Ad Hoc网络能量感知路由协议的研究
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摘要
Ad Hoc网络是指由若干带有无线收发信机的节点构成的一个无中心的、多跳的、自组织的对等式通信网络,它可以不依赖已存在的网络基础设施而快速展开,自适应组网,各节点可以自由地进入和离开网络且不会导致整个网络陷入瘫痪。
移动Ad Hoc网络的研究重点之一是路由协议。Ad Hoc网络中的各个节点在充当终端发送和接收信息的同时,还作为路由中继节点转发信息。由于移动Ad Hoc网络的特点,路由的选择会直接影响分组投递率,端到端时延,节点能量消耗等参数。在移动Ad Hoc网络中,多数终端节点都是采用有限电源模式,一旦能量耗尽就无法工作,进而导致整个网络无法正常运行。然而,在一些节点能量耗尽的时候,其它节点还有过多剩余能量,这就造成了Ad Hoc网络的能耗不公平性。因此,在路由选择过程中,如何均衡节点间的负载与能耗、改善网络的公平性,就成为了一个重要的问题。
本文对Ad Hoc网络路由协议进行了深入研究,设计了一种基于能量感知的分级EALD(Energy-Aware and Level-Distribution)路由协议。该协议在传统AODV路由协议的基础上做出了两点改进:一是对路由发现过程的优化,通过设置延时函数,将节点与链路的能量信息引入了路由选择的度量(metric);二是对低能量节点的保护,在节点的剩余能量低于某一阈值时,使其仅能作为信息的发送端或接收端,而不会提供路由中继服务。
本文使用NS2网络仿真工具对EALD路由协议进行了仿真,并与传统AODV路由协议进行了比较。仿真结果表明,EALD路由协议通过对路由发现过程的优化以及对低能量节点的保护,均衡了网络中的负载与能耗,延长了网络生存时间,减少了因为节点死亡而带来的网络拥塞。
A mobile Ad Hoc network is a multi-hop, decentralized, self-configuring, peer-to-peer communication network that consists of several nodes with radio transceiver. It can be rapidly deployed and networking adaptively without relying on the pre-existing network infrastructure. The nodes in a mobile Ad Hoc network can dynamically join and leave the network without warning, and possibly without disruption to other nodes' communication.
One of the important research areas of MANET is routing protocol. While every node has a role of terminal to receive and send messages, it is also a relaying node to retransmit messages. Most terminal nodes have a model of finite energy. Once the resource exhausts, the terminal nodes can't work normally and be the retransmission node. At the same time, other nodes have overmuch rest energy, which makes inequity of energy consumption in Ad Hoc network. So how to balance the load and energy consumption becomes an important question.
In this thesis, energy-aware and level-distribution (EALD) dynamic routing protocol is introduced. The EALD routing protocol makes an improvement upon the traditional AODV routing protocol. In order to optimize the routing discovery, the EALD protocol adds nodes and links energy information into the routing discovery metric by setting delay function. On the other hand, when the remaining energy of one node is limited, the protection of this node will be carried out.
In the NS2 simulation, we compared the performance with AODV in different environment. The results show that the EALD protocol balances the load and energy consumption, prolongs the network lifetime, and reduces congestion.
移动Ad Hoc网络的研究重点之一是路由协议。Ad Hoc网络中的各个节点在充当终端发送和接收信息的同时,还作为路由中继节点转发信息。由于移动Ad Hoc网络的特点,路由的选择会直接影响分组投递率,端到端时延,节点能量消耗等参数。在移动Ad Hoc网络中,多数终端节点都是采用有限电源模式,一旦能量耗尽就无法工作,进而导致整个网络无法正常运行。然而,在一些节点能量耗尽的时候,其它节点还有过多剩余能量,这就造成了Ad Hoc网络的能耗不公平性。因此,在路由选择过程中,如何均衡节点间的负载与能耗、改善网络的公平性,就成为了一个重要的问题。
本文对Ad Hoc网络路由协议进行了深入研究,设计了一种基于能量感知的分级EALD(Energy-Aware and Level-Distribution)路由协议。该协议在传统AODV路由协议的基础上做出了两点改进:一是对路由发现过程的优化,通过设置延时函数,将节点与链路的能量信息引入了路由选择的度量(metric);二是对低能量节点的保护,在节点的剩余能量低于某一阈值时,使其仅能作为信息的发送端或接收端,而不会提供路由中继服务。
本文使用NS2网络仿真工具对EALD路由协议进行了仿真,并与传统AODV路由协议进行了比较。仿真结果表明,EALD路由协议通过对路由发现过程的优化以及对低能量节点的保护,均衡了网络中的负载与能耗,延长了网络生存时间,减少了因为节点死亡而带来的网络拥塞。
A mobile Ad Hoc network is a multi-hop, decentralized, self-configuring, peer-to-peer communication network that consists of several nodes with radio transceiver. It can be rapidly deployed and networking adaptively without relying on the pre-existing network infrastructure. The nodes in a mobile Ad Hoc network can dynamically join and leave the network without warning, and possibly without disruption to other nodes' communication.
One of the important research areas of MANET is routing protocol. While every node has a role of terminal to receive and send messages, it is also a relaying node to retransmit messages. Most terminal nodes have a model of finite energy. Once the resource exhausts, the terminal nodes can't work normally and be the retransmission node. At the same time, other nodes have overmuch rest energy, which makes inequity of energy consumption in Ad Hoc network. So how to balance the load and energy consumption becomes an important question.
In this thesis, energy-aware and level-distribution (EALD) dynamic routing protocol is introduced. The EALD routing protocol makes an improvement upon the traditional AODV routing protocol. In order to optimize the routing discovery, the EALD protocol adds nodes and links energy information into the routing discovery metric by setting delay function. On the other hand, when the remaining energy of one node is limited, the protection of this node will be carried out.
In the NS2 simulation, we compared the performance with AODV in different environment. The results show that the EALD protocol balances the load and energy consumption, prolongs the network lifetime, and reduces congestion.
引文
1 N. Asokan, P. Ginzboorg. Key Agreement in Ad Hoc Networks. Computer Communications. 2000, 23(17):1627~1637
2赵志峰,郑少仁. Ad Hoc网络.中国数据通信. 2002, (9):1~5
3方旭明.移动Ad Hoc网络研究与发展现状.数据通信. 2003, 9(1):16~66
4 Jie Wu, Hailan Li. Domination and its Applications in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks with Unidirectional Links. Proceeding 2000 International Conference, 2000:489~497
5 Van Dyck, R. E., Miller L. E. Distributed Sensor Processing over an Ad Hoc Wireless Network. Simulation Framework and Performance Criteria, Military Communications Conference, 2001, 2:894~898
6 Iwata A., Ching-Chum Chiang. Scalable Routing Strategies for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on, 1999, 17(8): 1369~1379
7曹常义,程青松. Ad Hoc技术和WMANET网络体系结构.通讯世界. 2003, (1):43~45
8英春,史美林.自组网体系结构研究.通信学报. 1999, 20(9):47~54
9赵志峰,郑少仁. Ad Hoc网络体系结构研究.电信科学. 2001, (1):14~17
10 Z. J. Hass. Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE Selected Areas in Communi cations. 1999, 17(8):1329~1330
11 N. Asoken and P. Ginzboorg. Key Agreement in Ad Hoc Networks. Computer Communications. 2000, 23(17):1627~1637
12赵志峰,郑少仁. Ad Hoc网络信道接入技术研究.解放军理工大学学报. 2001, 2(3):47~51
13王建新,邓曙光.基于移动自组网络的研究进展.电信快报. 2001, 4(3):20~22
14 Kawai Makoto, Gyoda Koichi, Nozaki Masanori. Reconfigurable Topology Scheme for A Wireless Ad Hoc Community Network. IEEE MTT-S International Topical Symposium on Technologies for Wireless Applications Proceedings, IEEE, 1999:17~22
15 Wattenfer R., Li L., Bahl P., Wang Y. Distributed Topology Control for Power Efficient Operation in Multihop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings-IEEE INFOCOM, IEEE Computer Society, 2001:1388~1397
16 Luo Haiyun, Lu Songwu. Topology Independent Fair Queueing Model in Ad HocWireless Networks. International Conference on Network Protocols, IEEE Computer Society, 2000:325~335
17俊平,贺玉寅.美军加强无线组网能力.外军电信动态. 2001, (3):5
18蒋冰舒,普阳.美军谋求以网络为中心的军事致胜权.外军电信动态. 2001, (5):20~22
19 J. Rabay, M. J. Amer, J. L. Silva Jr. PicoRadio Supports Ad Hoc Ultra-Low Power Wireless Networking. IEEE Computer. 2000, 33(7):42~48
20 Perkins C, Bhagwat P. Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector Routing(DSDV)for Mobile Computer. ACM SIGCOMM’94, London, 1994:234~244
21 P. Gupta, P. Kumar. A System and Traffic Dependent Adaptive Routing for Ad Hoc Networks. The 36th Conference on Decision and Control, San Diego, 1997:2375~2380
22 C. Chiang, H. Wu, Liu W. Routing in Clustered Multihop Mobile Wireless Networks with Fading Channel. IEEE Singapore International Conference on Networks, Singapore, 1997:197~211
23 T. Clausen, Ed., P. Jaequet. Optimized Link State Routing Protocol(OLSR). RFC3626, 2003
24 David B. Johnson, David A. Maltz. Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks[J]. Mobile Computing, 1996, 353(5):153~181
25 C. Perkings, Royer E. Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Networks. The 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. New Orleans, 1999:90~100
26 V. Park, S. Corson. Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm(TORA) Version Functional Specification. Internet-Draft, IETF, 2001
27 E. Gafni, D. Bertsekas. Distributed algorithms for generating loop-free routes in networks with frequently changing topology[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communication, 1981, C-29(1):11~18
28 Lijuan Cao, Kashif Sharif. Adaptive Multiple Metrics Routing Protocols for Heterogeneous Multi-Hop Wireless Networks. IEEE CCNC 2008 proceedings, IEEE Communications Society, 2008:13~17
29 David Counsil, Qing Zhao. Energy-Aware Adaptive Routing for Large-Scale Ad Hoc Networks: Protocol and Performance Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2007:1048~1059
30 Zhang Li, Chun Kai, Zhang Yang. A Power-aware Adaptive Dynamic Routing Scheme for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. International Conference on Network Protocols, IEEE Computer Society, 2008:966~970
31 Even Krogsveen, Geir E. Qien. Energy-Efficient Adaptive Route Configuration in Short-Range Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks. IEEE ISWCS, 2007:292~296
32 Andy An, Kai Jeng. An Adaptive Topology Control Scheme for Energy-efficient Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE WCNC 2007 proceedings, IEEE Communications Society, 2007:4404~4407
33 Xinming Zhang, Xuemei Gao. Lifetime-Aware Leisure Degree Adaptive Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications, IEEE Computer Society, 2007:934~941
34 Adel Ben Mnaouer, Chuan Heng Foh, Juki Wirawan. An Optimized Polymorphic Hybrid Multicast Routing Protocol for MANET. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2007:503~514
35 Behnam Malakooti, Zhihao Guo. Predictive Multiple Metrics in Proactive Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing. 32nd IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, IEEE Computer Society, 2007:755~762
36 David Cordes, Jiageng Li. Power-aware Routing Protocols in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 2005:1~3
37 S. Singh, M. Woo, C. S. Raghavendra. Power Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Proc. 4th Annual lnt’l. Conf. Mobile Comp. and Net., 1998:90~181
38 M. W. Subbarao. Dynamic Power-conscious Routing for MANETs: an Initial Approach. Proc. 50th IEEE VTC, vol. 2, 1999:1232~1237
39 J. Gomez, A. Campbell. Power-Aware Routing Optimization for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. High Speed Net. Wksp.,2001
40 J. Gomez et al. Conserving Transmission Power in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. Proc. 9th Int’l. Conf. Net. Protocols, 2001
41 C. K. Toh. Maximum Battery Life Routing to Support Ubiquitous Mobile Computing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 39, no. 6, 2001:47~138
42 C. K. Toh. Maximum Battery Life Routing to Support Ubiquitous Mobile Computing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 39, no.6, 2001:47~138.
43 Rahul C. Shah, Jan M. Rabaey. Energy Aware Routing for Low Energy Ad Hoc Sensor Networks. IEEE2002, Volume:1, 2002
2赵志峰,郑少仁. Ad Hoc网络.中国数据通信. 2002, (9):1~5
3方旭明.移动Ad Hoc网络研究与发展现状.数据通信. 2003, 9(1):16~66
4 Jie Wu, Hailan Li. Domination and its Applications in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks with Unidirectional Links. Proceeding 2000 International Conference, 2000:489~497
5 Van Dyck, R. E., Miller L. E. Distributed Sensor Processing over an Ad Hoc Wireless Network. Simulation Framework and Performance Criteria, Military Communications Conference, 2001, 2:894~898
6 Iwata A., Ching-Chum Chiang. Scalable Routing Strategies for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on, 1999, 17(8): 1369~1379
7曹常义,程青松. Ad Hoc技术和WMANET网络体系结构.通讯世界. 2003, (1):43~45
8英春,史美林.自组网体系结构研究.通信学报. 1999, 20(9):47~54
9赵志峰,郑少仁. Ad Hoc网络体系结构研究.电信科学. 2001, (1):14~17
10 Z. J. Hass. Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE Selected Areas in Communi cations. 1999, 17(8):1329~1330
11 N. Asoken and P. Ginzboorg. Key Agreement in Ad Hoc Networks. Computer Communications. 2000, 23(17):1627~1637
12赵志峰,郑少仁. Ad Hoc网络信道接入技术研究.解放军理工大学学报. 2001, 2(3):47~51
13王建新,邓曙光.基于移动自组网络的研究进展.电信快报. 2001, 4(3):20~22
14 Kawai Makoto, Gyoda Koichi, Nozaki Masanori. Reconfigurable Topology Scheme for A Wireless Ad Hoc Community Network. IEEE MTT-S International Topical Symposium on Technologies for Wireless Applications Proceedings, IEEE, 1999:17~22
15 Wattenfer R., Li L., Bahl P., Wang Y. Distributed Topology Control for Power Efficient Operation in Multihop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings-IEEE INFOCOM, IEEE Computer Society, 2001:1388~1397
16 Luo Haiyun, Lu Songwu. Topology Independent Fair Queueing Model in Ad HocWireless Networks. International Conference on Network Protocols, IEEE Computer Society, 2000:325~335
17俊平,贺玉寅.美军加强无线组网能力.外军电信动态. 2001, (3):5
18蒋冰舒,普阳.美军谋求以网络为中心的军事致胜权.外军电信动态. 2001, (5):20~22
19 J. Rabay, M. J. Amer, J. L. Silva Jr. PicoRadio Supports Ad Hoc Ultra-Low Power Wireless Networking. IEEE Computer. 2000, 33(7):42~48
20 Perkins C, Bhagwat P. Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector Routing(DSDV)for Mobile Computer. ACM SIGCOMM’94, London, 1994:234~244
21 P. Gupta, P. Kumar. A System and Traffic Dependent Adaptive Routing for Ad Hoc Networks. The 36th Conference on Decision and Control, San Diego, 1997:2375~2380
22 C. Chiang, H. Wu, Liu W. Routing in Clustered Multihop Mobile Wireless Networks with Fading Channel. IEEE Singapore International Conference on Networks, Singapore, 1997:197~211
23 T. Clausen, Ed., P. Jaequet. Optimized Link State Routing Protocol(OLSR). RFC3626, 2003
24 David B. Johnson, David A. Maltz. Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks[J]. Mobile Computing, 1996, 353(5):153~181
25 C. Perkings, Royer E. Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Networks. The 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. New Orleans, 1999:90~100
26 V. Park, S. Corson. Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm(TORA) Version Functional Specification. Internet-Draft, IETF, 2001
27 E. Gafni, D. Bertsekas. Distributed algorithms for generating loop-free routes in networks with frequently changing topology[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communication, 1981, C-29(1):11~18
28 Lijuan Cao, Kashif Sharif. Adaptive Multiple Metrics Routing Protocols for Heterogeneous Multi-Hop Wireless Networks. IEEE CCNC 2008 proceedings, IEEE Communications Society, 2008:13~17
29 David Counsil, Qing Zhao. Energy-Aware Adaptive Routing for Large-Scale Ad Hoc Networks: Protocol and Performance Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2007:1048~1059
30 Zhang Li, Chun Kai, Zhang Yang. A Power-aware Adaptive Dynamic Routing Scheme for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. International Conference on Network Protocols, IEEE Computer Society, 2008:966~970
31 Even Krogsveen, Geir E. Qien. Energy-Efficient Adaptive Route Configuration in Short-Range Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks. IEEE ISWCS, 2007:292~296
32 Andy An, Kai Jeng. An Adaptive Topology Control Scheme for Energy-efficient Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE WCNC 2007 proceedings, IEEE Communications Society, 2007:4404~4407
33 Xinming Zhang, Xuemei Gao. Lifetime-Aware Leisure Degree Adaptive Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications, IEEE Computer Society, 2007:934~941
34 Adel Ben Mnaouer, Chuan Heng Foh, Juki Wirawan. An Optimized Polymorphic Hybrid Multicast Routing Protocol for MANET. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2007:503~514
35 Behnam Malakooti, Zhihao Guo. Predictive Multiple Metrics in Proactive Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing. 32nd IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, IEEE Computer Society, 2007:755~762
36 David Cordes, Jiageng Li. Power-aware Routing Protocols in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 2005:1~3
37 S. Singh, M. Woo, C. S. Raghavendra. Power Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Proc. 4th Annual lnt’l. Conf. Mobile Comp. and Net., 1998:90~181
38 M. W. Subbarao. Dynamic Power-conscious Routing for MANETs: an Initial Approach. Proc. 50th IEEE VTC, vol. 2, 1999:1232~1237
39 J. Gomez, A. Campbell. Power-Aware Routing Optimization for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. High Speed Net. Wksp.,2001
40 J. Gomez et al. Conserving Transmission Power in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. Proc. 9th Int’l. Conf. Net. Protocols, 2001
41 C. K. Toh. Maximum Battery Life Routing to Support Ubiquitous Mobile Computing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 39, no. 6, 2001:47~138
42 C. K. Toh. Maximum Battery Life Routing to Support Ubiquitous Mobile Computing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 39, no.6, 2001:47~138.
43 Rahul C. Shah, Jan M. Rabaey. Energy Aware Routing for Low Energy Ad Hoc Sensor Networks. IEEE2002, Volume:1, 2002