刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）克隆种群生态学及对光环境的适应性研究
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摘要
刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L．)豆科蝶形花亚科刺槐属植物，由于具有适应性强、生长迅速、耐干旱、耐瘠薄、耐盐碱等特点，目前已成为山东省阔叶树中造林面积最大、木材蓄积量最多的一个树种；也是长江以北各地分布面积最广的落叶阔叶林之一。刺槐作为一个理想的混交树种和植被恢复的先锋树种对我国温带大部分地区植被恢复和生态建设具有重大的意义。当前国际国内的许多研究主要集中在刺槐造林技术和对生态系统的影响等方面；然而，刺槐作为典型的克隆乔木，根蘖繁殖作为自然条件下刺槐林主要的更新方式，其克隆种群生态学受到的重视较少；因此，研究刺槐克隆种群的动态、结构、分布格局、克隆生长的机理及影响因子、分株形态的可塑性、小叶对光环境的适应等具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。
本研究用野外调查的方法，设置样地，研究刺槐克隆种群的种群结构和生长动态。结果表明，刺槐克隆种群中幼年分株数量较多，死亡率较高；成年个体数量较少，死亡率较低，而且相对稳定，种群数量结构呈金字塔型；无性系产生分株的时间较晚，分株的数量正处于上升阶段。无性系中刺槐基株的基径、高度、冠幅远远大于分株。刺槐分株在幼年时期高生长和冠幅的生长均较快，当生长到一定的年龄逐渐缓慢下来。克隆分株的生长、数量动态主要受克隆整合的内部调节机制和外部环境中灌木层、草本层竞争的影响。
本研究用相邻格子法在两个取样尺度下，研究了克隆生长对刺槐人工林无性系种群分布格局的影响。结果显示随着克隆分株的增多，无性系种群由显著的均匀分布演变成不显著的偏向波松分布的均匀分布，最后演变成显著的聚集分布。小于11年林龄的刺槐无性系，呈典型的均匀分布；14年林龄的无性系种群仍然成均匀分布，但是已经不再明显的偏离波松分布；17年和20年林龄的种群成典型的集群分布。同时，我们推测集群分布的斑块大小更接近25m~2；20年林龄的无性系种群内分株之间的竞争仍然相对较小；随着无性系内分株的生长和数量的增加，分株之间的竞争增大，集群分布的格局会进一步发生演变。
本研究在野外环境下研究了刺槐克隆种群对光照、土壤全氮、土壤有效磷、土壤酸碱度的可塑性响应。结果表明，刺槐无性系内分株和基株之间存在强大的
Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust), one leguminous plant belongs to Robinia genus of Papilionoideae, which characters with high adaptability, rapid growth, enduring menace of drought, infertile soil and salt. On current, black locust has the largest afforestation area in broadleaf trees and the largest timber accumulation in Shandong province, and the largest area in north of Yangtse River. As a perfect hybrid planting and a pioneer tree species in restoring vegetation, black locust is very valuable in restoring vegetation and ecological building in temperate zone of China. Currently, most studies mainly concentrate in the technology of afforestation and the function of it in ecosystem. Black locust is a typical clonal arbor, and clonal growth is the main regenerate way in field forest, but little study is on clonal growth and clonal integration of this species. So it is very important to study the dynamics, structure and distribution pattern of clonal population; the mechanism of clonal growth; the morphological plasticity of ramets; leaflet movement and effect of light on ramets.
This study investigats black locust forest and set a fixed sample to study population structure and dynamics of black locust clone. The result indicates that the clone population has relative stable and pyramidal number structure, constituted of abundant infancy daughter ramets with high death rate, and few adult daughter ramets of little death rate. Clones produce daughter ramets at high age stage and the number of daughter ramets is ascending. The diameter at ground height (DGH), Height and canopy width of genet are significantly larger than those of daughter ramets. The growth rate of height and canopy width is accelerated at infancy stage, but relatively stable at adult stage. The growth and dynamics of daughter ramets are affected by
本研究用野外调查的方法，设置样地，研究刺槐克隆种群的种群结构和生长动态。结果表明，刺槐克隆种群中幼年分株数量较多，死亡率较高；成年个体数量较少，死亡率较低，而且相对稳定，种群数量结构呈金字塔型；无性系产生分株的时间较晚，分株的数量正处于上升阶段。无性系中刺槐基株的基径、高度、冠幅远远大于分株。刺槐分株在幼年时期高生长和冠幅的生长均较快，当生长到一定的年龄逐渐缓慢下来。克隆分株的生长、数量动态主要受克隆整合的内部调节机制和外部环境中灌木层、草本层竞争的影响。
本研究用相邻格子法在两个取样尺度下，研究了克隆生长对刺槐人工林无性系种群分布格局的影响。结果显示随着克隆分株的增多，无性系种群由显著的均匀分布演变成不显著的偏向波松分布的均匀分布，最后演变成显著的聚集分布。小于11年林龄的刺槐无性系，呈典型的均匀分布；14年林龄的无性系种群仍然成均匀分布，但是已经不再明显的偏离波松分布；17年和20年林龄的种群成典型的集群分布。同时，我们推测集群分布的斑块大小更接近25m~2；20年林龄的无性系种群内分株之间的竞争仍然相对较小；随着无性系内分株的生长和数量的增加，分株之间的竞争增大，集群分布的格局会进一步发生演变。
本研究在野外环境下研究了刺槐克隆种群对光照、土壤全氮、土壤有效磷、土壤酸碱度的可塑性响应。结果表明，刺槐无性系内分株和基株之间存在强大的
Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust), one leguminous plant belongs to Robinia genus of Papilionoideae, which characters with high adaptability, rapid growth, enduring menace of drought, infertile soil and salt. On current, black locust has the largest afforestation area in broadleaf trees and the largest timber accumulation in Shandong province, and the largest area in north of Yangtse River. As a perfect hybrid planting and a pioneer tree species in restoring vegetation, black locust is very valuable in restoring vegetation and ecological building in temperate zone of China. Currently, most studies mainly concentrate in the technology of afforestation and the function of it in ecosystem. Black locust is a typical clonal arbor, and clonal growth is the main regenerate way in field forest, but little study is on clonal growth and clonal integration of this species. So it is very important to study the dynamics, structure and distribution pattern of clonal population; the mechanism of clonal growth; the morphological plasticity of ramets; leaflet movement and effect of light on ramets.
This study investigats black locust forest and set a fixed sample to study population structure and dynamics of black locust clone. The result indicates that the clone population has relative stable and pyramidal number structure, constituted of abundant infancy daughter ramets with high death rate, and few adult daughter ramets of little death rate. Clones produce daughter ramets at high age stage and the number of daughter ramets is ascending. The diameter at ground height (DGH), Height and canopy width of genet are significantly larger than those of daughter ramets. The growth rate of height and canopy width is accelerated at infancy stage, but relatively stable at adult stage. The growth and dynamics of daughter ramets are affected by
引文
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