电子化供应链协调问题研究
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摘要
随着科学技术和信息技术的飞速发展,世界经济一体化和市场全球化日趋形成,电子商务成为了企业的发展平台,传统的供应链也逐渐转变为基于电子商务的供应链。在电子商务环境下,技术创新不断加速、产品生命周期不断缩短,顾客需求瞬息万变,市场变化的不确定性进一步加剧,供应链管理也经受着巨大的变革。企业逐渐认识到,供应链管理已不仅仅是为了降低成本,更重要的是提高客户服务水平,持续保持竞争优势,而实现这一目标的关键是供应链的协调运行。只有协调运行的供应链才能更好地满足顾客需求,提高整个供应链的竞争力。本文针对电子化供应链的特征,对不同类型电子化供应链的协调问题进行了深入研究。本文对电子化供应链运行过程中必须面临的问题进行了回答,因此本文既在一定程度上充实了供应链理论,又具有很强的实践指导意义。本文的主要内容如下:
第一,从企业间关系的视角构建了电子化供应链协调的系统框架。本文从电子化供应链企业间关系的角度出发,根据电子商务两种运行模式,将电子化供应链分成两类:一类是电子层级供应链,另一类是电子市场供应链。并针对两类电子化供应链的特点,对其协调问题进行了研究。本文对电子化供应链进行了新的分类,使研究对象更加明确具体,为深入研究电子化供应链奠定了基础。
第二,将电子层级供应链企业间关系具体为委托代理关系,并针对信息非对称情况下可能发生的机会主义行为构建了基于正式合约的供应链激励机制,在激励机制中考虑了监督的作用,认为监督机制和激励机制两者可以互补。由于正式合约具有一些局限性,本文把关系合约应用到电子层级供应链的激励中,构建了基于关系合约的激励模型。但是由于供应链伙伴的有限理性,外部环境的复杂性、不确定性,可能造成契约条款是不完全的,而信任机制可以弥补契约的不完备性,本文研究了供应链企业间信任对供应链协调的作用;并从过程型信任、规范型信任和特征型信任三个角度研究了电子层级供应链企业间信任的构建方法。
第三,针对电子市场供应链的特点,将拍卖理论引入到电子市场供应链协调中,利用博弈论的方法论证了均衡价格的形成过程。利用直接机制和显示原理设计了拍卖机制,构建了基于英式拍卖和基于拍卖和契约相结合的供应链协调模型,研究证明利用契约和拍卖相结合的方式可以有效协调供应链;本文还针对利用拍卖在协调供应链时可能存在的信息不对称、有限的参与者等问题提出了相应的对策。然后针对单次交易可能导致欺诈行为的问题,构建了基于抵押机制的信任保证机制,来保证电子市场供应链顺利运行;最后利用一个案例进行了说明。
第四,在分析了两类电子化供应链优缺点的基础上,分析了在两类供应链之间进行协调的必要性。提出基于期权契约的协调方式,构建了一个供应商作为领导者的Stackelberg博弈模型,得出了供应商和制造商的最优策略。文章证明了利用期权来协调两类供应链是单纯利用电子市场供应链以及单纯利用电子层级供应链的帕累托改进。在这种协调方式下企业可以有效利用电子市场供应链和电子层级供应链,提高整个供应链的收益;最后利用一个案例进行了说明。
第五,为了保证供应链持续、健康地发展,必须解决电子化供应链的利益分配问题,本文阐述了利益分配的原则和模式,针对供应链企业间的合作博弈,构建了电子化供应链的利益分配的博弈模型,分析了电子化供应链利益分配的约束和条件。在此基础上,构建了基于Nash谈判模型和基于Shapley值的利益分配方法,并将其应用到电子化供应链中,证明了其可以有效地分配利益,保障电子化供应链的协调运行。
最后,关于进一步工作的方向进行了简要的讨论。
With the fast development of scientific technology and information technology, the world economic integration and market globalization emerge. The E-commerce has been the main platform of enterprises. Gradually the traditional supply chain is changing into E-commerce supply chain(E-SC). Under the E-commerce atmosphere, technological innovation accelerates, product life cycles are shorten, customer demands change, market uncertainty further aggravates, and supply chain strategy has undergone tremendous changes as well. The enterprises have recognized that supply chain management is not only to reduce costs, more importantly, is to raise the level of customer service and maintain its competitive trend. The key to access those goals is the coordination of the supply chain. Only a coordinated supply chain can meet customer demand better and improve the competitiveness of the whole supply chain. The author systematically analyses the E-SC, and makes thorough research of supply chain coordination. The problems that must be resolved where E-SC is enforcing are well answered in this paper, which makes the paper high value of instruction for practice as well as enriching the supply chain management theory to some extent. The content can be summarized as follows.
Firstly, the systematic framework of E-SC coordination was based from the point of view of inter-firm relationships. Two kinds of E-SC were divided, which were E-Market-based supply chain and E-Hierarchy-based supply chain. The characteristics of two kinds of supply chain were discussed. The comparison between these two kinds E-SC was discussed from many aspects. Based on the classification, the coordination E-SC was discussed according to special characteristics of two kinds of E-SC respectively.
Secondly, relationship of inter-enterprise supply chain E-Hierarchy was principal-agent relationship. Incentive mechanism had been built under the asymmetric information circumstances. Supervisory mechanism had been taken into consideration. The author proved that the incentive mechanism and supervisory mechanisms can complement each other. Since former contracts have some limitations, the relational contract was applied to coordination of E-Hierarchy-based supply chain. An incentive model-based relational contract was built.
Thirdly, based on the E-Market-based supply chain features, auction theory was applied to the supply chain coordination. Using Game Theory, the author analyzed the formation of market equilibrium price, and built coordination model of E-Market-based supply chain based on auction mechanism, and proved that the combination of auction and contract coordinate E-Market-based supply chain effectively. The author addressed the solutions of problem of asymmetric information, limited participants in the coordination model of E-Market-based supply chain during auction. As a single transaction could lead to fraud, the author built the trust mechanism based on mortgage to ensure that the E-Market-based supply chain run smoothly. A case was used to illustrate.
Fourthly, the author illustrated the necessity of coordination between two kinds of E-SC based on analyzing their own advantages and disadvantages respectively. The coordination methods based on option contract were provided. Under the option contract, Stackelberg game model was built. The optimal order for the manufacturers and optimal price for the suppliers were figured out. In this method, the supplier and buyer can use two kinds of E-SC coordinately. The paper showed that the coordination between two kinds of E-SC with option contract was Pareto improving and increases profits of supply chain. A case was used to illustrate.
Fifthly, In order to guarantee the supply chain's sustained and healthy development, the profits allocation of E-SC must be solved. The principles and modalities of allocation of profit were described. The author built a cooperative game model of allocation of profit in E-SC. The terms and subject to the payment mechanism of supply chain's profit were supplied. On the basis of these, the Nash negotiation model and the Shapely method were taken emphases on. The author proved that mode of allocation of profit can ensure the coordination of E-SC effectively.
In the finality, the problems requiring further studies were discussed.
第一,从企业间关系的视角构建了电子化供应链协调的系统框架。本文从电子化供应链企业间关系的角度出发,根据电子商务两种运行模式,将电子化供应链分成两类:一类是电子层级供应链,另一类是电子市场供应链。并针对两类电子化供应链的特点,对其协调问题进行了研究。本文对电子化供应链进行了新的分类,使研究对象更加明确具体,为深入研究电子化供应链奠定了基础。
第二,将电子层级供应链企业间关系具体为委托代理关系,并针对信息非对称情况下可能发生的机会主义行为构建了基于正式合约的供应链激励机制,在激励机制中考虑了监督的作用,认为监督机制和激励机制两者可以互补。由于正式合约具有一些局限性,本文把关系合约应用到电子层级供应链的激励中,构建了基于关系合约的激励模型。但是由于供应链伙伴的有限理性,外部环境的复杂性、不确定性,可能造成契约条款是不完全的,而信任机制可以弥补契约的不完备性,本文研究了供应链企业间信任对供应链协调的作用;并从过程型信任、规范型信任和特征型信任三个角度研究了电子层级供应链企业间信任的构建方法。
第三,针对电子市场供应链的特点,将拍卖理论引入到电子市场供应链协调中,利用博弈论的方法论证了均衡价格的形成过程。利用直接机制和显示原理设计了拍卖机制,构建了基于英式拍卖和基于拍卖和契约相结合的供应链协调模型,研究证明利用契约和拍卖相结合的方式可以有效协调供应链;本文还针对利用拍卖在协调供应链时可能存在的信息不对称、有限的参与者等问题提出了相应的对策。然后针对单次交易可能导致欺诈行为的问题,构建了基于抵押机制的信任保证机制,来保证电子市场供应链顺利运行;最后利用一个案例进行了说明。
第四,在分析了两类电子化供应链优缺点的基础上,分析了在两类供应链之间进行协调的必要性。提出基于期权契约的协调方式,构建了一个供应商作为领导者的Stackelberg博弈模型,得出了供应商和制造商的最优策略。文章证明了利用期权来协调两类供应链是单纯利用电子市场供应链以及单纯利用电子层级供应链的帕累托改进。在这种协调方式下企业可以有效利用电子市场供应链和电子层级供应链,提高整个供应链的收益;最后利用一个案例进行了说明。
第五,为了保证供应链持续、健康地发展,必须解决电子化供应链的利益分配问题,本文阐述了利益分配的原则和模式,针对供应链企业间的合作博弈,构建了电子化供应链的利益分配的博弈模型,分析了电子化供应链利益分配的约束和条件。在此基础上,构建了基于Nash谈判模型和基于Shapley值的利益分配方法,并将其应用到电子化供应链中,证明了其可以有效地分配利益,保障电子化供应链的协调运行。
最后,关于进一步工作的方向进行了简要的讨论。
With the fast development of scientific technology and information technology, the world economic integration and market globalization emerge. The E-commerce has been the main platform of enterprises. Gradually the traditional supply chain is changing into E-commerce supply chain(E-SC). Under the E-commerce atmosphere, technological innovation accelerates, product life cycles are shorten, customer demands change, market uncertainty further aggravates, and supply chain strategy has undergone tremendous changes as well. The enterprises have recognized that supply chain management is not only to reduce costs, more importantly, is to raise the level of customer service and maintain its competitive trend. The key to access those goals is the coordination of the supply chain. Only a coordinated supply chain can meet customer demand better and improve the competitiveness of the whole supply chain. The author systematically analyses the E-SC, and makes thorough research of supply chain coordination. The problems that must be resolved where E-SC is enforcing are well answered in this paper, which makes the paper high value of instruction for practice as well as enriching the supply chain management theory to some extent. The content can be summarized as follows.
Firstly, the systematic framework of E-SC coordination was based from the point of view of inter-firm relationships. Two kinds of E-SC were divided, which were E-Market-based supply chain and E-Hierarchy-based supply chain. The characteristics of two kinds of supply chain were discussed. The comparison between these two kinds E-SC was discussed from many aspects. Based on the classification, the coordination E-SC was discussed according to special characteristics of two kinds of E-SC respectively.
Secondly, relationship of inter-enterprise supply chain E-Hierarchy was principal-agent relationship. Incentive mechanism had been built under the asymmetric information circumstances. Supervisory mechanism had been taken into consideration. The author proved that the incentive mechanism and supervisory mechanisms can complement each other. Since former contracts have some limitations, the relational contract was applied to coordination of E-Hierarchy-based supply chain. An incentive model-based relational contract was built.
Thirdly, based on the E-Market-based supply chain features, auction theory was applied to the supply chain coordination. Using Game Theory, the author analyzed the formation of market equilibrium price, and built coordination model of E-Market-based supply chain based on auction mechanism, and proved that the combination of auction and contract coordinate E-Market-based supply chain effectively. The author addressed the solutions of problem of asymmetric information, limited participants in the coordination model of E-Market-based supply chain during auction. As a single transaction could lead to fraud, the author built the trust mechanism based on mortgage to ensure that the E-Market-based supply chain run smoothly. A case was used to illustrate.
Fourthly, the author illustrated the necessity of coordination between two kinds of E-SC based on analyzing their own advantages and disadvantages respectively. The coordination methods based on option contract were provided. Under the option contract, Stackelberg game model was built. The optimal order for the manufacturers and optimal price for the suppliers were figured out. In this method, the supplier and buyer can use two kinds of E-SC coordinately. The paper showed that the coordination between two kinds of E-SC with option contract was Pareto improving and increases profits of supply chain. A case was used to illustrate.
Fifthly, In order to guarantee the supply chain's sustained and healthy development, the profits allocation of E-SC must be solved. The principles and modalities of allocation of profit were described. The author built a cooperative game model of allocation of profit in E-SC. The terms and subject to the payment mechanism of supply chain's profit were supplied. On the basis of these, the Nash negotiation model and the Shapely method were taken emphases on. The author proved that mode of allocation of profit can ensure the coordination of E-SC effectively.
In the finality, the problems requiring further studies were discussed.
引文
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