人力资本对农村女性劳动力转移的影响研究
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摘要
我国是一个人口大国,也是一个农业大国,大部分人口都生活在农村。但由于各种因素的制约,农村与城市具有严格的界限,农村一直都较为落后,农村居民生活困苦。改革开放以来,随着经济的发展和思想的解放,大量的农村劳动力逐步向城市转移,三十年来,转移规模越来越大,对经济和社会产生了不可忽视的影响。在这支人口转移大军中,有相当数量的农村女性劳动力,她们离开熟悉的乡村土地外出打工,为增加家庭收入做出了重要的贡献,同时也是推动我国城市化进程的重要力量。
发达国家的经验表明,农村劳动力逐步向城市转移是经济发展的自然规律,也是一个国家实现工业化和城市化的必由之路,农村劳动力能否顺利地实现转移,将直接影响到我国的工业化和城市化进程。但农村劳动力转移并非是同步的,而是存在明显的性别差异。与男性相比,农村女性劳动力转移相对滞后,这不仅影响农村女性劳动力的收入,而且还影响她们的个人发展以及整个家庭的稳定,甚至会影响我国的经济发展,因此研究农村女性劳动力的转移问题具有重要的意义。研究表明,农村女性劳动力转移滞后是由多种因素造成的,其中最重要的原因就是农村女性人力资本存量偏低。目前,我国农村女性劳动力总体素质偏低,无法满足市场的需求,直接影响了农村女性劳动力的转移规模和速度。由此可见,促进农村女性劳动力转移的关键是增加对农村女性的人力资本投资。因此,本文以人力资本为切入点来研究农村女性劳动力的转移问题,以期为增加农村女性劳动力的人力资本存量,加快农村女性劳动力的转移进程提供一定的参考依据。
为了获得真实有效的资料,本文选择了山东省的一个欠发达县进行问卷调查。通过对调查结果的系统分析,从性别差异的视角,对被调查对象的转移现状具体从个人基本情况、工作状况、培训状况以及个人主观想法四个方面进行了详细的比较,研究发现农村女性劳动力与男性劳动力都存在较为明显的差异。根据这一转移现状,提取出人力资本要素并进行变量设置,利用EViews3.1进行计量分析,来研究人力资本各要素对农村劳动力转移的具体影响程度,估计结果表明,人力资本对农村劳动力进行转移具有重要的影响。然后结合当地的实际情况,分析造成农村女性劳动力人力资本存量不足的原因：一是农村经济落后,农民收入偏低；二是农村义务教育没有真正实施；三是职业培训机构偏少且学费偏高；四是农村社会保障制度不健全；五是家长目光短浅,不愿对女孩进行长期投资。最后根据上述原因的分析,提出增加农村人力资本投资促进女性劳动力转移的相应的对策建议：有效增加农民收入；消除城市偏好性,确实实施农村义务教育；重视和加强职业技术教育；逐步完善农村的社会保障制度；加强对农村的文化宣传教育,提高农村居民的思想觉悟。
China is a populous country and a large agricultural country, whose people mainly live in rural areas. However, due to various factors, rural areas and cities have strict limits. The rural areas have been lagging behind cities, and the rural residents live in hardship. Since reform and opening, with the development of economy and the liberation of mind, A large number of rural labor have been shifting gradually to the cities. After thirty years,the transfer size of rural laborers is increasing, bringing impacts that can not be overlooked to the economy and society. Among this transfer army, there is a considerable number of rural female labor force. They leave the familiar rural land to work out,having made a significant contribution to increase family income and becoming an important force to promote the urbanization process in China.
The experience of developed countries shows that the transfer of rural labor to cities gradually is a natural law of economic development, and the only way of a country's industrialization and urbanization. Whether the rural labor can successful transfer or not will directly affect China's process of industrialization and urbanization.But the transfer of rural labor force is not synchronized, which has obvious gender differences. The female labor force's transfer in rural areas lags behind the male's, which not only affects the income of the rural female labor force,but also affects their personal development and the stability of the entire family, and even affects China's economic development, therefore studying the problem of the rural female labor's transfer is of great significance. Research shows that the rural female labor force's lag in migration is caused by many factors. One of the most important reasons is the low stock of human capital in rural women. At present, the overall quality of the female labor force in China's rural areas is low,unable to meet the demand of market, which directly affects the transfer's size and speed of rural female labor force. Thus, the key to accelerate the transfer of rural female labor force is to increase rural women's human capital investment. Therefore, this article starts from human capital to study the transfer of the rural female labor force, in order to provide a frame of reference for increasing the human capital stock of the female labor force in rural areas and speeding up the transfer process of rural female labor force.
In order to obtain true and valid data, the paper has chosen one underdeveloped county in Shandong Province to conduct a questionnaire survey.By a systematic analysis of the survey results, from the perspective of gender differences this paper has made a detailed comparison on the individual basic information, work status, training conditions and individual's subjective ideas according to the transfer status of investigation targets, and the research finds that there are more obvious differences between the rural female labor and the male labor force in rural areas. According to the transfer situation, this paper extracts the elements of human capital and sets the variables, using EViews3.1 to make a quantitative analysis, to study each element of the human capital's specific impact level on the rural labor's transfer,and the estimation results show that the human capital has important impacts on the transfer of the rural labor force. Then combining the local actual situations, this article analyzes what leads to the lack of human capital stock of the female labor force in rural areas:first, the economy in rural areas is backward and the farmers'income is small; second, the rural compulsory education is not imposed; third, the vocational training institutions are too few and the tuition fee is higher; fourth, the rural social security systems are not perfect; fifth, parents are short-sighted and they do not want to conduct long-term investment in girls. Finally, according to the analysis of the above reasons, the paper gives the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions to increase human capital investment in rural areas to promote female labor force's transfer:effectively increasing the income of peasants; eliminating the urban bias, doing the implementation of rural compulsory education; valuing and strengthening the vocational and technical education; improving the rural social security systems gradually; strengthening the cultural education in rural areas, improving the consciousness of rural residents.
发达国家的经验表明,农村劳动力逐步向城市转移是经济发展的自然规律,也是一个国家实现工业化和城市化的必由之路,农村劳动力能否顺利地实现转移,将直接影响到我国的工业化和城市化进程。但农村劳动力转移并非是同步的,而是存在明显的性别差异。与男性相比,农村女性劳动力转移相对滞后,这不仅影响农村女性劳动力的收入,而且还影响她们的个人发展以及整个家庭的稳定,甚至会影响我国的经济发展,因此研究农村女性劳动力的转移问题具有重要的意义。研究表明,农村女性劳动力转移滞后是由多种因素造成的,其中最重要的原因就是农村女性人力资本存量偏低。目前,我国农村女性劳动力总体素质偏低,无法满足市场的需求,直接影响了农村女性劳动力的转移规模和速度。由此可见,促进农村女性劳动力转移的关键是增加对农村女性的人力资本投资。因此,本文以人力资本为切入点来研究农村女性劳动力的转移问题,以期为增加农村女性劳动力的人力资本存量,加快农村女性劳动力的转移进程提供一定的参考依据。
为了获得真实有效的资料,本文选择了山东省的一个欠发达县进行问卷调查。通过对调查结果的系统分析,从性别差异的视角,对被调查对象的转移现状具体从个人基本情况、工作状况、培训状况以及个人主观想法四个方面进行了详细的比较,研究发现农村女性劳动力与男性劳动力都存在较为明显的差异。根据这一转移现状,提取出人力资本要素并进行变量设置,利用EViews3.1进行计量分析,来研究人力资本各要素对农村劳动力转移的具体影响程度,估计结果表明,人力资本对农村劳动力进行转移具有重要的影响。然后结合当地的实际情况,分析造成农村女性劳动力人力资本存量不足的原因：一是农村经济落后,农民收入偏低；二是农村义务教育没有真正实施；三是职业培训机构偏少且学费偏高；四是农村社会保障制度不健全；五是家长目光短浅,不愿对女孩进行长期投资。最后根据上述原因的分析,提出增加农村人力资本投资促进女性劳动力转移的相应的对策建议：有效增加农民收入；消除城市偏好性,确实实施农村义务教育；重视和加强职业技术教育；逐步完善农村的社会保障制度；加强对农村的文化宣传教育,提高农村居民的思想觉悟。
China is a populous country and a large agricultural country, whose people mainly live in rural areas. However, due to various factors, rural areas and cities have strict limits. The rural areas have been lagging behind cities, and the rural residents live in hardship. Since reform and opening, with the development of economy and the liberation of mind, A large number of rural labor have been shifting gradually to the cities. After thirty years,the transfer size of rural laborers is increasing, bringing impacts that can not be overlooked to the economy and society. Among this transfer army, there is a considerable number of rural female labor force. They leave the familiar rural land to work out,having made a significant contribution to increase family income and becoming an important force to promote the urbanization process in China.
The experience of developed countries shows that the transfer of rural labor to cities gradually is a natural law of economic development, and the only way of a country's industrialization and urbanization. Whether the rural labor can successful transfer or not will directly affect China's process of industrialization and urbanization.But the transfer of rural labor force is not synchronized, which has obvious gender differences. The female labor force's transfer in rural areas lags behind the male's, which not only affects the income of the rural female labor force,but also affects their personal development and the stability of the entire family, and even affects China's economic development, therefore studying the problem of the rural female labor's transfer is of great significance. Research shows that the rural female labor force's lag in migration is caused by many factors. One of the most important reasons is the low stock of human capital in rural women. At present, the overall quality of the female labor force in China's rural areas is low,unable to meet the demand of market, which directly affects the transfer's size and speed of rural female labor force. Thus, the key to accelerate the transfer of rural female labor force is to increase rural women's human capital investment. Therefore, this article starts from human capital to study the transfer of the rural female labor force, in order to provide a frame of reference for increasing the human capital stock of the female labor force in rural areas and speeding up the transfer process of rural female labor force.
In order to obtain true and valid data, the paper has chosen one underdeveloped county in Shandong Province to conduct a questionnaire survey.By a systematic analysis of the survey results, from the perspective of gender differences this paper has made a detailed comparison on the individual basic information, work status, training conditions and individual's subjective ideas according to the transfer status of investigation targets, and the research finds that there are more obvious differences between the rural female labor and the male labor force in rural areas. According to the transfer situation, this paper extracts the elements of human capital and sets the variables, using EViews3.1 to make a quantitative analysis, to study each element of the human capital's specific impact level on the rural labor's transfer,and the estimation results show that the human capital has important impacts on the transfer of the rural labor force. Then combining the local actual situations, this article analyzes what leads to the lack of human capital stock of the female labor force in rural areas:first, the economy in rural areas is backward and the farmers'income is small; second, the rural compulsory education is not imposed; third, the vocational training institutions are too few and the tuition fee is higher; fourth, the rural social security systems are not perfect; fifth, parents are short-sighted and they do not want to conduct long-term investment in girls. Finally, according to the analysis of the above reasons, the paper gives the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions to increase human capital investment in rural areas to promote female labor force's transfer:effectively increasing the income of peasants; eliminating the urban bias, doing the implementation of rural compulsory education; valuing and strengthening the vocational and technical education; improving the rural social security systems gradually; strengthening the cultural education in rural areas, improving the consciousness of rural residents.
引文
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[3]宋培林.现代劳动经济学[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社,2006.
[4]张凤林.人力资本理论及其应用研究[M].北京：商务印书馆,2006.
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