移动Adhoc网络路由协议评估
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摘要
Wireless communications of today is moving from cellular networks towards more distributed, self-configuring ad hoc oriented networks. Wireless had a huge growth over the passing years, first with cellular phones (more than one billon users) and then wi-fi.
The integration of mobile ad hoc networks into cellular wireless networks is with huge interest today. Due to the multiple hop functionalities offer by MANETs which give many advantages to cellular networks such as increase coverage, data rates, QoS performance in terms of call blocking probability, bit error rate, as well as QoS fairness for different users. The routing problems in heterogeneous network become popular researches nowadays. The heterogeneous network is the integration of ad hoc network in a cellular network.
This thesis is about evaluation of the performance of some ad hoc routing protocols for the purpose of the integration of cellular network and MANET to extend coverage. Two routing protocol were chosen, AODV which is reactive Protocol (On-demand) and the DSDV a proactive protocol (table-driven). The throughput of the network was evaluated with respect to time, mobility and transmission range using a channel rate of 11 Mbps using two ray ground reflection model as the radio propagation model. The motive is also to propose a suitable MANETs routing protocol for wireless infrastructure and ad hoc networks integration in general. The system is more suitable for usage in rural areas where there is no many obstacles to cause fading of the radio signals before reaching the destination.
引文
[1] IETF Manet charter, http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/manet-charter.html.
[2] Subir Kumar Sarkar, T G Basavaraju and C Puttamadappa,“Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks Principles, Protocols, and Applications”, Auerbach Publications Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487?2742, 2008.
[3] Mathieu Gallissot, Routing on ad hoc networks , BSc Honours Project Report, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, May 2007
[4] Li Layuan , Li Chunlin, and Yaun Peiyan, Performance evaluation and simulations Of routing protocols in ad hoc networks, Computer Communications 30, ELSEVIER, February 2007.
[5] Sung-Ju et al, Lee Sung-Ju, Hsu Julian, Hayashida Russell, et al., Selecting a Routing strategy for your ad hoc networks, Computer Communications 26 (7) (2003) 723–733.
[6] Ali El-Haj-Mahmoud, Rima Khalaf and Ayman Kayssi, Performance comparison of the AODV and DSDV routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, 2002
[7] Josh Broch, David A.Maltz, David B.Johnson, Yih-Chun Hu, Jorjeta Jetcheva, A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols, in: Proceedings of MobiCom’98, Dallas,TX, 1998.
[8] Samir R. Das, Charles E. Perkins, Elizabeth M. Royer, Performance comparison of two on-demand routing protocols for ad hoc networks, in: Proceeding of the IEEE Conference on ComputerCommunications(INFOCOM), Tel Aviv, Israel, March 2000, pp. 3–12.
[9] Geetha Jayakumar and Gopinath Ganapathy, Performance Comparison of Mobile Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocol, IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.7 No.11, November 2007.
[10] Carl S. Wijting and Ramjee Prasad, Evaluation of ad-hc network Techniques in a cellular network, IEEE, 2000.
[11] E. Royer and C.-K. Toh,“A review of current routing protocols for ad hoc mobile wireless networks”. IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 6, p46-p55, April 1999.
[12] Changling Liu, J?rg Kaiser, A Survey of Mobile Ad Hoc network Routing Protocols”, MINEMA, the University of Magdeburg, 2005
[13] M. Abolhasan, T. Wysocki, and E. Dutkiewicz, A review of routing protocols formobile ad hoc networks, Elsevier Journal of Ad Hoc Networks, 1–22, 2004
[14] Y. Lu, W. Wang, Y. Zhong, and B. Bhargava, Study of distance vector routing protocols For mobile ad hoc networks, in Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom’03), 2003.
[15] Ahmed Al-Maashri Mohamed Ould-Khaoua. Performance Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols in the Presence of Self-Similar Traffic. 2006 IEEE.p801-p807
[16] S. Das, C. Perkins, and E. Royer, Ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing, Internet draft, draft-ietf-manetaodv-11.txt, work in progress, 2002.
[17] D. B. Johnson, D. A. Maltz, Y. Hu, and J. G. Jetcheva. The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (DSR). http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-manet-dsr-07.txt, Feb 2002. IETF
[18] S. Das, C. Perkins, and E. Royer, Performance comparison of two on-demand routing protocols for ad hoc networks. INFOCOM 2000, p3-p12. IEEE.
[19] NS-2 web site, available at http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/
[20] R. A. Meyer, PARSEC User Manual. UCLA Parallel Computing Laboratory, http://pcl.cs.ucla.ed
[21] OPNET Inc. web site, available at http://www.opnet.com/
[22] Corson S. and Macker J., RFC 2501: Mobile Ad Hoc NETworking (MANET): routing protocol performance issues and evaluation considerations”, Internet draft, draft-ietf-manet-issues-01.txt.
[23] Usman Javaid, Djamal E. Meddour, Tinku M. Rasheed and Toufik Ahmed, Towards Universal Convergence In Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Using Ad-hoc Connectivity, France Telecom R&D Lannion, France, 2006
[24] Hassnaa Moustafa, and Houda Labiod, Hybrid Wireless Networks: Applications, Architectures and New Perspectives, France Telecom R&D, 2006
[25] Anthony Lo, Jinglong Zhou and Ignas Niemegeers, Multi-hop Cellular Networks: Integrated IEEE 802.11 Ad hoc and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Networks, Freeband PNP2008 project, 2008
[26] Ananthapadmanabha R., B. S. Manoj, C. Siva Ram Murthy, Multi-hop Cellular Networks: The Architecture and Routing Protocols, 12th IEEE International Symposium, 2001
[27] Haiyun Luo, Xiaqiao Meng, Ram Ramjee, Fellow, IEEE, Prasun Sinha, and Li (Erran) Li, The Design and Evaluation of Unified Cellular and Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING, September 2007.
[28] Hongyi Wu, Chunming Qiao, Swades De, and Ozan Tonguz, Integrated Cellular and Ad Hoc Relaying Systems: iCAR, IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREASIN COMMUNICATIONS, October 2001.
[29] Xiaoxin Wul, S. H. Gary Chan, Biswanath Mukherjee. MADF: A Novel Approach to Add an Ad-Hoc Overlay on a Fixed Cellular Infrastructure , proceedings of IEEE WCNC, September 2000.
[30] Long Le and Ekram Hossain, Multihop Cellular Networks: Potential Gains, Research Challenges, and a Resource Allocation Framework, IEEE Communications Magazine, September 2007.
[31] J. Chen, SH. Chan, J. He, and S. Liew. Mixed-Mode WLAN: The Integration of Ad -Hoc Mode with Wireless LAN Infrastructure. IEEE, Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 2003), 0-7803-7974-8, 2003.
[32] J.-C. Chen, S. Li, S.-H. Chan and J.-Y. He. WIANI: Wireless Infrastructure and Ad-Hoc Network Integration. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference On Communications (ICC), Korea, pp. 3623-3627, 16-20 May, 2005.
[33] S. Lee, S. Banerjee and B. Bhattacharjee. The case for a multi-hop wireless local area network. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2004, vol. 2, pp. 894-905, Mar. 2004.
[34] Lorena Senador-Gomez Lazaro. Aspects For The Integration Of Ad-Hoc and Cellular Networks In Indoor Environments. At Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006
[35] Bharat Bhargava, Xiaoxin Wu, Yi Lu, Weichao Wang. Integrating Heterogeneous Wireless Technologies: A Cellular Aided Mobile Ad hoc Network (CAMA). Mob. Netw. Appl. 9, 4 (Aug. 2004), 393-408
[36] Illya Stepanov , Kurt Rothermel. On the impact of a more realistic physical layer On MANET simulations results. ElSEVIER, Ad Hoc Networks 6 (2008) 61–78.
[37] The ns Manual (formerly ns Notes and Documentation). In http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ page 186.
[38] The ns Manual (formerly ns Notes and Documentation). In http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ page 188.
[39] H. T. Friis. A note on a simple transmission formula. In Proc. IRE, 34, 1946. [4 0] Jean-Michel Dricot, Philippe De Doncker. High-accuracy physical layer model For wireless network simulations in NS-2. Proc. Of the Int. Workshop on Wireless Ad-hoc Networks, IWWAN’04, Oulu, Finland, May-June 2004.
[41] Geetha Jayakumar and Gopinath Ganapathi. Reference Point Group Mobility and Random Way point Models in Performance Evaluation of MANET Routing Protocols Hindawi Publishing Corporation,Journal of Computer Systems, Networks, and CommunicationsVolume 2008, Article ID 860364, 10 pages, December 2008
[42] I. Khider, W. Furong, and Y. Wei. Study on indoor and outdoor environment for mobile ad hoc network supported with bases stations. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCom’07), pp. 1470–1474, Shanghai, China, September 2007.
[43] Elizabeth M. Belding-Roye and Charles E. Perkins,“Transmission Range Effects on AODV Multicast Communication”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Mobile Networks and Applications 7, 455–470, 2002.
[44] Ali Hamidian, A study of Internet Connectivity for Mobile Ad Hoc Network in NS-2. Thesis, Lund Institute of Technology. January 2003.
[45] Bayani Carbone. Routing protocols for interconnecting cellular and ad-hoc Networks. Thesis, UniversitéLibre de Bruxelles. Academic session 2005-2006.
[46] Hazura Mohamed et al. Simulation Analysis of Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol Performance in Mobile Ad Hoc Network Using Taguchi Design Approach. Journal of Fundamental Sciences 388 4 (2008) 387 -394.
[2] Subir Kumar Sarkar, T G Basavaraju and C Puttamadappa,“Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks Principles, Protocols, and Applications”, Auerbach Publications Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487?2742, 2008.
[3] Mathieu Gallissot, Routing on ad hoc networks , BSc Honours Project Report, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, May 2007
[4] Li Layuan , Li Chunlin, and Yaun Peiyan, Performance evaluation and simulations Of routing protocols in ad hoc networks, Computer Communications 30, ELSEVIER, February 2007.
[5] Sung-Ju et al, Lee Sung-Ju, Hsu Julian, Hayashida Russell, et al., Selecting a Routing strategy for your ad hoc networks, Computer Communications 26 (7) (2003) 723–733.
[6] Ali El-Haj-Mahmoud, Rima Khalaf and Ayman Kayssi, Performance comparison of the AODV and DSDV routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, 2002
[7] Josh Broch, David A.Maltz, David B.Johnson, Yih-Chun Hu, Jorjeta Jetcheva, A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols, in: Proceedings of MobiCom’98, Dallas,TX, 1998.
[8] Samir R. Das, Charles E. Perkins, Elizabeth M. Royer, Performance comparison of two on-demand routing protocols for ad hoc networks, in: Proceeding of the IEEE Conference on ComputerCommunications(INFOCOM), Tel Aviv, Israel, March 2000, pp. 3–12.
[9] Geetha Jayakumar and Gopinath Ganapathy, Performance Comparison of Mobile Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocol, IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.7 No.11, November 2007.
[10] Carl S. Wijting and Ramjee Prasad, Evaluation of ad-hc network Techniques in a cellular network, IEEE, 2000.
[11] E. Royer and C.-K. Toh,“A review of current routing protocols for ad hoc mobile wireless networks”. IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 6, p46-p55, April 1999.
[12] Changling Liu, J?rg Kaiser, A Survey of Mobile Ad Hoc network Routing Protocols”, MINEMA, the University of Magdeburg, 2005
[13] M. Abolhasan, T. Wysocki, and E. Dutkiewicz, A review of routing protocols formobile ad hoc networks, Elsevier Journal of Ad Hoc Networks, 1–22, 2004
[14] Y. Lu, W. Wang, Y. Zhong, and B. Bhargava, Study of distance vector routing protocols For mobile ad hoc networks, in Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom’03), 2003.
[15] Ahmed Al-Maashri Mohamed Ould-Khaoua. Performance Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols in the Presence of Self-Similar Traffic. 2006 IEEE.p801-p807
[16] S. Das, C. Perkins, and E. Royer, Ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing, Internet draft, draft-ietf-manetaodv-11.txt, work in progress, 2002.
[17] D. B. Johnson, D. A. Maltz, Y. Hu, and J. G. Jetcheva. The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (DSR). http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-manet-dsr-07.txt, Feb 2002. IETF
[18] S. Das, C. Perkins, and E. Royer, Performance comparison of two on-demand routing protocols for ad hoc networks. INFOCOM 2000, p3-p12. IEEE.
[19] NS-2 web site, available at http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/
[20] R. A. Meyer, PARSEC User Manual. UCLA Parallel Computing Laboratory, http://pcl.cs.ucla.ed
[21] OPNET Inc. web site, available at http://www.opnet.com/
[22] Corson S. and Macker J., RFC 2501: Mobile Ad Hoc NETworking (MANET): routing protocol performance issues and evaluation considerations”, Internet draft, draft-ietf-manet-issues-01.txt.
[23] Usman Javaid, Djamal E. Meddour, Tinku M. Rasheed and Toufik Ahmed, Towards Universal Convergence In Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Using Ad-hoc Connectivity, France Telecom R&D Lannion, France, 2006
[24] Hassnaa Moustafa, and Houda Labiod, Hybrid Wireless Networks: Applications, Architectures and New Perspectives, France Telecom R&D, 2006
[25] Anthony Lo, Jinglong Zhou and Ignas Niemegeers, Multi-hop Cellular Networks: Integrated IEEE 802.11 Ad hoc and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Networks, Freeband PNP2008 project, 2008
[26] Ananthapadmanabha R., B. S. Manoj, C. Siva Ram Murthy, Multi-hop Cellular Networks: The Architecture and Routing Protocols, 12th IEEE International Symposium, 2001
[27] Haiyun Luo, Xiaqiao Meng, Ram Ramjee, Fellow, IEEE, Prasun Sinha, and Li (Erran) Li, The Design and Evaluation of Unified Cellular and Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING, September 2007.
[28] Hongyi Wu, Chunming Qiao, Swades De, and Ozan Tonguz, Integrated Cellular and Ad Hoc Relaying Systems: iCAR, IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREASIN COMMUNICATIONS, October 2001.
[29] Xiaoxin Wul, S. H. Gary Chan, Biswanath Mukherjee. MADF: A Novel Approach to Add an Ad-Hoc Overlay on a Fixed Cellular Infrastructure , proceedings of IEEE WCNC, September 2000.
[30] Long Le and Ekram Hossain, Multihop Cellular Networks: Potential Gains, Research Challenges, and a Resource Allocation Framework, IEEE Communications Magazine, September 2007.
[31] J. Chen, SH. Chan, J. He, and S. Liew. Mixed-Mode WLAN: The Integration of Ad -Hoc Mode with Wireless LAN Infrastructure. IEEE, Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 2003), 0-7803-7974-8, 2003.
[32] J.-C. Chen, S. Li, S.-H. Chan and J.-Y. He. WIANI: Wireless Infrastructure and Ad-Hoc Network Integration. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference On Communications (ICC), Korea, pp. 3623-3627, 16-20 May, 2005.
[33] S. Lee, S. Banerjee and B. Bhattacharjee. The case for a multi-hop wireless local area network. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2004, vol. 2, pp. 894-905, Mar. 2004.
[34] Lorena Senador-Gomez Lazaro. Aspects For The Integration Of Ad-Hoc and Cellular Networks In Indoor Environments. At Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006
[35] Bharat Bhargava, Xiaoxin Wu, Yi Lu, Weichao Wang. Integrating Heterogeneous Wireless Technologies: A Cellular Aided Mobile Ad hoc Network (CAMA). Mob. Netw. Appl. 9, 4 (Aug. 2004), 393-408
[36] Illya Stepanov , Kurt Rothermel. On the impact of a more realistic physical layer On MANET simulations results. ElSEVIER, Ad Hoc Networks 6 (2008) 61–78.
[37] The ns Manual (formerly ns Notes and Documentation). In http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ page 186.
[38] The ns Manual (formerly ns Notes and Documentation). In http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ page 188.
[39] H. T. Friis. A note on a simple transmission formula. In Proc. IRE, 34, 1946. [4 0] Jean-Michel Dricot, Philippe De Doncker. High-accuracy physical layer model For wireless network simulations in NS-2. Proc. Of the Int. Workshop on Wireless Ad-hoc Networks, IWWAN’04, Oulu, Finland, May-June 2004.
[41] Geetha Jayakumar and Gopinath Ganapathi. Reference Point Group Mobility and Random Way point Models in Performance Evaluation of MANET Routing Protocols Hindawi Publishing Corporation,Journal of Computer Systems, Networks, and CommunicationsVolume 2008, Article ID 860364, 10 pages, December 2008
[42] I. Khider, W. Furong, and Y. Wei. Study on indoor and outdoor environment for mobile ad hoc network supported with bases stations. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCom’07), pp. 1470–1474, Shanghai, China, September 2007.
[43] Elizabeth M. Belding-Roye and Charles E. Perkins,“Transmission Range Effects on AODV Multicast Communication”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Mobile Networks and Applications 7, 455–470, 2002.
[44] Ali Hamidian, A study of Internet Connectivity for Mobile Ad Hoc Network in NS-2. Thesis, Lund Institute of Technology. January 2003.
[45] Bayani Carbone. Routing protocols for interconnecting cellular and ad-hoc Networks. Thesis, UniversitéLibre de Bruxelles. Academic session 2005-2006.
[46] Hazura Mohamed et al. Simulation Analysis of Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol Performance in Mobile Ad Hoc Network Using Taguchi Design Approach. Journal of Fundamental Sciences 388 4 (2008) 387 -394.