长春莲花山旅游度假区景观格局分析与生态系统健康评价
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摘要
长春莲花山生态旅游区位于长春市区东部,长春-吉林城市连接轴上,南接双阳区和净月经济开发区,西倚长春市建成区,北靠东湖镇、兴隆山镇,东隔石头口门水库与吉林市永吉县相望,研究区部分地区位于石头口门水库水源保护区内,区内景观以耕地和林地为主,生态环境状况较好。
土地的利用状况对生态环境有着决定性的影响,还会对该区域大范围的生态系统健康和社会经济的可持续发展产生深远的影响。本研究对长春莲花山旅游度假区不同土地利用方式下的生态系统健康状况和景观格局进行研究,其结果可为莲花山地区土地规划与开发提供一定的理论依据,同时对该区域生态环境建设、保护和经济的持续发展也具有重要的实际意义。
本研究通过查阅相关文献资料,总结现有研究方法,选取适合的分析与评价方法。根据莲花山地区的实际情况,在斑块类型水平上和在景观水平上选取相关指数,分别分析研究区景观格局现状。同时,基于“压力-状态-响应”框架模型构建了莲花山区域生态健康评价体系,并以层次分析法确定各评价因子权重,将各因子标准化后进行综合评价,在建立合理的分级标准基础上,对研究区的生态系统健康状态进行定量评价。
本研究的主要结论如下：
一、莲花山地区中田地景观的面积最大,在整个景观中占有绝对的优势,在功能上起重要作用,连通性最好,影响着该区域的物质流和能量流。各种景观类型结构的形成均受到人类活动的强烈影响,体现了研究区景观的典型特征。各种景观斑块类型呈聚集状分布。
二、莲花山生态结构比较合理、格局尚完美,自然资源条件也较好,系统活力较强,外界压力较小,无生态异常,生态系统生态功能较完善,系统尚稳定,生态系统可持续,莲花山生态开发区生态系统健康状况处于第二等级,属于较好行列。但是在响应上相对较差,主要原因在于经济发展水平较低。
Landscape Pattern Analysis and Ecosystem Health Assessment for Changchun Lianhuashan Ecological Tourism and Resorts Zone
Changchun Lianhuashan Ecological Tourism and Resorts Zone located east of Changchun. The south of this zone was Shuangyang and Jingyue District Economic Development Zone. The north was Donghu and Xinglongshan. The east was Shitoukoumen Reservoir. Some parts of the study area were in the drinking water source protection areas of Shitoukoumen reservoir. The major landscapes were farmlands and forests. Overall, the ecological environment of this area was good.
Land use status has a decisive influence on the ecological environment. And it affected ecosystem health and socio-economic sustainable development in a larger scale. In this study, we analyzed the landscape pattern and assessed the ecosystem health of Changchun Lianhuashan Ecological Tourism and Resorts Zone under different land uses. The results could provide theoretical basis for local land use planning and development. At the same time, it had important practical significance for constructing the regional ecological environment, improving ecological environment and sustainable development of society.
In this study, by reading relative materials, we summarized current research methods and selected proper analysis and evaluation methods. According to the actual situation, at the level of the patch type, we select patch density, patch area percentage of landscape, mean patch size, edge density, fractal dimension index as the calculation index. And at the landscape level, Shannon diversity index, Shannon evenness, landscape contagion index and landscape fragmentation index were selected to analyze the landscape pattern status. Meanwhile, based on the "pressure-state response" framework, we built of the evaluation system of regional ecological health. AHP method was used to determine the weight of each evaluation factor. After normalized, all factors were used to assess the comprehensive status of this area. Based on the grading standards, the results could be quantitated.
The main conclusions of this study are as follows:
First, in the study area, the largest landscape was farmland. It has absolute advantage and well connectivity. The features in the landscape play an important role in influencing regional material flow and energy flow. The formations of landscape structures were strongly influenced by human activities. This reflected the typical characteristics of landscape. All the landscape patch types were clustered in distribution.
Second, the pattern of the area was still good. And the natural resources and conditions are better. Overall, the study area had stronger system activity, less external pressure, no unusual phenomena and well ecosystem functions. The system is still stable and sustainable. Ecosystem health of Changchun Lianhuashan Ecological Tourism and Resorts Zone was in the second grade. This rank is better. However, in the response structure, the result was relatively poor. This could be mainly due to the lower level of economic development.
土地的利用状况对生态环境有着决定性的影响,还会对该区域大范围的生态系统健康和社会经济的可持续发展产生深远的影响。本研究对长春莲花山旅游度假区不同土地利用方式下的生态系统健康状况和景观格局进行研究,其结果可为莲花山地区土地规划与开发提供一定的理论依据,同时对该区域生态环境建设、保护和经济的持续发展也具有重要的实际意义。
本研究通过查阅相关文献资料,总结现有研究方法,选取适合的分析与评价方法。根据莲花山地区的实际情况,在斑块类型水平上和在景观水平上选取相关指数,分别分析研究区景观格局现状。同时,基于“压力-状态-响应”框架模型构建了莲花山区域生态健康评价体系,并以层次分析法确定各评价因子权重,将各因子标准化后进行综合评价,在建立合理的分级标准基础上,对研究区的生态系统健康状态进行定量评价。
本研究的主要结论如下：
一、莲花山地区中田地景观的面积最大,在整个景观中占有绝对的优势,在功能上起重要作用,连通性最好,影响着该区域的物质流和能量流。各种景观类型结构的形成均受到人类活动的强烈影响,体现了研究区景观的典型特征。各种景观斑块类型呈聚集状分布。
二、莲花山生态结构比较合理、格局尚完美,自然资源条件也较好,系统活力较强,外界压力较小,无生态异常,生态系统生态功能较完善,系统尚稳定,生态系统可持续,莲花山生态开发区生态系统健康状况处于第二等级,属于较好行列。但是在响应上相对较差,主要原因在于经济发展水平较低。
Landscape Pattern Analysis and Ecosystem Health Assessment for Changchun Lianhuashan Ecological Tourism and Resorts Zone
Changchun Lianhuashan Ecological Tourism and Resorts Zone located east of Changchun. The south of this zone was Shuangyang and Jingyue District Economic Development Zone. The north was Donghu and Xinglongshan. The east was Shitoukoumen Reservoir. Some parts of the study area were in the drinking water source protection areas of Shitoukoumen reservoir. The major landscapes were farmlands and forests. Overall, the ecological environment of this area was good.
Land use status has a decisive influence on the ecological environment. And it affected ecosystem health and socio-economic sustainable development in a larger scale. In this study, we analyzed the landscape pattern and assessed the ecosystem health of Changchun Lianhuashan Ecological Tourism and Resorts Zone under different land uses. The results could provide theoretical basis for local land use planning and development. At the same time, it had important practical significance for constructing the regional ecological environment, improving ecological environment and sustainable development of society.
In this study, by reading relative materials, we summarized current research methods and selected proper analysis and evaluation methods. According to the actual situation, at the level of the patch type, we select patch density, patch area percentage of landscape, mean patch size, edge density, fractal dimension index as the calculation index. And at the landscape level, Shannon diversity index, Shannon evenness, landscape contagion index and landscape fragmentation index were selected to analyze the landscape pattern status. Meanwhile, based on the "pressure-state response" framework, we built of the evaluation system of regional ecological health. AHP method was used to determine the weight of each evaluation factor. After normalized, all factors were used to assess the comprehensive status of this area. Based on the grading standards, the results could be quantitated.
The main conclusions of this study are as follows:
First, in the study area, the largest landscape was farmland. It has absolute advantage and well connectivity. The features in the landscape play an important role in influencing regional material flow and energy flow. The formations of landscape structures were strongly influenced by human activities. This reflected the typical characteristics of landscape. All the landscape patch types were clustered in distribution.
Second, the pattern of the area was still good. And the natural resources and conditions are better. Overall, the study area had stronger system activity, less external pressure, no unusual phenomena and well ecosystem functions. The system is still stable and sustainable. Ecosystem health of Changchun Lianhuashan Ecological Tourism and Resorts Zone was in the second grade. This rank is better. However, in the response structure, the result was relatively poor. This could be mainly due to the lower level of economic development.
引文
[1]齐伟,曲衍波等. 区域代表性景观格局指数筛选与土地利用分区[J].中国土地科学,2009,23(1)：33-37.
[2]王宪礼,肖笃宁,布仁苍等.辽河三角洲湿地的景观格局分析[J].生态学报,1997,17(3)：317-323.
[3]田光进,张增祥,张国平,周全斌等.基于遥感和GIS得海口市景观格局动态演化[J].生态学报,2002,22(7)：1028-1034.
[4]赵清,郑国强,黄巧华.南京森林景观格局特征与空间结构优化[J].地理学报2007,62(8)：870-878.
[5]Costanza R, Norton B G, Haskell BD, Ecosystem health:New goals forEnvironmental management. [M] Washington DC:Island Press.1992.1-125.
[6]Rapport D.J. What constitutes ecosystem health? Perspectives in Biology andMedicine.1989,33:120-132.
[7]张凤玲,刘静玲,杨志峰等.城市河湖生态系统健康评价[J].生态学报,2005,25(11)：3019-3027.
[8]赵臻彦,徐福留,詹巍等.湖泊生态系统健康定量评价方法[J].生态学报,2005,25(6)：1466-1474.
[9]崔保山,杨志峰.湿地生态系统健康研究进展[J].生态学杂志2001,20(3)：31-36
[10]谢花林,李波,王传胜等.西部地区农业生态系统健康评价[J].生态学报,2005,25(11)：3028-3036.
[11]钟业喜,彭薇.城市生态系统健康评价初探[J].江西科学,2003,21(3)：253-256.
[12]张启.人为活动强度与雾灵山森林公园生态系统健康关系的研究[D]河北农业大学,2004.
[13]马克明,孔红梅,关文彬等.生态系统健康评价：方法与方向[J].生态学报,2005,21(12)：2106-2116.
[14]唐涛,蔡庆华,刘建康.河流生态系统健康及其评价[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(9)：1191-1194.
[15]FAO roceeding.Land Quality Indicators and Their Use in SustainableAgriculture and Rural Development. Proceedings of the Workshop organized by theLand and Water Development Division FAO Agriculture Department,1997,2-5
[16]倪金生,李琦,曹学军.遥感与地理信息系统基本理论与实践[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2004
[17]王晓东,崔伟宏,张显峰,等.利用GPS技术定位土地利用／土地覆盖变化区域的方法研究[J].国土开发与整治,1998,(4)：55—59.
[18]O'Neill RV,Riitters KH,Wickham JD, et al.1990.Landscape pattern metrics and regional assessment.Ecosyst Health,5(4):225-232.
[19]钟学斌,喻光明,何国松等.土地整理过程中碳量损失与生态补偿优化设计[J].生态学杂,2006,25(3)：303-308.
[20]高吉喜.可持续发展理论探索-生态承载力理论、方法与应用[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社.2001.
[21]尚志海,林培松,彭小丽.水土流失地区生态系统健康评价[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2009,20(2)：116-120.
[2]王宪礼,肖笃宁,布仁苍等.辽河三角洲湿地的景观格局分析[J].生态学报,1997,17(3)：317-323.
[3]田光进,张增祥,张国平,周全斌等.基于遥感和GIS得海口市景观格局动态演化[J].生态学报,2002,22(7)：1028-1034.
[4]赵清,郑国强,黄巧华.南京森林景观格局特征与空间结构优化[J].地理学报2007,62(8)：870-878.
[5]Costanza R, Norton B G, Haskell BD, Ecosystem health:New goals forEnvironmental management. [M] Washington DC:Island Press.1992.1-125.
[6]Rapport D.J. What constitutes ecosystem health? Perspectives in Biology andMedicine.1989,33:120-132.
[7]张凤玲,刘静玲,杨志峰等.城市河湖生态系统健康评价[J].生态学报,2005,25(11)：3019-3027.
[8]赵臻彦,徐福留,詹巍等.湖泊生态系统健康定量评价方法[J].生态学报,2005,25(6)：1466-1474.
[9]崔保山,杨志峰.湿地生态系统健康研究进展[J].生态学杂志2001,20(3)：31-36
[10]谢花林,李波,王传胜等.西部地区农业生态系统健康评价[J].生态学报,2005,25(11)：3028-3036.
[11]钟业喜,彭薇.城市生态系统健康评价初探[J].江西科学,2003,21(3)：253-256.
[12]张启.人为活动强度与雾灵山森林公园生态系统健康关系的研究[D]河北农业大学,2004.
[13]马克明,孔红梅,关文彬等.生态系统健康评价：方法与方向[J].生态学报,2005,21(12)：2106-2116.
[14]唐涛,蔡庆华,刘建康.河流生态系统健康及其评价[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(9)：1191-1194.
[15]FAO roceeding.Land Quality Indicators and Their Use in SustainableAgriculture and Rural Development. Proceedings of the Workshop organized by theLand and Water Development Division FAO Agriculture Department,1997,2-5
[16]倪金生,李琦,曹学军.遥感与地理信息系统基本理论与实践[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2004
[17]王晓东,崔伟宏,张显峰,等.利用GPS技术定位土地利用／土地覆盖变化区域的方法研究[J].国土开发与整治,1998,(4)：55—59.
[18]O'Neill RV,Riitters KH,Wickham JD, et al.1990.Landscape pattern metrics and regional assessment.Ecosyst Health,5(4):225-232.
[19]钟学斌,喻光明,何国松等.土地整理过程中碳量损失与生态补偿优化设计[J].生态学杂,2006,25(3)：303-308.
[20]高吉喜.可持续发展理论探索-生态承载力理论、方法与应用[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社.2001.
[21]尚志海,林培松,彭小丽.水土流失地区生态系统健康评价[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2009,20(2)：116-120.