双向DC/DC变换器在混合动力汽车中的应用研究
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摘要
混合动力汽车融合了内燃机汽车和电动汽车的优点,在不降低动力性的前提下,可大幅提高燃油经济性及减少汽车排放,而且其续驶里程不受限制,价格适中,适合产业化,是目前清洁汽车研究的主要方向。美、日及欧洲等许多发达国家投入大量资金和人力进行相关研究,我国也将混合动力汽车作为重点攻关项目。因此,对混合电动汽车关键技术的研究具有非常重要的现实意义。其中,能量可双向流动的DC/DC变换器是混合动力汽车中的关键技术之一。它是储能元件与电动机之间的主要接口,是实现汽车在行驶过程中对能量回收的关键部件。故研究能量可以双向流动的性能优越的DC/DC变换器具有十分重要的意义。
文中首先介绍了混合动力汽车的特点、研究现状及发展趋势,然后在全面分析研究双向DC/DC变换器拓扑与控制策略的基础上,结合级联型变换器与推挽/全桥结构变换器的优点,提出了一种新颖的大功率级联式DC/DC变换器。该变换器由前级带变压器隔离的Boost变换器和后级推挽变压器共同完成升压,输出利用二极管整流桥整流,并通过耦合电感能量反馈辅助电路,实现了所有开关管的软开关。这种变换器效率高,稳定性强,减少了变压器的匝比,适合应用在原副边电压等级相差比较大的场合。
文中结合新型软开关双向DC/DC变换器在混合动力汽车动力系统中的应用,从正向(Boost)和反向(Buck)两种模式对变换器拓扑的工作原理、换流过程和软开关条件进行了详细的理论分析,在此基础上研制出一台实验样机,实验结果与理论分析一致。
As the combination of internal combustion(IC) vehicles and electric vehicles,Hybrid electric vehicles(HEV) can lead to significant improvements in vehicle performance,energy utilization efficiency, drive distance and polluting emissions.Hybrid electric vehicle has been thought as the most promising research direction of all clean cars.Many developed countries including USA,Japan and some Europe countries ale making great efforts to develop hybrid electric vehicles.In our country,hybrid electric vehicles have been listed as one of the important projects. Therefore,it is very important to study the key technologies of HEV . As the major key techniques ,Bi-directional DC/DC converter plays an important role in interface circuit and energy recycle of HEV.Therefore,studying the Bi-directional DC/DC converter which can recycle energy is of great significance.
For high power DC/DC converter applications, combining the cascade converter with the Push-pull/full-bridge converter, a novel high power cascade DC/DC converter is presented in this paper. This converter with transformer-isolated is cascaded by a boost converter and a push-pull converter, and the output uses diodes rectifier bridge rectification. By introducing an energy feedback circuit of a coupled inductor, all the switches achieve soft-switching. This paper emphasis on analyzing the operation principle of the proposed DC-DC converter in boost mode, the control strategy, and the achieve of soft-switching.
According to the application of the novel bi-directional DC/DC converter in the hybrid electrical vehicle(HEV) energy management system, theoretical analysis of the operating principle, commutation process and soft switching conditions of this converter topology in the Boost and Buck operating mode, have been made in the paper.On the basis, a prototype is designed, and the experiment results are in accord with theoretical analysis.
文中首先介绍了混合动力汽车的特点、研究现状及发展趋势,然后在全面分析研究双向DC/DC变换器拓扑与控制策略的基础上,结合级联型变换器与推挽/全桥结构变换器的优点,提出了一种新颖的大功率级联式DC/DC变换器。该变换器由前级带变压器隔离的Boost变换器和后级推挽变压器共同完成升压,输出利用二极管整流桥整流,并通过耦合电感能量反馈辅助电路,实现了所有开关管的软开关。这种变换器效率高,稳定性强,减少了变压器的匝比,适合应用在原副边电压等级相差比较大的场合。
文中结合新型软开关双向DC/DC变换器在混合动力汽车动力系统中的应用,从正向(Boost)和反向(Buck)两种模式对变换器拓扑的工作原理、换流过程和软开关条件进行了详细的理论分析,在此基础上研制出一台实验样机,实验结果与理论分析一致。
As the combination of internal combustion(IC) vehicles and electric vehicles,Hybrid electric vehicles(HEV) can lead to significant improvements in vehicle performance,energy utilization efficiency, drive distance and polluting emissions.Hybrid electric vehicle has been thought as the most promising research direction of all clean cars.Many developed countries including USA,Japan and some Europe countries ale making great efforts to develop hybrid electric vehicles.In our country,hybrid electric vehicles have been listed as one of the important projects. Therefore,it is very important to study the key technologies of HEV . As the major key techniques ,Bi-directional DC/DC converter plays an important role in interface circuit and energy recycle of HEV.Therefore,studying the Bi-directional DC/DC converter which can recycle energy is of great significance.
For high power DC/DC converter applications, combining the cascade converter with the Push-pull/full-bridge converter, a novel high power cascade DC/DC converter is presented in this paper. This converter with transformer-isolated is cascaded by a boost converter and a push-pull converter, and the output uses diodes rectifier bridge rectification. By introducing an energy feedback circuit of a coupled inductor, all the switches achieve soft-switching. This paper emphasis on analyzing the operation principle of the proposed DC-DC converter in boost mode, the control strategy, and the achieve of soft-switching.
According to the application of the novel bi-directional DC/DC converter in the hybrid electrical vehicle(HEV) energy management system, theoretical analysis of the operating principle, commutation process and soft switching conditions of this converter topology in the Boost and Buck operating mode, have been made in the paper.On the basis, a prototype is designed, and the experiment results are in accord with theoretical analysis.
引文
[1]张丽香.可再生能源发电的发展现状及前景[J].电力学报.2008.2,pp:29-33
[2]张卫平等.绿色电源-现代电能变换技术及应用[M].科学出版社, 2001, 11.
[3] Tao Zhao,Ouajing Wang,Weidong Jiang,Youyuan Ni .System Design and Development of Parallel-Hybrid ElectricVehicle BasedOnCanBus IEEE.2006:828-838
[4]李兴虎.电动汽车概论[M].北京理工大学出版社,2005
[5]陈清泉,孙逢春.现代电动汽车技术.北京理工大学出版社,2002
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[33]赵川红,徐德鸿,范海峰,陈刚. PWM加相移控制的双向DC/DC变换器[J].中国电机工程学报. vol.23, 2003.10, pp: 72-77
[34] Haimin Tao, Jorge L. Duarte, and Marcel A. M. Hendrix. Three-Port Triple-Half-Bridge Bidirectional Converter With Zero-Voltage Switching [J]. IEEE transactions on power electronics, vol.23, 2008.3, pp: 782-792
[35] Yaow-Ming Chen, Yuan-Chuan Liu, and Sheng-Hsien Lin. Double-input PWM DC/DC converter for high/low voltage sources. IEEE, 2003.10, pp: 27-32
[36] Krishna P. Yalamanchili, Mehdi Ferdowsi, and Keith Corzine. New Double Input DC/DC Converters for Automotive Applications. VPPC’06, IEEE, 2006.9, pp: 1-6
[37]孙铁军,王宏佳,张学广等一种采用无源钳位电路的新型零电压零电流开关变换器[J]中国电机工程学报2006,25(17)72-76
[38] H. Matsuo, T. Shigemizu, F. Kurokawa, and N. Watanabe. Characteristics of the multiple-input DC–DC converter [J]. IEEE transactions on industrial electronics, vol.51, 2004.6, pp: 625-631
[39]陈晓丽混合动力汽车电驱动控制系统,博士后论文上海交通大学,2008
[40]李卫民混合动力汽车控制系统与能量管理策略研究,博士学位论文,上海交通大学2008
[41] Krishna P. Yalamanchili and Mehdi Ferdowsi. Review of Multiple Input DC-DC Converters for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles. IEEE, 2005, pp: 552-555
[42] M. Michono, J.L. Duarte, M. Hendrix, etc. A three-port bi-directional converter for hybrid fuel cell systems. 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Germany, 2004, pp:4736-4742
[43] H. Tao, A. Kotsopoulos, J. L. Duarte, and M. A. M. Hendrix. A soft-switched three-port bidirectional converter for fuel cell and supercapacitor applications. IEEE, 2005, pp:2487-2493
[44]陈中一种新颖的软开关双向DC/DC变换器,硕士论文,合肥工业大学,2007
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[2]张卫平等.绿色电源-现代电能变换技术及应用[M].科学出版社, 2001, 11.
[3] Tao Zhao,Ouajing Wang,Weidong Jiang,Youyuan Ni .System Design and Development of Parallel-Hybrid ElectricVehicle BasedOnCanBus IEEE.2006:828-838
[4]李兴虎.电动汽车概论[M].北京理工大学出版社,2005
[5]陈清泉,孙逢春.现代电动汽车技术.北京理工大学出版社,2002
[6] Powers W F’Nicastri P&Automotive vehicle control challenges in the 21st century.Control Engineering P ractice 2000,8(6):605-6 1 8
[7]汪卫东,王建萍,李纯菊.清洁汽车的发展及对策.东风汽车工程研究院,2000年度信息研究课题,2000
[8] Maine Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Air Quality.Zero Emission Vehicle Study.Technical Report,2001
[9] Wouk V The hybrid are coming!.Proceedings of the 1 7th International Electric Vehicle Symposium,Montreal,Canada,2000
[10] Maggetto GMierlo J V Electric vehicles,hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles:state of the art and perspectives.Ann.Chim.Sci.M巩200 1,26(4):9-26
[11] Jefferson C M,Bamard R H.Hybrid vehicle propulsion.Southampton,UK:、ⅥT Press,2002
[12] Okamoto K.Overview of current and future hybrid technology.Proc of the Symposium Oil Advanced Automotive Power plants and Energy Resources,Beijing:China SAE,2002.89-94
[13] Chan C C.The state of the an of electric and hybrid vehicles.Proc of IEEE,2002,90(2):247-275
[14]阿布里提.5可布都拉,清水健一.电动汽车的发展现状和开发动向.电工电能新技术,2001,20(1):49.53
[15] (波兰)Szumanowski A著.混合电动车辆基础.陈清泉,孙逢春译.北京:北京理工大学出版社,2001
[16] Enrico Santi,Antonello Monti,Donghong Li,et al.Synergetic Control for DC-DC Boost Converter:Im-plementationOptions[J].IEEETrans.on Industry Ap-plications,2003,39:1803-1813.
[17] R Gurunathan,A K Bhat.A Zero-voltage Transition Boost Converter Using a Zero-voltage Switching Auxiliary Circuit[J].IEEE Trans.on Power Electron.,2002,(17):658～668.
[18] H O Lee,D Y Lee,B H Cho.Improved Zero-Voltage Transi-tion Boost Converter Using Coupled Inductor and Low Voltage Zener Diode[A].Proc.IEEE Power Conversion Conf.PCC-Osaka'02[C],2002(2):627～631.
[19]冯波,吴国忠,徐德鸿,等.一种新型有源箝位Boost变换器[J].中国电机工程学报,2002,22(10):61～66.
[20]邢岩,黄立培,孙晓东.组合式前端DC-DC变换器[J].中国电机工程学报,2004,24(6):157-161.Xing Yan,Huang Lipei,Sun Xiaodong.A combined topology with back-up boost and asymmetrical half bridge for front end DC-DC converter[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2004,24(6):157-161(in Chinese).
[21]石勇,杨旭,王兆安.一类新型三电平软开关DC-DC变换器的研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(9):68-73
[22] Yuancheng Ren,Ming Xu,Ching-Shan Leu,et al.A family of high power density bus converters[C].in Proc IEEE PESC,Aachen Germarcy,2004.527-532.
[23]钱荔,肖岚推挽全桥双向直流变换器的研究[J] 2007 11(04)10-14
[24]许峰,徐殿国,柳玉秀.一种新型的全桥零电压零电流开关PWM变换器[J]中国电机工程学报, 2004,(01)
[25]孙铁成,王高林,汤平华,张学广.基于数字信号处理器控制的新型全桥移相式零电压零电流开关PWM DC-DC变换器[J]中国电机工程学报, 2005,(18)
[26]任小永,阮新波.适用于高压输入低压输出的两级式变换器[J]中国电机工程学报, 2005,(23)
[27]阮新波,李斌,陈乾宏.一种适用于高压大功率变换器的三电平直流变换器[J].中国电机工程学报,2003,23(5):19-23.Ruan Xinbo,Li Bin,Chen Qianhong.A new approach in high voltage and high power three-level DC-to-DC conversion [J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2003,23(5):19-23(in Chinese).
[28]洪峰,石健将,严仰光.一种双管双变压器结构的正-反激组合变换器的分析(英文)[J]. Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronau , 2004,(04)
[29]严仰光.双向直流变换器.南京;江苏科学技术出版社,2004
[30]童亦斌,吴峂,金新民,陈瑶.双向DC/DC变换器的拓扑研究[J].中国电机工程学报. vol.27, 2007.5, pp: 81-86
[31] Chan. H. L., Cheng. K. W. E. Bidirectional phase-shifted DC-DC converter [J]. IEEE Electronics Letters 1st, 1999, pp: 523-524
[32] Gang Chen, Dehong Xu, and Yim-shu Lee. A new family of soft-switching phase-shift bidirectional DC-Dcconverters. IEEE, 2001, pp: 859-865
[33]赵川红,徐德鸿,范海峰,陈刚. PWM加相移控制的双向DC/DC变换器[J].中国电机工程学报. vol.23, 2003.10, pp: 72-77
[34] Haimin Tao, Jorge L. Duarte, and Marcel A. M. Hendrix. Three-Port Triple-Half-Bridge Bidirectional Converter With Zero-Voltage Switching [J]. IEEE transactions on power electronics, vol.23, 2008.3, pp: 782-792
[35] Yaow-Ming Chen, Yuan-Chuan Liu, and Sheng-Hsien Lin. Double-input PWM DC/DC converter for high/low voltage sources. IEEE, 2003.10, pp: 27-32
[36] Krishna P. Yalamanchili, Mehdi Ferdowsi, and Keith Corzine. New Double Input DC/DC Converters for Automotive Applications. VPPC’06, IEEE, 2006.9, pp: 1-6
[37]孙铁军,王宏佳,张学广等一种采用无源钳位电路的新型零电压零电流开关变换器[J]中国电机工程学报2006,25(17)72-76
[38] H. Matsuo, T. Shigemizu, F. Kurokawa, and N. Watanabe. Characteristics of the multiple-input DC–DC converter [J]. IEEE transactions on industrial electronics, vol.51, 2004.6, pp: 625-631
[39]陈晓丽混合动力汽车电驱动控制系统,博士后论文上海交通大学,2008
[40]李卫民混合动力汽车控制系统与能量管理策略研究,博士学位论文,上海交通大学2008
[41] Krishna P. Yalamanchili and Mehdi Ferdowsi. Review of Multiple Input DC-DC Converters for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles. IEEE, 2005, pp: 552-555
[42] M. Michono, J.L. Duarte, M. Hendrix, etc. A three-port bi-directional converter for hybrid fuel cell systems. 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Germany, 2004, pp:4736-4742
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