz J., 1978. Pelagic ecosystem structure: heterotrophic compartments of the plankton and their relations to plankton size fractions. Limnol. Oceanogr., 23: 1256-1263.
Simas T., Nunes J.P., Ferreira J.G., 2001. Effects of global climate change on coastal salt marshes. Ecol. Model, 139 (1): 1-15.
Smith V.H., Tilman G.D., Nekola J.C., 1999. Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on fresh water, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. Environ. Pollut, 100:179-196.
Smith V.H., 2003. Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems: A global problem. Environ. Sci. Pollut., 10: 1-14.
Stirling G., Wilsey B., 2001. Empirical Relationships between Species Richness, Evenness, and Proportional Diversity. The American Naturalist, 158: 286-299.
Su J.L., Yuan Y.L., 2005. China Sea Hydrology. Beijing: Marine publisher, pp.323-325.
Sun J., Liu D., Wang Z., Shi X., Li R., Zhu M., 2003. Microzooplankton herbivory during red tide-frequent-occurrence period in spring in the East China Sea. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 14: 1073-1080.
Sun S., Xiao T., Yue H.D., 2003. Distribution character of Synechococcus spp. in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea in autumn and spring. Oceanol. Limnol. Sin., 34:161-168.
Suttle C.A., Chan A.M., Coltrell M.T., 1990. Infection of phytoplankton by viruses and reduction of primary productivity. Nature, 347: 467-469.
Suttle C.A., 1992. Inhibition of photosynthesis in phytoplankton by the submicron size fraction concentrated from seawater. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 87: 105-112.
Tarran G.A., Zubkov M.V., Sleigh M.A., Burkill P.H., Yallop M., 2001. Microbial community structure and standing stocks in the NE Atlantic in June and July of 1996. Deep-Sea Res. II., 448: 963-985.
Telesh I.V., 2004. Plankton of the Baltic estuarine ecosystems with emphasis on Neva Estuary: a review of present knowledge and research perspectives. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49: 206-219.
Temel M., 2006. Relationship between some photosynthetic pigments and total algae numbers in Lake Omerli, Istanbul, Turkry. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 23:13-19.
Tett P., Gilpin L., Svendsen H., Erlandsson C.P., Larsson U., Kratzer S., Fouilland E., Janzen C., Lee J., Grenz C., Newton A., Ferreira J.G., Fernandes T., Scory S., 2003. Eutrophication and some European waters of restricted exchange. Cont. Shelf Res., 23: 1635-1671.
Tian R.C., Hu F.X., Martin J.M., 1993. Summer nutrient fronts in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 37: 27-41.
Turner R.E., Rabalais N.N., 1991. Changes in the Mississippi River water quality this century-implications for coastal food webs. Bioscience, 41: 140-147.
Turner R.E., Rabalais N.N., 1994. Coastal eutrophication near the Mississippi river delta. Nature, 368:619-621.
Turner R.E., Qureshi N., Rabalais N.N., Dortch Q., Justic D., Shaw R.F., Cope J., 1998. Fluctuating silicate : nitrate ratios and coastal plankton food webs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95: 13048-13051.
Uncles R.J., Elliot R.C.A., Weston S.A., 1985. Observed fluxes of water, salt and suspended sediments in a muddy, macrotidal Estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 20: 147-167.
Underwood G..J.C, Kromkamp J., 1999. Phytoplankton and the Microphytobenthos. In: D.B. Nedwell and D.G. Raffaelli. Advances in Ecological Research Estuaries, Volume 29. London: Academic Press, pp.93-53.
Varela M., Penas E., 1985. Primary productivity of bentic microalgae in an intertidal sand flat on the Ria de Arosa, NW Spain. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 25: 119-125.
Vaulot D., Ning X.R., 1988. Abundance and cellular characteristics of marine Synechococcus spp. in the dilution zone of Changjiang (Yangtze River, China). Cont. Shelf Res., 8: 1171-1186.
Vaulot D., Partensky F., Neveux J., Mamtoura R.F.C., Llewellyn C.A., 1990. Winter presence of prochlorophytes in surface waters of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr., 35: 1156-1164.
Victor S.K., Robert R.T., Joan A.K., James H.C., Steven R.H., 2002. Costal and marine ecosystems & Global climate change, pp. 7. Pew Center on Global Climate Change.
Vitousek P.M., Mooney H.A., Lubchenko J., Mellilo J.M., 1997. Human domination of Earth's ecosystem. Science, 277: 494-499.
Wang B.D., Wang X.L., Zhan R., 2003. Nutrient conditions in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 58: 127-136.
Wang B.D., 2006. Cultural eutrophication in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) plume: History and perspective. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 69: 471-477.
Wang J.H., Wang W.F., Wu Z.N., et al., 2000. Phytoplankton community distributions and relations to the environmental factors in the typical sea area of East China Sea. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 22: 286-292.
Waterbury J.B., Watson S.W., Guillard R.R.L., Brand L.E., 1979. Widespread occurrence of a unicellular, marine, planktonic, cyanobacterium. Nature, 277: 293-294.
Weinbauer M.G., Fuks D., Peduzzi P., 1993. Distribution of viruses and dissolved DNA along a coastal trophic gradient in the northern Adriatic Sea. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59: 4074-4082.
Weinbauer M.G., Fuks D., Puskaric S., Peduzzi P., 1995. Diel, seasonal, and depth-related variability of viruses and dissolved DNA in the Northern Adriatic Sea. Microbial Ecology, 30: 25-41.
Wommack K.E., Ravel J., Hill R.T., Chun J., Colwell R.R., 1999. Population dynamics of Chesapeake Bay virioplankton: totalcommunity analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65: 231-240.
Wommack K.E., Colwell R.R., 2000. Virioplankton: viruses in aquatic ecosystems. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Annual Review, 64: 69-114.
Wong G.T.F., Gong G.C., Liu K.K., Pai S.C., 1998. Excess nitrate in the East China Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 46: 411-418.
Wu Y.L., Fu Y.N., Zhang Y.S., et al., 2004. Phytoplankton distribution and its relation to the runoff in the Changjiang Estuary. Oceanologia Etlimnologia Sinica, 35(3): 246-251.
Xia B., Lu R.H., Sun P.X., 2001. Spatial-temporal distributions and size compositions of chlorophyll a in the typical areas of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea in the autumn of 2000. Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai & Bohai Seas, 19(4): 37-42.
Xiao T., Yue H.D., Zhang W.C., Wang R., 2003. Distribution of Synechococcus spp. and its role in the microbial food loop in the East China Sea. Oceanol. Limnol. Sin., 34: 33-43.
Xu Z.L., Bai X.M., Yuan Q., et al., 1999. An ecological study phytoplankton in the Changjiang Estuary. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 5(5): 52-54.
Yanagi T., 1994. Material transport in the Yellow/East China Seas. Bull. Coast. Oceanogr., 31:239-256.
Yang J., Hua D., Gu X., 1994. Study on phytoplankton ecology in the plume front of the Changjiang Estuary. Donghai Marine Science, 12: 47-57.
Yang S.L., 1999. Tidal wetland sedimentation in the Yangtze Delta. Journal of Coastal Research, 15: 1091-1099.
Yang S.L., Li M., Dai S.B., Liu Z., Zhang J., Ding P.X., 2006. Drastic decrease in sediment supply from the Yangtze River and its challenge to coastal wetland management. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L06408, doi: 10.1029/2005GL025507.
Yang Y.H., 2000. Distribution of one group of virus in the eastern East China Sea: results from flow cytometry measurement. In: Dynamics of picoplankton in the East and South China Seas and some preliminary in situ experiment on nutrient enrichment effects. Dissertation of Doctoral Candidate, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
Yang Y.F., Wang Q., Chen J.F., Pang S.X., 2006. Research advance in estuarine zooplankton ecology. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 26: 576-585.
Yoshiyama K., Sharp J.H., 2006. Phytoplankton response to nutrient enrichment in an urbanized estuary: apparent inhibition of primary production by overeutrophication. Limnol. Oceanogr., 51: 424-434.
Zhao S.J., Xiao T., Yue H.D., 2003. The distribution of heterotrophic bacteria and some related factors in the East China and Yellow Seas during fall. Oceanol. Limnol. Sin., 34: 295-305.
Zhou M.J., Yan T., Zou J.Z., 2003. Preliminary analysis of the characteristics of red tide areas in Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent sea. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 14: 1031-1038.
Zhou X.Y., Hu D.B., Wang C.Z., et al., 2005. Seasonal and Interannual SST variations in the Changjiang Estuary. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 35: 357-362.
Zhou W.H., Yuan X.C., Huo W.Y., et al., 2004. Distribution of chlorophyll a and primary productivity in the adjacent sea area of Changjiang River Estuary. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 26(3): 143-150.
Zhu G., Xu W., Zhu D., Shi Q., Zhang J., 2003. Distribution of phytoplankton and water dynamical environmental factors in high red tide occurrence area of Changjiang River Estuary. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 14: 1135-1139.
Zhu J.R., 2004. Distribution and dynamical cause of chlorophyll a in Changjiang Estuary. Science in China Ser. D, 2004, 34(8): 757-762.
Zou J.Z., 1985. Primary research on eutrophication and red tide in the Bohai Sea. Hydrobiologia, 127: 27-30.