加拿大一枝黄花叶水提取物化感作用初步研究
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摘要
加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)是菊科一枝黄花属多年生草本植物,原产北美,1935年作为庭园花卉从日本引种栽培于我国上海、南京一带,20世纪80年代扩散蔓延成杂草。加拿大一枝黄花的入侵已引起本地绿化灌木成片死亡,严重影响农作物产量和质量,作者试图从植物间的化感作用这一角度去解释和阐明加拿大一枝黄花的成功入侵。文中分析了加拿大一枝黄花水提取液、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取相和剩余水相对测试种小麦(Triticum aestivum)、共生杂草狗尾草(Setaria viridis)和自身种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。以种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数作为种子萌发参数,以胚根、胚芽长度和实生苗干湿重的变化作为幼苗生长参数。研究结果表明:加拿大一枝黄花叶水提取液对三种植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长有显著的影响,其中正丁醇萃取物化感作用最强,剩余水相与对照相比差异不显著;0.5 mg·ml~(-1)正丁醇萃取物能显著抑制自身花种子萌发,5mg·ml~(-1)显著抑制幼苗生长;1.5 mg·ml~(-1)正丁醇萃取物显著抑制小麦萌发和幼苗生长,5 mg·ml~(-1)显著抑制狗尾草种子萌发和幼苗生长;加拿大一枝黄花叶所含化感物质主要在正丁醇萃取相中,自身种子萌发和幼苗生长对提取物浓度变化最为敏感,共生杂草幼苗对提取物浓度变化敏感性最弱,小麦种子萌发对提取物浓度变化敏感性最弱。
Solidago canadensis, a long-lived perennial plant native to North America, was initially introduced as an ornamental plant to Shanghai in 1935.It then escaped into the wild and is now spreading rapidly in China, especially in eastern China. The invasion of Solidago canadensis has caused the death of local bush, seriously affecting crop yield and quality. To clarify the success of S. canadensis invasion by analysing allelopathy, biological assays were carried out for the effects of the raw aqueous extracts, ethyl acetate extracts, n-butanol extraction extracts and the water remainder, from S. canadensis leaves on the germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum), Setaria (Setaria viridis) and S. canadensis itself. We tested the four organic fractions to impair germination percentage /rate, vigor, radicle and plumule elongation, and fresh and dry weight kinetics of seedlings. Results are as follows: strong allelopathy did exist in interspecific interactions of S. Canadensis. Among those n-butanol extracts showed the strongest allelopathic effect. The phase of water remainder displayed no significant difference compared to the control treatment. The concentration of 0.5 mg·ml~(-1) inhibited the seed germination of S. canadensis and the concentration of 5mg·ml~(-1) significantly inhibited itself seedling growth. The concentration of 1.5 mg·ml~(-1) n-butanol extract inhibited the germination and seedling growth of wheat. The concentration of 5 mg·ml~(-1) n-butanol extracts inhibited the germination and seedling growth of Setaria. The allelochemicals were contained mainly in the n-butanol extracts. The self-seed germination and seedling growth were the most sensitive to changes in concentration, while the weeds seedling showed the weakest sensitivity,and thewheat germination showed the weakeast sensitivity.
Solidago canadensis, a long-lived perennial plant native to North America, was initially introduced as an ornamental plant to Shanghai in 1935.It then escaped into the wild and is now spreading rapidly in China, especially in eastern China. The invasion of Solidago canadensis has caused the death of local bush, seriously affecting crop yield and quality. To clarify the success of S. canadensis invasion by analysing allelopathy, biological assays were carried out for the effects of the raw aqueous extracts, ethyl acetate extracts, n-butanol extraction extracts and the water remainder, from S. canadensis leaves on the germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum), Setaria (Setaria viridis) and S. canadensis itself. We tested the four organic fractions to impair germination percentage /rate, vigor, radicle and plumule elongation, and fresh and dry weight kinetics of seedlings. Results are as follows: strong allelopathy did exist in interspecific interactions of S. Canadensis. Among those n-butanol extracts showed the strongest allelopathic effect. The phase of water remainder displayed no significant difference compared to the control treatment. The concentration of 0.5 mg·ml~(-1) inhibited the seed germination of S. canadensis and the concentration of 5mg·ml~(-1) significantly inhibited itself seedling growth. The concentration of 1.5 mg·ml~(-1) n-butanol extract inhibited the germination and seedling growth of wheat. The concentration of 5 mg·ml~(-1) n-butanol extracts inhibited the germination and seedling growth of Setaria. The allelochemicals were contained mainly in the n-butanol extracts. The self-seed germination and seedling growth were the most sensitive to changes in concentration, while the weeds seedling showed the weakest sensitivity,and thewheat germination showed the weakeast sensitivity.
引文
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2.Molisch H,Der Einfluss einer pflant ant die-andere allelopathie,Fisher Jena,1937,13-20
3.Rice E L,A llelopathy(2rk edition),A cademic Press,1984,1-501
4.Keane.R.M.,Crawley.M.J.,Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis,Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2002,17(4),164-170.
5.Susanne Wurst,Sander van Beersum,The impact of soil organism composition and activated carbon on grass-legume competition,Plant Soil,2009,314,1-9
6.Sanon.A,Andrianjaka.Z.N,Prin.Y.,et.al.Rhizosphere microbiota interfers with plant-plant interactions,Plant Soil,2009,321,259-278
7.Ben Gooden,Kris French,Peter J.Turner,Invasion and management of a woody plant,Lantana camara L.,alters vegetation diversity within wet sclerophyll forest in southeastern,Australia Forest Ecology and Management,2009,257,960-967
8.Malgorzata Strzalek,Pawel Koperski,The Stratiotes aloides L.stand as a habitat in oxbow lake Buzysko,Aquatic Botany,2009,90,1-6
9.王强,阮晓,李兆慧,潘存德,植物自毒作用及针叶林自毒研究进展,2007,43(6):134-142
10.孔垂华,植物化感作用研究中应注意的问题,应用生态学报,1996,9(3):332-336
11.吕卫光,张春兰,彭宇,外源苯丙烯酸抑制连作黄瓜生长的机制初探,中国蔬菜,2001,3,10-12.
12.孔垂华,胡飞,骆世明,胜红蓟对作物化感作用研究,中国农业科学,1997,30(5):95.
13.刘小香,谢龙莲,桉树化感感研究进展,热带农业科学,2004,24(2):54-61
14.陈龙池,汪思龙,杉木根系分泌物化感作用研究,生态学报,2003,23(2):393-398
15.李兆慧,王强,廖俊俊等,天山云杉凋落物自毒物质分析与初步鉴定,分析化学,2009,37(6):882-892
16.阎飞,杨振明,植物化感作用及其作用物的研究方法,生态学报,2000,20(4):692-696
17.曾任森,化感作用研究中的生物测定方法综述,应用生态学报,1999,10(1):123-126
18.David S.S,Chemistry and mechanisms of Allelopathic interactions,Agronomy Journal, 1996,88:876-885.
19.Leather G R,Einhellig F.,A.Bioassays in the study of allelopathy.In:Putnam A R,Tang C S(eds.),The Science of Allelopathy,John Wiley and Sons,New York,986,133-145.
20.万方浩,郑小波,郭建英,重要农林外来入侵物种的生物学与控制,北京:科学出版社,2005,5-6
21.王伯荪,郝艳茹,王昌伟,生物入侵与入侵生态学,中山大学学报(自然科学版),200544(3):75-77
22.Elton C S.,The Ecology of Invasion by Animals and Plants,London:Chapman and Hall,1958,143-153
23.王德辉,积极引进有益物种防治有害物种入侵,中国环境学会年会,上海,2008,4,25-28,
24.徐海根,王建民,强胜,王长永,《生物多样性公约》热点研究:外来物种入侵·生物安全·遗传资源,科学出版社,2004,19
25.Baskin Y.,Winners and losers in a changing world:global changes may promote invasion and alter the fate of invasive species,Biosicence,1998,48(10):788-792
26.Pimental D,Lach.L,Zuniga.R,Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United states,Bioscience,2000,50(1):53-65
27.丁建清,解焱,中国外来种入侵机制与对策,《保护中国的生物多样性(二)》,北京,中国环境科学出版社,1996,107-128
28.《中国植物志》74卷菊科(一),北京,科学出版社,1985,76
29.吴海荣,强胜,加拿大一枝黄花生物生态学特性及防治,杂草科学,2005,1,52-56
30.李振宇,解焱,中国外来入侵种,北京,中国林业出版社,2002,170
31.董梅,陆建忠,张文驹等,加拿大一枝黄花——种正在迅速扩张的外来入侵植物,植物分类学报,2006,44(1):72-85
32.郭琼霞,虞赞,黄可辉等,外来入侵植物—“加拿大一枝黄花”传入中国的定量风险研究,武夷科学,2005,21,81-85
33.Baker H G.,Weeds-native and introduced,Journal of the California Horticultural Society,1962,23,97-104
34.Baker H G.,Characteristics and modes of origin of weeds,In:Baker H.G.& Stebbins G.L.(eds),The genetics of colonizing species.London,Academic Press,1965,23,147-72
35.Kolar C S,Lodge D M.,Predicting invaders-response,Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2001,16(10):546
36.Rejmanek M,Richardson D M.,What attributes make some plant species more invasive?Ecology,1996,77(6):1655-1661
37.Sutherland S.,What makes a weed a weed:life history traits of native and exotic plants in the USA,Oecologia,2004,141(1):24-39
38.于兴军,于丹,马克平,不同生境条件下紫茎泽兰化感作用的变化与入侵力关系的研究,植物生态学报,2004,28(6):773-780
39.徐正浩,王一平,外来入侵植物成灾的机制及防除对策,生态学杂志,2004,23(03):124-127
40.May R M,MacArthur R H.,Niche overlap as a function of environment variability,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1972,69(5):1109-1113
41.Post W M,Pimm S L.,Community assembly and food web stability,Mathematical Biosicence,1983,64(2):169-182
42.Law R,Morton R D.,Permanence and the assembly of ecological communities,Ecology,1996,77(3):762-775
43.Dukes J S.,Species composition and diversity affect grassland susceptibility and response to invasion,Ecological Applications,2002,12(2):602-617
44.Knops J M,Griffin J R.,Introduced and native plants of the hasting reservation,central California:a comparison,Conservation Biology,1995,71(2),115-123
45.Stonhlgren T J,Binkley D,Chong G W.,Exotic plant species invade hot spots of native plant diversity,Ecological Monographs,1999,69(1):25-46
46.Symstad A J.,A test of the effects of functional group richness and composition on grassland invisibility,Ecology,2000,81(1):99-109
47.Lu Z J,Ma K P.,Scale dependent relationships between native plant diversity and the invasion of croftonweed(Eupatorium adenophorum) in southwest China,Weed Science,2005,53(5):600-604
48.Levne J M,D'Antonio C M.,Elton revisited:a review of evidence linking diversity and invisibility,Oikos,1999,87,15-26
49.Palmer M W,Maurer T.Does diversity beget diversity? A case study of crops and weeds, Sciences,1997,8,235-240
50.Darwin,the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,1859
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