政坛上的修辞交锋：试析2004年美国总统竞选辩论
摘要
由于政治现实的需要,人们日渐重视修辞在政治事务中的功用。在具体历史语境中展现出的“政治修辞艺术”,是研究政治思想家极其关键的内容。对政治与修辞关系的认识并非西方的专利。先秦时期就有“一言可兴邦”。在我们的时代,毛泽东和其他政治领导人也表达了相同的观点。可见,所有修辞理论家都意识到可以通过修辞的合理运用追求到政权的力量,而且在政治领域中,真正产生支配性影响的“笔杆子”,绝不亚于“枪杆子”。而在西方政治话语中,因为总统的演讲更具有影响力,修辞的这种特性在总统演说中表现得也就尤为突出和显著。
本文选取了2004年美国总统大选乔治布什和约翰克里的电视演讲作为个案,分析修辞作为说服手段在政治传播中的运作。虽然辩论并不能改变一次大选的根本格局,但它确实可以帮助候选人通过合理运用修辞手段来说服受众,从而影响全国选民的最终投票。所以在一定程度上可以说总统职位的竞争已经成为修辞的竞争。本文意在透过辩论热闹的表象,揭示其作为西方政治传播的说服性本质。
The art of political rhetoric shown in the concrete historical linguistic context is the key to studying the thoughts of political ideologists and the discursive maneuverings alike. The close relationship between politics and rhetoric has not been understood only by the westerners. In the pre-Qin China, the assumption that "a speech can make the country prosperous" was already held by thinkers of the period. In our times, the same idea has been reiterated by Mao Zedong and other political leaders. So we can see all rhetorical theorists have found in rhetoric a source of political power. Moreover, in the political field, the influence produced by speech is definitely no less than that produced by weapons. Among all speeches, this characteristic of the rhetoric is the most outstanding and most prominent in the presidential speeches, for the speech of presidents is more powerful than most.
This thesis selects 2004 U.S.A.'s TV presidential debate as a case to analyze how rhetoric operates as a persuading means in American politics. Though argumentation alone cannot determine the basic trend of general election, it can really help candidate make proper use of available means of persuasion and influence the final decision of the national voters. So to a certain extent, the campaigning for the president's office has already become the competition of rhetoric. This thesis aims at exposing the persuasive essence of western political speech through a close analysis of the lively debates between opposing candidates.
本文选取了2004年美国总统大选乔治布什和约翰克里的电视演讲作为个案,分析修辞作为说服手段在政治传播中的运作。虽然辩论并不能改变一次大选的根本格局,但它确实可以帮助候选人通过合理运用修辞手段来说服受众,从而影响全国选民的最终投票。所以在一定程度上可以说总统职位的竞争已经成为修辞的竞争。本文意在透过辩论热闹的表象,揭示其作为西方政治传播的说服性本质。
The art of political rhetoric shown in the concrete historical linguistic context is the key to studying the thoughts of political ideologists and the discursive maneuverings alike. The close relationship between politics and rhetoric has not been understood only by the westerners. In the pre-Qin China, the assumption that "a speech can make the country prosperous" was already held by thinkers of the period. In our times, the same idea has been reiterated by Mao Zedong and other political leaders. So we can see all rhetorical theorists have found in rhetoric a source of political power. Moreover, in the political field, the influence produced by speech is definitely no less than that produced by weapons. Among all speeches, this characteristic of the rhetoric is the most outstanding and most prominent in the presidential speeches, for the speech of presidents is more powerful than most.
This thesis selects 2004 U.S.A.'s TV presidential debate as a case to analyze how rhetoric operates as a persuading means in American politics. Though argumentation alone cannot determine the basic trend of general election, it can really help candidate make proper use of available means of persuasion and influence the final decision of the national voters. So to a certain extent, the campaigning for the president's office has already become the competition of rhetoric. This thesis aims at exposing the persuasive essence of western political speech through a close analysis of the lively debates between opposing candidates.
引文
1 See Plato, Gorgias, in Plato's Collected Dialogues, p.452d-452e.
1 Chaim Perelman discussed the "fact" this concept in The Realm of Rhetoric, p.23-24.
1 For more information, see George A. Kennedy, trans., Aristotle on Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse, p38.
1 For more discussions about the relationship between religion and politics, see Kenneth D. Wald, Religion and Politics in the United States, p.18, and Paul Djupe & Laura Olson, Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics, p.359.
1 Washington Post,Nov.7,2004.
Aristotle.1991.On Rhetoric.Trans.George Kennedy.New York:Oxford University Press.
Bitzer,Lloyd F.1 968.The Rhetorical Situation.Philosophy and Rketoric.1:1-14.
Bourdieu,Pierre.1991.Language & Symbolic Power.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
Burke,Kenneth 1969.A Rhetoric of Motives.California:University of California Press.
Campbell,George.1988.The Philosophy of Rhetoric.U.S:Southern Illinois University Press.
Castells,Manuel.2003.The Power of Identity.Peking:Social Sciences Documentation Publishing House.
Cicero.1970.On Oratory and Orators(De Oratore).Trans.J.S.Watson.Carbondale:Southern Illinois University Press.
Covino,William A.& Jolliffe,David A.1995.Rhetoric:Concepts,Definitions,Boundaries.Needham Heights:Allyn and Bacon.
Eemeren,Frans H.van 1996.Fundamentals of Argumentation Theory.New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Eemeren,Frans H.van,Grootendorst,Rob & Kruiger,Tjark.1987.Handbook of Argumentation Theory.U.S.A:Foris Publications.
Ericson,John M.,Murphy,James J.& Zeuschner,Raymond Bud.1991.The Debater's Guide.Carbondale:Southern Illinois University Press.
Finley,M.I.1962.Athenian Demagogue.Past and Present.21:3-24.
Foss,Sonja k.,Foss,Karen A.& Trapp,Robert 2002.Contemporary Perspectives on Rhetoric.Illinois:waveland Press.
Herrick,James A.2001.The History and Theory of Rhetoric.Massachusetts:Allyn & Bacon.
Hyde,Michael J.2004.The Ethos of Rhetoric.Columbia:University of South Carolina Press.
Kennedy,George A.Trans.1991.Aristotle on Rhetoric:A Theory of Civic Discourse.New York:Oxford University Press.
Perelman,Chaim.1982.The Realm of Rhetoric.Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press.
Perelman,Ch,Olbrechts-Tyteca,L.& Wilkinson,John.Trans.Weaver,Purcell.1969.The New Rhetoric A Treatise on Argumentation.London:University of Notre Dame Press.
Plato.1961.Gorgias.The Collected Dialogues of Plato.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Plato.1914.Phaedrus.Trans.Harold North Fowler.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
Poulakos,John & Poulakos,Takis 1999.Classical Rhetorical Theory.New York:Houghton Mifflin Company.
Quintilian.1920.Institutio Oratoria.The Loeb Classical Library edition.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
Schmidt,Steffen W,Shelly,Mack C.& Bardes,Barbara A.2005.American Government and Politics Today.Peking:Peking University Press.
Dong Xiaochuan[董小川],2002,《20世纪美国宗教与政治》。北京:人民出版社。
Guo Longlong[郭隆隆],Pan Guang[潘光],Jin Yingzhong[金应忠],2003,《美国对伊战争透视》。北京:中共中央党校出版社。
Hao Yufan[郝羽凡],2002,《瞬间的力量:“9.11”后的美国与世界》。北京:新华出版社。
Jiang Li[江丽],2007,《美国总统辩论——反复修辞分析》。
Liu Yameng[刘亚猛],2004,《追求象征的力量》。北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店。
Liu Zhirong[刘植荣],2005,《美国历届总统竞选辩论精选》。南昌:江西人民出版社。
Ni Shixiong[倪世雄],Liu Yongtao[刘永涛],2002,《美国问题研究(第二辑)》。北京:时事出版社。
Ni Shixiong[倪世雄],Liu Yongtao[刘永涛],2003,《美国问题研究(第三辑)》。北京:时事出版社。
Pan Rongjie[潘荣杰],2007,《从2004年布什和克里第一场总统辩论看语篇对语境的构建》。
Yang Baikui[杨百亏揆],Yang Ming[杨明],1985,《美国总统及其选举》。北京:中国社会科学
肯尼斯·博克,(常昌富等译),1998,《当代西方修辞学:演讲与话语批评》。北京:中国社会科学出版社。
1 Chaim Perelman discussed the "fact" this concept in The Realm of Rhetoric, p.23-24.
1 For more information, see George A. Kennedy, trans., Aristotle on Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse, p38.
1 For more discussions about the relationship between religion and politics, see Kenneth D. Wald, Religion and Politics in the United States, p.18, and Paul Djupe & Laura Olson, Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics, p.359.
1 Washington Post,Nov.7,2004.
Aristotle.1991.On Rhetoric.Trans.George Kennedy.New York:Oxford University Press.
Bitzer,Lloyd F.1 968.The Rhetorical Situation.Philosophy and Rketoric.1:1-14.
Bourdieu,Pierre.1991.Language & Symbolic Power.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
Burke,Kenneth 1969.A Rhetoric of Motives.California:University of California Press.
Campbell,George.1988.The Philosophy of Rhetoric.U.S:Southern Illinois University Press.
Castells,Manuel.2003.The Power of Identity.Peking:Social Sciences Documentation Publishing House.
Cicero.1970.On Oratory and Orators(De Oratore).Trans.J.S.Watson.Carbondale:Southern Illinois University Press.
Covino,William A.& Jolliffe,David A.1995.Rhetoric:Concepts,Definitions,Boundaries.Needham Heights:Allyn and Bacon.
Eemeren,Frans H.van 1996.Fundamentals of Argumentation Theory.New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Eemeren,Frans H.van,Grootendorst,Rob & Kruiger,Tjark.1987.Handbook of Argumentation Theory.U.S.A:Foris Publications.
Ericson,John M.,Murphy,James J.& Zeuschner,Raymond Bud.1991.The Debater's Guide.Carbondale:Southern Illinois University Press.
Finley,M.I.1962.Athenian Demagogue.Past and Present.21:3-24.
Foss,Sonja k.,Foss,Karen A.& Trapp,Robert 2002.Contemporary Perspectives on Rhetoric.Illinois:waveland Press.
Herrick,James A.2001.The History and Theory of Rhetoric.Massachusetts:Allyn & Bacon.
Hyde,Michael J.2004.The Ethos of Rhetoric.Columbia:University of South Carolina Press.
Kennedy,George A.Trans.1991.Aristotle on Rhetoric:A Theory of Civic Discourse.New York:Oxford University Press.
Perelman,Chaim.1982.The Realm of Rhetoric.Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press.
Perelman,Ch,Olbrechts-Tyteca,L.& Wilkinson,John.Trans.Weaver,Purcell.1969.The New Rhetoric A Treatise on Argumentation.London:University of Notre Dame Press.
Plato.1961.Gorgias.The Collected Dialogues of Plato.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Plato.1914.Phaedrus.Trans.Harold North Fowler.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
Poulakos,John & Poulakos,Takis 1999.Classical Rhetorical Theory.New York:Houghton Mifflin Company.
Quintilian.1920.Institutio Oratoria.The Loeb Classical Library edition.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
Schmidt,Steffen W,Shelly,Mack C.& Bardes,Barbara A.2005.American Government and Politics Today.Peking:Peking University Press.
Dong Xiaochuan[董小川],2002,《20世纪美国宗教与政治》。北京:人民出版社。
Guo Longlong[郭隆隆],Pan Guang[潘光],Jin Yingzhong[金应忠],2003,《美国对伊战争透视》。北京:中共中央党校出版社。
Hao Yufan[郝羽凡],2002,《瞬间的力量:“9.11”后的美国与世界》。北京:新华出版社。
Jiang Li[江丽],2007,《美国总统辩论——反复修辞分析》。
Liu Yameng[刘亚猛],2004,《追求象征的力量》。北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店。
Liu Zhirong[刘植荣],2005,《美国历届总统竞选辩论精选》。南昌:江西人民出版社。
Ni Shixiong[倪世雄],Liu Yongtao[刘永涛],2002,《美国问题研究(第二辑)》。北京:时事出版社。
Ni Shixiong[倪世雄],Liu Yongtao[刘永涛],2003,《美国问题研究(第三辑)》。北京:时事出版社。
Pan Rongjie[潘荣杰],2007,《从2004年布什和克里第一场总统辩论看语篇对语境的构建》。
Yang Baikui[杨百亏揆],Yang Ming[杨明],1985,《美国总统及其选举》。北京:中国社会科学
肯尼斯·博克,(常昌富等译),1998,《当代西方修辞学:演讲与话语批评》。北京:中国社会科学出版社。