船用变风量空调系统的运行特性及其送风控制研究
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摘要
变风量空调系统具有显著的节能性,在陆用建筑上已应用多年,技术也日趋完善,但是在船舶上的应用却处在初始阶段。为此本文以船用变风量空调系统为研究对象,对该类空调系统的特点进行分析,在此基础上搭建船用变风量空调系统实验平台,并着重对船用变风量空调系统的运行特性和送风控制进行较为深入的理论分析和实验研究。
船用变风量空调系统采用直接膨胀式蒸发器作为冷却盘管,送风系统与制冷机组直接配合使用,不存在中间冷冻水系统;船用变风量空调系统容量相对较小,变风量末端数目少,各末端风阀的调节变化较为频繁,系统负荷及总送风量的变动幅度大;系统风侧的调节控制与制冷机组侧的调节控制直接相互影响、相互干扰。
船用变风量空调系统实验平台由变风量空调系统和测试采集系统构成。变风量空调系统由配备变风量末端的空气处理系统与用于对空气进行冷却除湿处理的直接膨胀式(DX)制冷机组构成;测试采集系统则由数据采集仪、传感器和计算机等构成。
利用搭建的实验平台,对提出的船用直接膨胀式变风量空调系统的运行特性进行实验研究。考察在降温工况、在空调舱室设定温度以及空调舱室负荷发生阶跃变化的情况下各空调舱室的温度、变风量末端阀门开度、送风温度、送风机运行频率,蒸发温度、冷凝温度、压缩机运行频率等参数的变化情况,分析各参数变化的原因,研究VAV末端,变频风机,变频压缩机等运行性能。实验结果表明,该类船用变风量空调系统实现了对舱室温度的良好控制,各个空调舱室可以独立控制。
对利用静压控制单元控制送风静压和利用变频风机控制送风静压两种不同的送风控制方式进行比较研究。考察在降温工况和在不同的舱室设定温度以及舱室负荷发生阶跃变化的情况下,舱室温度,系统风侧和制冷机组侧各参数变化的异同;考察相同工况条件下,系统运行的功耗情况。研究发现两种控制方法都满足对空调舱室温度的良好控制和各空调舱室的独立控制;采用变频风机控制送风静压的船用变风量空调系统比采用静压控制单元控制送风静压的船用变风量空调系统节能。
The variable-air-volume air-conditioning(VAV A/C)system is believed to be significantly energy-saving and find more and more application in buildings. However the application of such A/C systems on ships is still at the initial stage. In this thesis the research about marine VAV A/C systems was carried out, The features of marine VAV A/C systems were analyzed firstly. On this basis, an experimental rig was built. The in-depth theoretical analysis and experimental study on the operating characteristics and supply air control of a marine VAV A/C system were then conducted.
In the marine VAV A/C system, a direct expansion (DX) evaporator is used as cooling coil. The VAV air-distribution system is directly connected with the refrigerating unit, without intermediate chilled water system. System capacity is relatively small and the number of VAV terminals in the system is few. Hence the regulation and variation of damper opening in terminals are comparatively frequent, and the system load and total supply air flow rate have a large varying range. The controls of system’s air-side and refrigerating-unit side directly interfere with each other. In this system a tube-in-tube type condenser with sea water cooling is adopted.
The marine VAV A/C experimental rig is made up of a VAV air-conditioning system, and a measuring and acquisition system. The VAV air-conditioning system consists of a VAV air handling system equipped with VAV terminals and a direct expansion refrigerating unit which evaporator is directly used for air cooling and dehumidifying. The measuring and acquisition system is composed of data acquisition instrument, various sensors and a central data-processing computer, etc.
Using this experimental rig, an experimental study was carried out to firstly investigate the operating characteristics for the marine direct expansion VAV A/C system. The system’s cooling-down performance and its responses to step-changes of the cabin setting air temperatures and inner cooling load were examined. The changes of such parameters as cabin temperature, VAV terminals’opening, supply air temperature, fan operating frequency, evaporating temperature, condensing temperature, compressor operating frequency were analyzed. The performance of VAV terminals, variable-frequency fan and compressor was studied. The experiment results showed that the marine VAV A/C system could achieve good and independent control for air temperatures of air-conditioning cabins.
A comparative study for the marine VAV A/C system working with two different supply air pressure/flow rate control methods was made. One method was that the supply air static pressure/ flow rate in the system was regulated by a variable-frequency fan, the other by a static pressure control unit. The cabin temperatures, other various parameters respectively for air handling side and refrigeration side, especially the system’s power consumption were compared in detail. It can be concluded from the comparative study that both methods of supply air static pressure control could achieve desirable control results. The marine VAV A/C systems equipped with a variable-frequency fan to control supply air static pressure is more energy-saving than that with a static pressure control unit.
船用变风量空调系统采用直接膨胀式蒸发器作为冷却盘管,送风系统与制冷机组直接配合使用,不存在中间冷冻水系统;船用变风量空调系统容量相对较小,变风量末端数目少,各末端风阀的调节变化较为频繁,系统负荷及总送风量的变动幅度大;系统风侧的调节控制与制冷机组侧的调节控制直接相互影响、相互干扰。
船用变风量空调系统实验平台由变风量空调系统和测试采集系统构成。变风量空调系统由配备变风量末端的空气处理系统与用于对空气进行冷却除湿处理的直接膨胀式(DX)制冷机组构成;测试采集系统则由数据采集仪、传感器和计算机等构成。
利用搭建的实验平台,对提出的船用直接膨胀式变风量空调系统的运行特性进行实验研究。考察在降温工况、在空调舱室设定温度以及空调舱室负荷发生阶跃变化的情况下各空调舱室的温度、变风量末端阀门开度、送风温度、送风机运行频率,蒸发温度、冷凝温度、压缩机运行频率等参数的变化情况,分析各参数变化的原因,研究VAV末端,变频风机,变频压缩机等运行性能。实验结果表明,该类船用变风量空调系统实现了对舱室温度的良好控制,各个空调舱室可以独立控制。
对利用静压控制单元控制送风静压和利用变频风机控制送风静压两种不同的送风控制方式进行比较研究。考察在降温工况和在不同的舱室设定温度以及舱室负荷发生阶跃变化的情况下,舱室温度,系统风侧和制冷机组侧各参数变化的异同;考察相同工况条件下,系统运行的功耗情况。研究发现两种控制方法都满足对空调舱室温度的良好控制和各空调舱室的独立控制;采用变频风机控制送风静压的船用变风量空调系统比采用静压控制单元控制送风静压的船用变风量空调系统节能。
The variable-air-volume air-conditioning(VAV A/C)system is believed to be significantly energy-saving and find more and more application in buildings. However the application of such A/C systems on ships is still at the initial stage. In this thesis the research about marine VAV A/C systems was carried out, The features of marine VAV A/C systems were analyzed firstly. On this basis, an experimental rig was built. The in-depth theoretical analysis and experimental study on the operating characteristics and supply air control of a marine VAV A/C system were then conducted.
In the marine VAV A/C system, a direct expansion (DX) evaporator is used as cooling coil. The VAV air-distribution system is directly connected with the refrigerating unit, without intermediate chilled water system. System capacity is relatively small and the number of VAV terminals in the system is few. Hence the regulation and variation of damper opening in terminals are comparatively frequent, and the system load and total supply air flow rate have a large varying range. The controls of system’s air-side and refrigerating-unit side directly interfere with each other. In this system a tube-in-tube type condenser with sea water cooling is adopted.
The marine VAV A/C experimental rig is made up of a VAV air-conditioning system, and a measuring and acquisition system. The VAV air-conditioning system consists of a VAV air handling system equipped with VAV terminals and a direct expansion refrigerating unit which evaporator is directly used for air cooling and dehumidifying. The measuring and acquisition system is composed of data acquisition instrument, various sensors and a central data-processing computer, etc.
Using this experimental rig, an experimental study was carried out to firstly investigate the operating characteristics for the marine direct expansion VAV A/C system. The system’s cooling-down performance and its responses to step-changes of the cabin setting air temperatures and inner cooling load were examined. The changes of such parameters as cabin temperature, VAV terminals’opening, supply air temperature, fan operating frequency, evaporating temperature, condensing temperature, compressor operating frequency were analyzed. The performance of VAV terminals, variable-frequency fan and compressor was studied. The experiment results showed that the marine VAV A/C system could achieve good and independent control for air temperatures of air-conditioning cabins.
A comparative study for the marine VAV A/C system working with two different supply air pressure/flow rate control methods was made. One method was that the supply air static pressure/ flow rate in the system was regulated by a variable-frequency fan, the other by a static pressure control unit. The cabin temperatures, other various parameters respectively for air handling side and refrigeration side, especially the system’s power consumption were compared in detail. It can be concluded from the comparative study that both methods of supply air static pressure control could achieve desirable control results. The marine VAV A/C systems equipped with a variable-frequency fan to control supply air static pressure is more energy-saving than that with a static pressure control unit.
引文
[1]韩厚德.船舶变频空调风机节能技术研究[J].中国航海,1999,44(1):51-55.
[2]何昌伟.船舶空调装置节能技术研究[J].暖通空调,2005,35(12):118-119.
[3]王乃义.船舶空调原理与设备[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2001.
[4]俞炳丰.中央空调新技术及其应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[5]黄翔.空调工程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2006.
[6]蔡敬琅.变风量空调设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1997.
[7]韩晓波.船用空调风机变频调节节能研究[J].机电设备,2005,1(22):9-13.
[8] Hartman,Thomas.Terminal regulated air volume (TRAV) systems [J].ASHRAE Transactions,1993,99 (1):791-800.
[9]孙勇,翁文兵,黄晨,等.变风量空调系统控制方法及试验台搭建[J].洁净与空调技术,2004(1):52-56.
[10]李传东,田应丽,李松,等.变风量空调系统控制方法研究[J].安装,2007(7):31-33.
[11]马素贞,刘传聚.变风量空调系统发展状况[J].暖通空调HV&AC,2007,37(1):33-37.
[12]叶大法,杨国荣,董涛.国外变风量空调系统设计理念探讨与借鉴[J].暖通空调HV&AC,2008,38(3):62-67.
[13] Sekhar.S.C, Yat.Chung Jee. Energy Simulation Approach to Air-Conditioning System Evaluation[J]. Building and Environment, 1998, 33(6): 397-408.
[14] Tung, Dennis S.L, Deng Shiming. Variable air volume air conditioning system under reduced static pressure control[J]. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 1997, 18(2): 77–83.
[15] Wang Shengwei, Burnett J. Variable air volume air conditioning systems: optimal reset of static pressure set point[J]. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 1998, 19(4): 219–231.
[16] Fredrik Engdahl, Anders Svensson. Pressure controlled variable air volume system[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2003 (35): 1161–1172.
[17] Hartman, Thomas. TRAV—a new HVAC concept Heating[J]. Piping Air Conditioning, 1989, 61 (7): 69- 73.
[18] Brown MW, Bansal PK. Transient simulation of vapor-compression packaged liquid chillers[J]. Int J.Refrigeration, 2002 (25): 597-610.
[19] Lei Zhao, Zaheeruddin M.Dynamic simulation and analysis of a water chiller refrigeration system[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2005 (25): 2258-2271.
[20] Mei L, Levermore G.J. Simulation and validation of a VAV system with an ANN fan model and a non-linear VAV box model[J]. Building and Environment, 2002 (37): 277-284.
[21]晋欣桥,孙金龙,杜志敏.变风量空调系统中基于预测的末端再热控制策略[J].上海交通大学学报,2006,40(2):316-319.
[22]王军.基于LonWorks技术的变风量空调多变量解耦控制的研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2003.
[23]戴斌文,狄洪发,江亿.变风量空调系统风机总风量控制方法[J].暖通空调,1999,29(3):1-6.
[24]韩铮,夏春海,朱颖心,等.OCM方法在变风量系统性能验证中的应用[J].建筑科学,2007,23(4):101-111.
[25] Chen W, Deng SM. Development of a dynamic model for a DX VAV air conditioning system[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2006, 47(11): 2900-2924.
[26]郭俊杰,陈武,蔡振雄.船用变风量空调系统的应用与送风控制研究[C]//蔡振雄.第二届海洋工程与航海技术国际学术会议论文集.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2009:352-355.
[27] Kirkman W M. Benefits of using direct expansion air conditioning systems with rotary screw compressors [J].Plant engineering, 1984, 38(22): 43-45.
[28]国际制冷节能研究组.制冷中的节能[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,1987.
[29]莫宗波.冷库经济运行的一些探讨[J].制冷,1997,60(3):39-42.
[30]由成良,刘万松.VAV技术在船舶空调领域应用的可行性分析[J].船舶,2000(1):33-36.
[31]韩厚德,郑青榕.远洋船舶空调风机变频节能研究[J].节能,1998(10):16-19.
[32]韩厚德,孙永明.船舶空调动态热负荷及压缩机变频能量控制研究[J].机电设备,1999(4):30-35.
[33]韩厚德.远洋船舶空调系统部分负荷运行特性及变频节能[J].上海造船,2002(2):38-40.
[34]何昌伟.船舶空调新技术应用[J].青岛远洋船员学院学报,2005(2):23-25.
[35]董国良.变频组合式空调装置在船舶上的应用及发展前景[J].机电设备,2006,23(2):1-8.
[36]王伟勇.我国船用空调技术现状和发展趋势[J].机电设备,2006(3):2-3.
[37]陈武,邓仕明,蔡振雄.VAV空调系统的动态建模及其送风机控制研究[J].暖通空调,2005,35(8): 104-109.
[38]邹伯敏.自动控制原理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005.
[2]何昌伟.船舶空调装置节能技术研究[J].暖通空调,2005,35(12):118-119.
[3]王乃义.船舶空调原理与设备[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2001.
[4]俞炳丰.中央空调新技术及其应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[5]黄翔.空调工程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2006.
[6]蔡敬琅.变风量空调设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1997.
[7]韩晓波.船用空调风机变频调节节能研究[J].机电设备,2005,1(22):9-13.
[8] Hartman,Thomas.Terminal regulated air volume (TRAV) systems [J].ASHRAE Transactions,1993,99 (1):791-800.
[9]孙勇,翁文兵,黄晨,等.变风量空调系统控制方法及试验台搭建[J].洁净与空调技术,2004(1):52-56.
[10]李传东,田应丽,李松,等.变风量空调系统控制方法研究[J].安装,2007(7):31-33.
[11]马素贞,刘传聚.变风量空调系统发展状况[J].暖通空调HV&AC,2007,37(1):33-37.
[12]叶大法,杨国荣,董涛.国外变风量空调系统设计理念探讨与借鉴[J].暖通空调HV&AC,2008,38(3):62-67.
[13] Sekhar.S.C, Yat.Chung Jee. Energy Simulation Approach to Air-Conditioning System Evaluation[J]. Building and Environment, 1998, 33(6): 397-408.
[14] Tung, Dennis S.L, Deng Shiming. Variable air volume air conditioning system under reduced static pressure control[J]. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 1997, 18(2): 77–83.
[15] Wang Shengwei, Burnett J. Variable air volume air conditioning systems: optimal reset of static pressure set point[J]. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 1998, 19(4): 219–231.
[16] Fredrik Engdahl, Anders Svensson. Pressure controlled variable air volume system[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2003 (35): 1161–1172.
[17] Hartman, Thomas. TRAV—a new HVAC concept Heating[J]. Piping Air Conditioning, 1989, 61 (7): 69- 73.
[18] Brown MW, Bansal PK. Transient simulation of vapor-compression packaged liquid chillers[J]. Int J.Refrigeration, 2002 (25): 597-610.
[19] Lei Zhao, Zaheeruddin M.Dynamic simulation and analysis of a water chiller refrigeration system[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2005 (25): 2258-2271.
[20] Mei L, Levermore G.J. Simulation and validation of a VAV system with an ANN fan model and a non-linear VAV box model[J]. Building and Environment, 2002 (37): 277-284.
[21]晋欣桥,孙金龙,杜志敏.变风量空调系统中基于预测的末端再热控制策略[J].上海交通大学学报,2006,40(2):316-319.
[22]王军.基于LonWorks技术的变风量空调多变量解耦控制的研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2003.
[23]戴斌文,狄洪发,江亿.变风量空调系统风机总风量控制方法[J].暖通空调,1999,29(3):1-6.
[24]韩铮,夏春海,朱颖心,等.OCM方法在变风量系统性能验证中的应用[J].建筑科学,2007,23(4):101-111.
[25] Chen W, Deng SM. Development of a dynamic model for a DX VAV air conditioning system[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2006, 47(11): 2900-2924.
[26]郭俊杰,陈武,蔡振雄.船用变风量空调系统的应用与送风控制研究[C]//蔡振雄.第二届海洋工程与航海技术国际学术会议论文集.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2009:352-355.
[27] Kirkman W M. Benefits of using direct expansion air conditioning systems with rotary screw compressors [J].Plant engineering, 1984, 38(22): 43-45.
[28]国际制冷节能研究组.制冷中的节能[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,1987.
[29]莫宗波.冷库经济运行的一些探讨[J].制冷,1997,60(3):39-42.
[30]由成良,刘万松.VAV技术在船舶空调领域应用的可行性分析[J].船舶,2000(1):33-36.
[31]韩厚德,郑青榕.远洋船舶空调风机变频节能研究[J].节能,1998(10):16-19.
[32]韩厚德,孙永明.船舶空调动态热负荷及压缩机变频能量控制研究[J].机电设备,1999(4):30-35.
[33]韩厚德.远洋船舶空调系统部分负荷运行特性及变频节能[J].上海造船,2002(2):38-40.
[34]何昌伟.船舶空调新技术应用[J].青岛远洋船员学院学报,2005(2):23-25.
[35]董国良.变频组合式空调装置在船舶上的应用及发展前景[J].机电设备,2006,23(2):1-8.
[36]王伟勇.我国船用空调技术现状和发展趋势[J].机电设备,2006(3):2-3.
[37]陈武,邓仕明,蔡振雄.VAV空调系统的动态建模及其送风机控制研究[J].暖通空调,2005,35(8): 104-109.
[38]邹伯敏.自动控制原理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005.