周期力场作用下矩形通道内流动与传热特性研究
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摘要
当反应堆在受到周期性变化的外力场作用时，系统内的热工水力特性将受其影响而表现一系列变化，进而对反应堆运行特性产生影响。因此本文对竖直静止及摇摆状态周期力场作用下窄间隙矩形通道内的流动传热特性分别进行了理论分析、数值计算及实验研究。
竖直静止状态下矩形通道内热工水力特性研究表明，矩形通道层流-湍流转捩雷诺数随高宽比增大而减小，而加热会导致层流-湍流转捩延迟。窄间隙矩形通道内的过冷沸腾传热特性与大尺寸流道经验关系式存在较大差异，本文通过引入流动沸腾-池式沸腾汽泡脱离直径比，建立了矩形通道过冷沸腾传热计算模型，并在实验基础上提出了矩形通道内单相及沸腾压降及传热计算关系式。
摇摆状态周期力场作用下的单相流量脉动特性受驱动力、周期力场及阻力特性的影响，当驱动力大于10倍周期力场时，流量将不会出现显著的变化，而在驱动力足以引起流量出现变化条件下，当通过增加回路阻力减小流量时，流量脉动幅度随平均流量减小而减小，当通过降低驱动力减小流量时，流量脉动幅度随平均流量减小而增大。当流量没有出现显著变化时，径向周期力场引起二次流对矩形通道内流动传热特性的影响随窄边尺寸增加而增大，对于截面尺寸为2×40mm的矩形通道而言，数值计算及实验研究均表明径向周期力场引起二次流变化不足以引起宏观流动传热特性发生变化，因此其影响可以完全忽略，而实验研究也证实摇摆状态周期力场下矩形通道内的流动传热特性与竖直静止状态完全一致。此外，实验研究还表明当径向周期力场的作用可以忽略时，摇摆状态周期力场诱发的流量脉动与变驱动力引起的脉动流流动传热特性具有一致性，而流量脉动引起的速度径向分布改变将导致流动传热特性与竖直静止状态存在差异。在实验过程中还采用改变驱动力实现流量调节的方式下获得了当前实验回路流量脉动幅度与平均流量及摇摆运动参数的关系，分析了阻力传热脉动幅度与流量脉动幅度之间的关系，建立了摇摆状态周期力场作用下的脉动流阻力传热计算关系式。
摇摆状态周期力场作用下沸腾压降及传热特性实验研究表明质量流速变化规律与实验段出口含气率密切相关，在低出口含气率区域，摇摆运动引起的周期性附加惯性力场并未引起沸腾压降及传热特性发生变化，因此该状态下的沸腾压降及传热特性与竖直静止状态相同；当出口含气率达到一定程度后，摇摆状态下系统空间位置改变引起浮升力在非惯性系中的作用方向及大小发生周期性变化，进而引起汽泡在冷凝器入口处周期性壅塞并引起流道内压力出现变化、沸腾强度及沸腾质量流速周期性的脉动；由于摩擦压降主要与质量含气率相关，因此竖直静止状态下的关系式仍具有适用性，但质量流量脉动导致饱和沸腾传热特性与竖直静止状态存在显著差异。
The thermal-hydraulic characteristics of nuclear reactor system are influenced bythe periodic force field under rolling motion conditions, and then the performancecharacteristic of nuclear reactor will be affected. In this paper, the flow and heat transfercharacteristics of rectangular channel in both static state and periodic force field thatinduced by rolling motion are investigated through theoretical, numerical andexperimental methods.
Experimental studies of the thermal hydraulics for rectangular channel in static stateshow that the laminar to turbulent transition Reynolds number decreases with theincrease of channel aspect ratio, whereas the wall heating leads to the delay of thetransition. In addition, the experimental results also indicate that the subcooled boilingheat transfer in rectangular channel is different from that in large channels, thus a modifyfactor based on the ratio of bubble departure diameter in flow boiling and pool boiling isintroduced to develop the subcooled boiling heat transfer model in rectangular channel.Furthermore, a series of prediction correlations are developed to calculate the single andtwo-phase flow friction and heat transfer characteristics.
Theoretical studies show that the single-phase flow rate pulsation characteristics inperiodic force field are influenced by driving force, additional periodic force andresistance characteristics. The flow rate will not affect by the periodic force field whenthe amplitude of the driven force is10times larger than the periodic force field. However,as the periodic force is large enough to make flow rate pulsate fiercely, the amplitude offlow rate pulsation decreases with the decrease of average flow rate if the flow rate isrestricted through increasing the loop’s resistance, furthermore, the tendency is oppositeif the flow rate is adjusted by decreasing the driving force. As the flow rate does notpulsate notably, the effect of the radial periodic force field on secondary flow andtemperature field increases with the increase of the size of narrow side. In addition, bothnumerical analysis and experimental study indicate that the variation of secondary flowand temperature field induced by the radial periodic force field will not change themacroscope friction and heat transfer characteristics of the narrow rectangular channelwith a cross section of2×40mm. Experimental results also show that the thermal hydraulic characteristics of pulsation flow that induced by rolling motion and periodicdriving force are the same as the influence of radical periodic force can be neglected. Therelationship among flow rate pulsation amplitude, average flow rate and rollingparameters are derived as the flow rate adjusted by changing the driving force, then thefriction and heat transfer calculation correlations are obtained in periodic force fieldcondition.
The flow boiling heat transfer experiments in periodic force field indicate that thevariation of mass flow rate relates closely to the outlet mass quality. In low mass qualityexit region, the boiling pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics are not influencedby the periodic force field and the calculation correlations are the same as that in staticcondition. However, as the mass quality reaches a certain value, the variation ofbouyancy force quantity and operating direction which induced by the rolling motionwill introduce the bubble coalescence periodically at the condenser’s exit and then resultin the loop blocking. Therefore the pressure, the boiling intensity and the flow rate in thechannel also varies accordingly. The correlations for friction pressure drop applied to thesteady state are also valid for that under rolling motion conditions for it mainlydepending on the mass quality. However, the saturation boiling heat transfercharacteristics in periodic force field show notable difference with that in steady stateowing to the flow rate fluctuations.
竖直静止状态下矩形通道内热工水力特性研究表明，矩形通道层流-湍流转捩雷诺数随高宽比增大而减小，而加热会导致层流-湍流转捩延迟。窄间隙矩形通道内的过冷沸腾传热特性与大尺寸流道经验关系式存在较大差异，本文通过引入流动沸腾-池式沸腾汽泡脱离直径比，建立了矩形通道过冷沸腾传热计算模型，并在实验基础上提出了矩形通道内单相及沸腾压降及传热计算关系式。
摇摆状态周期力场作用下的单相流量脉动特性受驱动力、周期力场及阻力特性的影响，当驱动力大于10倍周期力场时，流量将不会出现显著的变化，而在驱动力足以引起流量出现变化条件下，当通过增加回路阻力减小流量时，流量脉动幅度随平均流量减小而减小，当通过降低驱动力减小流量时，流量脉动幅度随平均流量减小而增大。当流量没有出现显著变化时，径向周期力场引起二次流对矩形通道内流动传热特性的影响随窄边尺寸增加而增大，对于截面尺寸为2×40mm的矩形通道而言，数值计算及实验研究均表明径向周期力场引起二次流变化不足以引起宏观流动传热特性发生变化，因此其影响可以完全忽略，而实验研究也证实摇摆状态周期力场下矩形通道内的流动传热特性与竖直静止状态完全一致。此外，实验研究还表明当径向周期力场的作用可以忽略时，摇摆状态周期力场诱发的流量脉动与变驱动力引起的脉动流流动传热特性具有一致性，而流量脉动引起的速度径向分布改变将导致流动传热特性与竖直静止状态存在差异。在实验过程中还采用改变驱动力实现流量调节的方式下获得了当前实验回路流量脉动幅度与平均流量及摇摆运动参数的关系，分析了阻力传热脉动幅度与流量脉动幅度之间的关系，建立了摇摆状态周期力场作用下的脉动流阻力传热计算关系式。
摇摆状态周期力场作用下沸腾压降及传热特性实验研究表明质量流速变化规律与实验段出口含气率密切相关，在低出口含气率区域，摇摆运动引起的周期性附加惯性力场并未引起沸腾压降及传热特性发生变化，因此该状态下的沸腾压降及传热特性与竖直静止状态相同；当出口含气率达到一定程度后，摇摆状态下系统空间位置改变引起浮升力在非惯性系中的作用方向及大小发生周期性变化，进而引起汽泡在冷凝器入口处周期性壅塞并引起流道内压力出现变化、沸腾强度及沸腾质量流速周期性的脉动；由于摩擦压降主要与质量含气率相关，因此竖直静止状态下的关系式仍具有适用性，但质量流量脉动导致饱和沸腾传热特性与竖直静止状态存在显著差异。
The thermal-hydraulic characteristics of nuclear reactor system are influenced bythe periodic force field under rolling motion conditions, and then the performancecharacteristic of nuclear reactor will be affected. In this paper, the flow and heat transfercharacteristics of rectangular channel in both static state and periodic force field thatinduced by rolling motion are investigated through theoretical, numerical andexperimental methods.
Experimental studies of the thermal hydraulics for rectangular channel in static stateshow that the laminar to turbulent transition Reynolds number decreases with theincrease of channel aspect ratio, whereas the wall heating leads to the delay of thetransition. In addition, the experimental results also indicate that the subcooled boilingheat transfer in rectangular channel is different from that in large channels, thus a modifyfactor based on the ratio of bubble departure diameter in flow boiling and pool boiling isintroduced to develop the subcooled boiling heat transfer model in rectangular channel.Furthermore, a series of prediction correlations are developed to calculate the single andtwo-phase flow friction and heat transfer characteristics.
Theoretical studies show that the single-phase flow rate pulsation characteristics inperiodic force field are influenced by driving force, additional periodic force andresistance characteristics. The flow rate will not affect by the periodic force field whenthe amplitude of the driven force is10times larger than the periodic force field. However,as the periodic force is large enough to make flow rate pulsate fiercely, the amplitude offlow rate pulsation decreases with the decrease of average flow rate if the flow rate isrestricted through increasing the loop’s resistance, furthermore, the tendency is oppositeif the flow rate is adjusted by decreasing the driving force. As the flow rate does notpulsate notably, the effect of the radial periodic force field on secondary flow andtemperature field increases with the increase of the size of narrow side. In addition, bothnumerical analysis and experimental study indicate that the variation of secondary flowand temperature field induced by the radial periodic force field will not change themacroscope friction and heat transfer characteristics of the narrow rectangular channelwith a cross section of2×40mm. Experimental results also show that the thermal hydraulic characteristics of pulsation flow that induced by rolling motion and periodicdriving force are the same as the influence of radical periodic force can be neglected. Therelationship among flow rate pulsation amplitude, average flow rate and rollingparameters are derived as the flow rate adjusted by changing the driving force, then thefriction and heat transfer calculation correlations are obtained in periodic force fieldcondition.
The flow boiling heat transfer experiments in periodic force field indicate that thevariation of mass flow rate relates closely to the outlet mass quality. In low mass qualityexit region, the boiling pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics are not influencedby the periodic force field and the calculation correlations are the same as that in staticcondition. However, as the mass quality reaches a certain value, the variation ofbouyancy force quantity and operating direction which induced by the rolling motionwill introduce the bubble coalescence periodically at the condenser’s exit and then resultin the loop blocking. Therefore the pressure, the boiling intensity and the flow rate in thechannel also varies accordingly. The correlations for friction pressure drop applied to thesteady state are also valid for that under rolling motion conditions for it mainlydepending on the mass quality. However, the saturation boiling heat transfercharacteristics in periodic force field show notable difference with that in steady stateowing to the flow rate fluctuations.
引文
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