“心”隐喻的认知分析
|
摘要
不论是中文还是英文里都有大量的与人体器官“心”相关的隐喻。通常,人们用“心”隐喻来表达情感或思维一类的抽象概念。心这一人体内脏为何能表示如此多的含义呢?语言是窥探人类认知活动的窗口之一。语言的研究可以帮助我们了解人类认知模式。概念隐喻理论认为人的思维是隐喻性的,通过对日常生活中使用的隐喻语言进行分析研究有助于我们理解概念的隐喻属性。因此,本文针对中文中的心相关隐喻进行了较全面详细的分析,并将其与英语中的心相关隐喻进行比较研究,来探寻人们是如何认知心的。
认知语言学家们认为,隐喻是身体和文化相互作用的结果。所以,本文将文化作为研究的关注点之一,来探寻文化在人们认知心的过程中发挥的作用。不同语言所体现的心的不同文化模式可以用来解释心隐喻表现在具体语言上的异同。
本文首先简单回顾了隐喻研究的发展历程,比较了隐喻研究传统观点与现代观点的异同,并着重介绍了概念隐喻理论。随后,探讨了身体和文化对隐喻的作用。隐喻来自身体经验,但同时不可避免地受到文化的影响,两者都不可忽视。文章的重点在于针对收集的大量代表性语料进行细致的分析解释,来探寻人类是如何认知心,以及与心相关的抽象概念如情感和思考。通过语料的具体解析,本文试图建立心的认知,具体语言表达式,以及中英不同语言的“心”的文化模式三者间的联系。
Language is a window through which we may catch a glimpse of human cognition.According to the conceptual metaphor theory, human concepts are metaphorical, thus a clear understanding of metaphorical expressions used in everyday language can offer insights into the metaphorical nature of concepts. With an aim to explore the conceptualizations reflected in heart metaphors, this present study makes a comprehensive analysis of the heart metaphors in Chinese, and also compares them with heart metaphors in English.
A brief review of metaphor theories, with emphasis on the conceptual metaphor theory is presented in the first part of this study. The traditional approach studies metaphors as individual linguistic expressions or rhetorical devices, which are primarily literary or poetic in nature. Just as Lakoff(1987:ⅶ-ⅷ) points out, "traditional theories of metaphor assume that metaphors occur one by one, that each distinct metaphorical expression is individually created." Conceptual metaphor claims that "human conceptual system is metaphorically structured and defined" (Lakoff& Johnson,1980:6). Consequently, in the contemporary view, metaphors are studied as systems of human conceptualization, operating deep in human thought and cognition and, at the same time,surfacing in everyday language in a systematic manner (Lakoff & Johnson,1980).
Following the review of metaphor theories, the thesis further explores the bases of metaphors, namely the bodily and cultural basis, and then highlights the cultural models, which have an interpretative function in viewing the body and its role in grounding metaphor. Since metaphors are the result of the interaction between body and culture, this study pays attention to the role of culture in human conceptualization of heart which is metaphorical in nature. In Chinese, the heart is believed to be the locus of both emotions and thoughts, while the heart in English is viewed as the locus of emotions only. These two different cultural models of heart in these two languages may account for the specific differences in heart metaphors.
Major work and efforts are contributed to the linguistic data analysis and comparison revealing various conceptualizations of heart. The distinctive feature of this study is that a large number of linguistic data are analyzed with detailed explanations, providing new perspectives to the understanding of heart metaphors whose meanings we have taken for granted and used subconsciously.
By analyzing heart metaphors with detailed explanations, this study explores the understanding and motivation of those heart metaphors, and then provides an insight into human conceptualizations of heart and mental experiences like feeling and thinking. It tries to establish significant links between conceptualizations of heart, linguistic expressions and cultural models of different languages.
认知语言学家们认为,隐喻是身体和文化相互作用的结果。所以,本文将文化作为研究的关注点之一,来探寻文化在人们认知心的过程中发挥的作用。不同语言所体现的心的不同文化模式可以用来解释心隐喻表现在具体语言上的异同。
本文首先简单回顾了隐喻研究的发展历程,比较了隐喻研究传统观点与现代观点的异同,并着重介绍了概念隐喻理论。随后,探讨了身体和文化对隐喻的作用。隐喻来自身体经验,但同时不可避免地受到文化的影响,两者都不可忽视。文章的重点在于针对收集的大量代表性语料进行细致的分析解释,来探寻人类是如何认知心,以及与心相关的抽象概念如情感和思考。通过语料的具体解析,本文试图建立心的认知,具体语言表达式,以及中英不同语言的“心”的文化模式三者间的联系。
Language is a window through which we may catch a glimpse of human cognition.According to the conceptual metaphor theory, human concepts are metaphorical, thus a clear understanding of metaphorical expressions used in everyday language can offer insights into the metaphorical nature of concepts. With an aim to explore the conceptualizations reflected in heart metaphors, this present study makes a comprehensive analysis of the heart metaphors in Chinese, and also compares them with heart metaphors in English.
A brief review of metaphor theories, with emphasis on the conceptual metaphor theory is presented in the first part of this study. The traditional approach studies metaphors as individual linguistic expressions or rhetorical devices, which are primarily literary or poetic in nature. Just as Lakoff(1987:ⅶ-ⅷ) points out, "traditional theories of metaphor assume that metaphors occur one by one, that each distinct metaphorical expression is individually created." Conceptual metaphor claims that "human conceptual system is metaphorically structured and defined" (Lakoff& Johnson,1980:6). Consequently, in the contemporary view, metaphors are studied as systems of human conceptualization, operating deep in human thought and cognition and, at the same time,surfacing in everyday language in a systematic manner (Lakoff & Johnson,1980).
Following the review of metaphor theories, the thesis further explores the bases of metaphors, namely the bodily and cultural basis, and then highlights the cultural models, which have an interpretative function in viewing the body and its role in grounding metaphor. Since metaphors are the result of the interaction between body and culture, this study pays attention to the role of culture in human conceptualization of heart which is metaphorical in nature. In Chinese, the heart is believed to be the locus of both emotions and thoughts, while the heart in English is viewed as the locus of emotions only. These two different cultural models of heart in these two languages may account for the specific differences in heart metaphors.
Major work and efforts are contributed to the linguistic data analysis and comparison revealing various conceptualizations of heart. The distinctive feature of this study is that a large number of linguistic data are analyzed with detailed explanations, providing new perspectives to the understanding of heart metaphors whose meanings we have taken for granted and used subconsciously.
By analyzing heart metaphors with detailed explanations, this study explores the understanding and motivation of those heart metaphors, and then provides an insight into human conceptualizations of heart and mental experiences like feeling and thinking. It tries to establish significant links between conceptualizations of heart, linguistic expressions and cultural models of different languages.
引文
Armstrong, David.2004. Bodies of knowledge:Foucault and the problem of human anatomy. In Andrew Blaikie, Mike Hepworthy, Mary Holmes, Alexandra Howson, David Inglis, and Sheree Sartain(eds.),The Body:Critical Concepts in Sociology, London/New York:Routledge.vol.3,105-120.
Agnes, Micheal & David B (eds) Webster's New World College Dictionary Fourth Edition. Guralnik, Wiley publishing, inc. Cleveland. Ohio2004
Blaikie, Andrew, et al.2004.General introduction. The sociology of the body:Genesis, development and futures. In Andrew Blaikie, Mike Hepworthy, Mary Holmes, Alexandra Howson, David Inglis, and Sheree Sartain(eds.), The Body:Critical Concepts in Sociology, London/NewYork:Routledge. vol.1,1-23
Crystal, David.1991.A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Blackwell, Oxford:Blackwell Publishing.
Evans, Vyvyan & Green, Melanie.2006.Cognitive Linguistics:an Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Foolen, Ad.2008.The heart as a source of semiosis:the case of Ducth. In Farzad Sharifian, Rene Dirven, Ning Yu, and Susanne Niemeier(eds.),Culture, Body, and Language: Conceptualizations of Internal Body Organs across Languages and Cultures, Berlin/New York:Mouton de Gruyter.373-390
Gibbs, Raymond W. (ed.) 2008 The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge New York:Cambridge University Press.
Gibbs, Raymond W.2006.Embodiment and Cognitive Science.New York:Cambridge University Press.
Gibbs, Raymond W.1999.Taking metaphor out of our head and put it into the cultural world. In R. Gibbs & G. Steen (Eds.), Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics. Amsterdam:John Benjamins.145-166
Gibbs, Raymond W.1994. The Poetics of Mind:Figurative Thought, Language, and Understanding.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
Goddard, C.1996.Cross-linguistic research on metaphor. Language and Communication,16, 145-151
Hui, Yu (ed).2004. New Age Chinese-English Dictionary. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Johnson, Mark.2007. The Meaning of the Body:Aesthetics of Human Understanding. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Johnson, Mark.1987.The Body in the Mind:The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason.Chicago:University Press of Chicago.
Kovecses, Z.2005. Metaphor in culture:Universality and variation. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Kovecses, Z.2000.Metaphor and Emotion. Language, Culture and Body in Human Feeling. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Kovecses, Z.Gary Palmer, and ReneDirven2002 Language and emotion:The interplay of conceptualization with physiology and culture. In Rene Dirven and Ralf (eds.),Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison and Contrast. Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.133-159
Kansa, Metee.2002.Body part-related metaphors in Thai and English, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, December 2002
Lakoff, George.1994.The contemporary theory of metaphor. In Ortony, Andrew (ed.) Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge University Press
Lakoff, George.1987.Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things:What Categories Reveal about the Mind. Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George.& Johnson, Mark.1999.Philosophy in the flesh:The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. New York:Basic Books, A Member of the Preseus Book Group.
Lakoff, George.& Johnson, Mark.1980.Metaphors We Live By. Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press.
Niemeier, Susanne.2008.To be in control:kind-hearted and cool-hearted. The head-heart dichotomy in English. In Farzad Sharifian, Rene Dirven, Ning Yu, and Susanne Niemeier(eds.), Culture, Body, and Language:Conceptualizations of Internal Body Organs across Languages and Cultures, Berlin/New York:Mouton de Gruyter.349-372.
Niemeier, Susanne.2000. Straight from the heart:metonymic and metaphorical exploration. In Antonio Barcelona (ed.), Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads, Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,195-211.
Palmer, Gary B.1996. Toward a Theory of Cultural Linguistics. Austin, TX:University of Texas Press.
Quinn, Naomi.1987 Convergent evidence for a cultural model of American marriage. In Dorothy Holland and Naomi Quinn (eds.),Cultural Models in Language and Thought. Cambridge/New York:Cambridge University Press. Cambridge/New York:Cambrid ge University Press.173-192.
Quinn, Naomi & Dorothy Holland.1987.Culture and cognition. In Dorothy Holland and Naomi Quinn (eds.), Cultural Models in Language and Thought. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.3-40
Yu, Ning.2009.Culture, Body and Language.Berlin and New York:Mouton de Gruyter.
Yu, Ning.2008.Metaphor from body and culture. In Raymond W. Gibbs, jr. (ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought (p247-260).New York:Cambridge University Press
Yu, Ning.2007.Heart and cognition in ancient Chinese philosophy. Journal of Cognition and Culture,7 (2007) 27-47
Yu, Ning.2002.Body and emotion:body parts in Chinese expression of emotion. Pragmatics and Cognition 10,1:341-367
Yu, Ning.1998.The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor:A Perspective from Chinese. Philadephia:John Benjamins Publishing Company
Yu, Ning.1995.Metaphorical expressions of anger and happiness in English and Chinese. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 10,2:59-92
Wu Shixiong.2007.A Corpus-based synchronic comparison and diachronic interpretation of lexicalized emotion metaphor in English and Chinese. Unpublished Ph.D.dissertation, Lingnan University, Hong Kong.
卢卫中,2003,人体隐喻化的认知特点[J].外语教学,第24卷第6期。(Lu,Weizhong.2003. The cognitive characteristics of body-part metaphorizatio.Foreign Language Education. 24(6):23-28.)
林书武,1997,国外隐喻研究综述[J].外语教学与研究,第一期：25-26。(Lin, Shuwu.1997. A Review of studies on metaphors in the west. Foreign Language Education and Research 1:25-26.)
林书武,1998,“愤怒”的概念隐喻[J].外语与外语教学,第二期：30-32。(Lin, Shuwu.1998. Conceptual metaphors involving "anger".Foreign Languages and Their Teaching 2:30-32.)
鲁凌,1995,形象生动的人体器官词语[J]广西商专学报,第三期：62-66。(Lu, Ling.1995.Vivid words about human organs. Journal of Guangxi Business College 3:62-66.)
齐振海,2003,论“心”的隐喻[J],外语研究,第三期：24-26。(Qi, Zhenhai.2003.About metaphors associated with the human heart. Foreign Languages Research 3:24-26.)
秦耀咏,2002,英汉情感隐喻认知比较[J],玉林师范学院学报,第二期：36-37。(Qin, Yaoyong.2002.A cognitive approach to comparison of emotional metaphors in English and Chinese. Journal of Yulin Normal College 2:36-37.)
束定芳,1998,论隐喻的本质及语义特征[J],外国语,第6期,10-18。(Shu, Dingfang.1998. The nature of metaphor and its semantic features.Journal of Foreign Languages, 6:10-18.)
束定芳,2000,论隐喻的基本类型及句法和语义特征[J],外国语,第1期,20-28。(Shu, Dingfang.2000.The basic types of metaphor and its syntactic and semantic features. Journal of Foreign Languages,1:20-28.)
束定芳,2000,隐喻学研究[M],上海：上海外语教育出版社。(Shu,Dingfang.2000. Studies in Metaphor. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press.)
王文斌,2001,论汉语“心”的空间隐喻的结构化[J],解放军外国语学院学报,第一期：57-60。(Wang, Wenbin.2001.The mental structures of spatial metaphorization of "Xin" (Heart) in Chinese. Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages 1:57-60.)
吴恩锋,2004,论汉语“心”的隐喻认知系统[J],语言教学与研究,第六期：48-55。(Wu, Enfeng.2004.On the metaphorical cognitive System of "Xin" in Chinese. Language Education and Research 6:48-55.)
张辉,2000,汉英情感概念形成和表达的对比研究[J].外国语,第五期：40-43。(Zhang,Hui.2000. A contrastive study on formation and expression of emotional metaphors in English and Chinese. Foreign Languages 5:40-43.)
周红,2001,英汉情感隐喻共性分析[J],四川外语学院学报,第三期：35-38。(Zhou, Hong.2001.Analysis of common features of emotional metaphors in English and Chinese. Journal of Sichuan International Studies University 3:35-38.)
Agnes, Micheal & David B (eds) Webster's New World College Dictionary Fourth Edition. Guralnik, Wiley publishing, inc. Cleveland. Ohio2004
Blaikie, Andrew, et al.2004.General introduction. The sociology of the body:Genesis, development and futures. In Andrew Blaikie, Mike Hepworthy, Mary Holmes, Alexandra Howson, David Inglis, and Sheree Sartain(eds.), The Body:Critical Concepts in Sociology, London/NewYork:Routledge. vol.1,1-23
Crystal, David.1991.A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Blackwell, Oxford:Blackwell Publishing.
Evans, Vyvyan & Green, Melanie.2006.Cognitive Linguistics:an Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Foolen, Ad.2008.The heart as a source of semiosis:the case of Ducth. In Farzad Sharifian, Rene Dirven, Ning Yu, and Susanne Niemeier(eds.),Culture, Body, and Language: Conceptualizations of Internal Body Organs across Languages and Cultures, Berlin/New York:Mouton de Gruyter.373-390
Gibbs, Raymond W. (ed.) 2008 The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge New York:Cambridge University Press.
Gibbs, Raymond W.2006.Embodiment and Cognitive Science.New York:Cambridge University Press.
Gibbs, Raymond W.1999.Taking metaphor out of our head and put it into the cultural world. In R. Gibbs & G. Steen (Eds.), Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics. Amsterdam:John Benjamins.145-166
Gibbs, Raymond W.1994. The Poetics of Mind:Figurative Thought, Language, and Understanding.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
Goddard, C.1996.Cross-linguistic research on metaphor. Language and Communication,16, 145-151
Hui, Yu (ed).2004. New Age Chinese-English Dictionary. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Johnson, Mark.2007. The Meaning of the Body:Aesthetics of Human Understanding. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Johnson, Mark.1987.The Body in the Mind:The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason.Chicago:University Press of Chicago.
Kovecses, Z.2005. Metaphor in culture:Universality and variation. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Kovecses, Z.2000.Metaphor and Emotion. Language, Culture and Body in Human Feeling. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Kovecses, Z.Gary Palmer, and ReneDirven2002 Language and emotion:The interplay of conceptualization with physiology and culture. In Rene Dirven and Ralf (eds.),Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison and Contrast. Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.133-159
Kansa, Metee.2002.Body part-related metaphors in Thai and English, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, December 2002
Lakoff, George.1994.The contemporary theory of metaphor. In Ortony, Andrew (ed.) Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge University Press
Lakoff, George.1987.Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things:What Categories Reveal about the Mind. Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George.& Johnson, Mark.1999.Philosophy in the flesh:The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. New York:Basic Books, A Member of the Preseus Book Group.
Lakoff, George.& Johnson, Mark.1980.Metaphors We Live By. Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press.
Niemeier, Susanne.2008.To be in control:kind-hearted and cool-hearted. The head-heart dichotomy in English. In Farzad Sharifian, Rene Dirven, Ning Yu, and Susanne Niemeier(eds.), Culture, Body, and Language:Conceptualizations of Internal Body Organs across Languages and Cultures, Berlin/New York:Mouton de Gruyter.349-372.
Niemeier, Susanne.2000. Straight from the heart:metonymic and metaphorical exploration. In Antonio Barcelona (ed.), Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads, Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,195-211.
Palmer, Gary B.1996. Toward a Theory of Cultural Linguistics. Austin, TX:University of Texas Press.
Quinn, Naomi.1987 Convergent evidence for a cultural model of American marriage. In Dorothy Holland and Naomi Quinn (eds.),Cultural Models in Language and Thought. Cambridge/New York:Cambridge University Press. Cambridge/New York:Cambrid ge University Press.173-192.
Quinn, Naomi & Dorothy Holland.1987.Culture and cognition. In Dorothy Holland and Naomi Quinn (eds.), Cultural Models in Language and Thought. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.3-40
Yu, Ning.2009.Culture, Body and Language.Berlin and New York:Mouton de Gruyter.
Yu, Ning.2008.Metaphor from body and culture. In Raymond W. Gibbs, jr. (ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought (p247-260).New York:Cambridge University Press
Yu, Ning.2007.Heart and cognition in ancient Chinese philosophy. Journal of Cognition and Culture,7 (2007) 27-47
Yu, Ning.2002.Body and emotion:body parts in Chinese expression of emotion. Pragmatics and Cognition 10,1:341-367
Yu, Ning.1998.The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor:A Perspective from Chinese. Philadephia:John Benjamins Publishing Company
Yu, Ning.1995.Metaphorical expressions of anger and happiness in English and Chinese. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 10,2:59-92
Wu Shixiong.2007.A Corpus-based synchronic comparison and diachronic interpretation of lexicalized emotion metaphor in English and Chinese. Unpublished Ph.D.dissertation, Lingnan University, Hong Kong.
卢卫中,2003,人体隐喻化的认知特点[J].外语教学,第24卷第6期。(Lu,Weizhong.2003. The cognitive characteristics of body-part metaphorizatio.Foreign Language Education. 24(6):23-28.)
林书武,1997,国外隐喻研究综述[J].外语教学与研究,第一期：25-26。(Lin, Shuwu.1997. A Review of studies on metaphors in the west. Foreign Language Education and Research 1:25-26.)
林书武,1998,“愤怒”的概念隐喻[J].外语与外语教学,第二期：30-32。(Lin, Shuwu.1998. Conceptual metaphors involving "anger".Foreign Languages and Their Teaching 2:30-32.)
鲁凌,1995,形象生动的人体器官词语[J]广西商专学报,第三期：62-66。(Lu, Ling.1995.Vivid words about human organs. Journal of Guangxi Business College 3:62-66.)
齐振海,2003,论“心”的隐喻[J],外语研究,第三期：24-26。(Qi, Zhenhai.2003.About metaphors associated with the human heart. Foreign Languages Research 3:24-26.)
秦耀咏,2002,英汉情感隐喻认知比较[J],玉林师范学院学报,第二期：36-37。(Qin, Yaoyong.2002.A cognitive approach to comparison of emotional metaphors in English and Chinese. Journal of Yulin Normal College 2:36-37.)
束定芳,1998,论隐喻的本质及语义特征[J],外国语,第6期,10-18。(Shu, Dingfang.1998. The nature of metaphor and its semantic features.Journal of Foreign Languages, 6:10-18.)
束定芳,2000,论隐喻的基本类型及句法和语义特征[J],外国语,第1期,20-28。(Shu, Dingfang.2000.The basic types of metaphor and its syntactic and semantic features. Journal of Foreign Languages,1:20-28.)
束定芳,2000,隐喻学研究[M],上海：上海外语教育出版社。(Shu,Dingfang.2000. Studies in Metaphor. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press.)
王文斌,2001,论汉语“心”的空间隐喻的结构化[J],解放军外国语学院学报,第一期：57-60。(Wang, Wenbin.2001.The mental structures of spatial metaphorization of "Xin" (Heart) in Chinese. Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages 1:57-60.)
吴恩锋,2004,论汉语“心”的隐喻认知系统[J],语言教学与研究,第六期：48-55。(Wu, Enfeng.2004.On the metaphorical cognitive System of "Xin" in Chinese. Language Education and Research 6:48-55.)
张辉,2000,汉英情感概念形成和表达的对比研究[J].外国语,第五期：40-43。(Zhang,Hui.2000. A contrastive study on formation and expression of emotional metaphors in English and Chinese. Foreign Languages 5:40-43.)
周红,2001,英汉情感隐喻共性分析[J],四川外语学院学报,第三期：35-38。(Zhou, Hong.2001.Analysis of common features of emotional metaphors in English and Chinese. Journal of Sichuan International Studies University 3:35-38.)