车辆自组网络中路边单元性能分析研究
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摘要
Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) supports vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside (V2R) communications, which is today, known as Vehicle Safety Communication (VSC) technologies. To reduce vehicle accidents and alert to drivers, these mechanisms are helpful. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are the future of transportation. Because of these standards, vehicles can communicate with each other as well as their surroundings. This pace may even be able to keep an eye on traffic. That is to synchronize traffic lights so that traffic runs efficiently. In such scenario, the sensors will employ response from vehicles to become aware of traffic jams. DSRC in Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) supports both public safety and private communication. One feature of ad-hoc network is dynamic nature of“anywhere anytime”which means we can deploy these networks in those areas where they are not feasible to install the infrastructure. Vehicles in VANET communicate with each other using the DSRC protocols and algorithms.
Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is a kind of Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) that enables communications between vehicle to vehicle or vehicles to roadside units (RSU). This thesis, will evaluate the performance of Road Side Units (RSU) in VANET scenario, by means of simulation using NS-2 version 2.29. At first, delay will be taken as a function of simulation time, then, roadside units will be simulated with different packet rates. RSU’s with delay, throughput with packet rate, throughput with RSU’s, and throughput with time. The obtained results will show RSU’s performance in the bases of increased average throughput and produced delay. This thesis will also discuss about routing protocols and how they perform in VANET scenario. These include AODV, FSR, DSR, and TORA. The research will tell which of these routing protocols is best for VANET, and which gives the worst performance.
引文
[1] Freebersyser and B. Leiner, "A DoD Perspective on Mobile Ad-hoc Networks," Addison-Wesley, ed. C. E. Perkins, pp. 29—51, 2001.
[2] C2C-CC System group“Car to Car Communication consortium manifesto”Technical Report, Version 1.1 .28th August, 2007.
[3] Schroth Christoph et al.“A Framework for Network Utility Maximization in VANETs”. Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET): ACM Sigmobile, Los Angeles, USA, pp. 2. 2006.
[4] www.car-to-car.org/fileadmin/downloads,“Overview of the C2C-CC System. Communication Consortium”2007.
[5] http://www.nairaland.com/nigeria/topic-39625.0.html,“Lagos Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)”.
[6] http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521837162&ss=ex c.“Wireless network”September 2008.
[7] Jijun Yin et al.“Performance Evaluation of Safety Applications over DSRC Vehicular Ad-hoc Network”Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Vehicular ad hoc networks. 2004. pp. 1-9.
[8] D. B. Johnson, "Routing in Ad-Hoc Networks of Mobile Hosts," Proc. ACM Mobicom '94, Dec. 1994.
[9] Pan Li, et al.“Optimal Placement of Gateways in Vehicular Networks”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 56, No. 6, November 2007. pp 3421-3430.
[10] http://www.informit.com/articles/printerfriendly.aspx?p=98132 "Getting to Know Wireless Networks and Technology". Informit.com. Retrieved on 02-08 2008.
[11] C.E.Perkins and P.Bhagwat, "Highly Dynamic Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers," Proc. ACM SIGCOMM '94, Oct. 1994.
[12] Saleh Yousefi, et al.“Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs): challenges and perspectives”Iran University of Science and Technology. ITS Telecommunication Proceedings, 6th International Conference. June 2006. pp 761-766
[13] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_ad_hoc_network.2006
[14] Tomas Krag and Sebastian Büettrich. "Wireless Mesh Networking". http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/wireless/2004/01/22/wirelessmesh.html. Retrieved on 2009-01-20. pp. 46-55.
[15] www.leearmstrong.com“Dedicated Short Range Communications”research and technology Project. .2006.
[16] www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrdl2/CAMP3/pages/VSCC.htm.“Vehicle Safety Communications Consortium.”2006.
[17] Brian Boshes et al.“Network Deformation: Traffic-Aware Algorithms for Dynamically Reducing End-to-end Delay in Multi-hop Wireless Networks”. Proceedings of 10th annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. 2004. pp 100-113.
[18] Chunxiao Chigan and Jialiang Li,“A Delay-Bounded Dynamic Interactive Power Control Algorithm for VANETs”IEEE international conference on communications. 24-28 June 2007. pp 5849-5855.
[19] T. S. Rapport,“Wireless Communications– Principles and Practice”IEEE Press, 2nd Edition.2001. ISBN 0130422320.
[20] Ram Ramanathan and Jason Redi,“A Brief Overview of Ad-hoc Networks: Challenges and Directions”IEEE Communications Magazine, 50th Anniversary Commemorative Issue, May 2002, pp. 48-53.
[21] E. Royer and C.-K. Toh, "A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad- hoc Mobile Wireless Networks" IEEE Personal Communication. vol. 6, no. 4, Apr. 1999.
[22] Harvey J. Miller and Shih-Lung Shaw.“Geographic Information Systems for Transportation”Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 0195123948
[23] hp://www.internetits.org.“Internet ITS Consortium”
[24] http://www.prevent-ip.org. Matthias Schulze et al.“The PReVENT Project: on Preventive and Active Safety Applications Integrated Project”. Technical Report Information and Society Technology. Version 1.6. 07-05-2008.
[25] http://www.network-on-wheels.de.“The NOW: Network on Wheels Project”
[26] http://www.iteris.com/itsarch/html/standard/dsrc5ghz.htm“5GHz Band Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) Medium Access Control and Physical Layer Specifications”ASTM Int'l., July 2003.
[27] Sven Jaap, et al.“Evaluation of Routing Protocols for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks in City Traffic Scenarios”proceedings of the 5th International conference on Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Telecommunications. June 2005.
[28] Jing Zhao and Guohong Cao“Vehicle-Assisted Data Delivery in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks”IEEE transactions on Vehicular technology, Vol. 57, No. 3 May 2008. pp. 1910-1922.
[29] http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/“NS-2 Tutorials”.
[30] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throughput“Network Throughput”.
[31] Rainer Baumann,“Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET)”ETH Zurich 2004. Doi 10.3929/ethz-a-004778905.
[32] Ahmad Al Hanbali“Introduction to NS-2 Simulator”ATER Universitéde Nice Sophia Antipolis.January, 18, 2007.
[33] Tony K. et al.“A Multi Channel VANET Providing Concurrent Safety and Commercial Services”. Technical Report UCB-ITS-PWP-2005-2, California PATH, 2005.
[34] Raja Sengupta, et al.“Vehicle-to-Vehicle Safety Messaging in DSRC”Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Vehicular ad-hoc networks. Philadelphia, USA. 2004. pp. 19-28.
[35] Jianping Wang“NS-2 Tutorial”Multimedia Networking Group, the Department of Computer Science, UVA. 2004.
[36] K mak, et al.“A Multi-Channel VANET Providing Concurrent Safety and Commercial Services”. In California PATH Working Paper, 2005.
[37] Hong-Yu Huang, et al.“Performance Evaluation of SUVnet With Real-Time Traffic Data”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 56, No. 6, November 2007. pp. 3381-3391.
[38] T.M. Kurihara“Specifications for Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Roadside and Vehicle Systems”IEEE VTS/ITS. September30, 2007.
[39] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ns_(simulator)“NS-2 simulator”.
[40] http://www.unknownworlds.com/ns2/wiki/index.php/Grenade“Grenade”.
[41] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_ad-hoc_network“Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET)”
[42] C. Perkins, et al.“Ad hoc On-Demand Distance vector (AODV) Routing”IETF Journal .RFC 3561, July 2003.
[43] D. Johnson, et al.“The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (DSR),”IETF proceedings. Internal draft, Apr. 2003.
[44] M. Gerla, et al.“Fisheye State Routing Protocol (FSR) for Ad Hoc Networks”IETF Internet Draft, work in progress, July 2002. draft-ietf-manet-fsr-03.txt.
[45] V. Park and S. Corson,“Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) Version 1 Functional Specification,”IETF Internet Draft, work in progress, July 2001, draft-ietf-manet-tora-spec-04.txt.
[46] Waleed Youssef and Mohamed Younis“Intelligent Gateways Placement for reduced Data Latency in Wireless Sensor Networks”ICC 2007 proceedings. pp.3805-3810
[47] K. Akkaya and M. Younis, "COLA: A Coverage and Latency aware Actor Placement for Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks", in the Proceedings of IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Spring’06), Montreal, Canada, Sep. 2006.
[48] http://www.sentech-acoustic.com/“Data sheet for the Acoustic Ballistic Module,”SenTech Inc.
[49] T. Fruhwirth and P. Brisset,“Optimal Placement of Base Stations in Wireless Indoor Telecommunication,”in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 1520, 1998.
[50] M. Ahmed et al.,“Trajectory Control of Mobile Gateways for Range Extension in Ad hoc Networks”Computer Networks. Vol.39, No.6, pp. 809- 825, Aug. 2002.
[51] Satish Ukkusuri et al.“A comprehensive survey of emerging technology for New York metropolitan area”Technical Memorandum , May 2008, p.25
[2] C2C-CC System group“Car to Car Communication consortium manifesto”Technical Report, Version 1.1 .28th August, 2007.
[3] Schroth Christoph et al.“A Framework for Network Utility Maximization in VANETs”. Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET): ACM Sigmobile, Los Angeles, USA, pp. 2. 2006.
[4] www.car-to-car.org/fileadmin/downloads,“Overview of the C2C-CC System. Communication Consortium”2007.
[5] http://www.nairaland.com/nigeria/topic-39625.0.html,“Lagos Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)”.
[6] http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521837162&ss=ex c.“Wireless network”September 2008.
[7] Jijun Yin et al.“Performance Evaluation of Safety Applications over DSRC Vehicular Ad-hoc Network”Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Vehicular ad hoc networks. 2004. pp. 1-9.
[8] D. B. Johnson, "Routing in Ad-Hoc Networks of Mobile Hosts," Proc. ACM Mobicom '94, Dec. 1994.
[9] Pan Li, et al.“Optimal Placement of Gateways in Vehicular Networks”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 56, No. 6, November 2007. pp 3421-3430.
[10] http://www.informit.com/articles/printerfriendly.aspx?p=98132 "Getting to Know Wireless Networks and Technology". Informit.com. Retrieved on 02-08 2008.
[11] C.E.Perkins and P.Bhagwat, "Highly Dynamic Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers," Proc. ACM SIGCOMM '94, Oct. 1994.
[12] Saleh Yousefi, et al.“Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs): challenges and perspectives”Iran University of Science and Technology. ITS Telecommunication Proceedings, 6th International Conference. June 2006. pp 761-766
[13] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_ad_hoc_network.2006
[14] Tomas Krag and Sebastian Büettrich. "Wireless Mesh Networking". http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/wireless/2004/01/22/wirelessmesh.html. Retrieved on 2009-01-20. pp. 46-55.
[15] www.leearmstrong.com“Dedicated Short Range Communications”research and technology Project. .2006.
[16] www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrdl2/CAMP3/pages/VSCC.htm.“Vehicle Safety Communications Consortium.”2006.
[17] Brian Boshes et al.“Network Deformation: Traffic-Aware Algorithms for Dynamically Reducing End-to-end Delay in Multi-hop Wireless Networks”. Proceedings of 10th annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. 2004. pp 100-113.
[18] Chunxiao Chigan and Jialiang Li,“A Delay-Bounded Dynamic Interactive Power Control Algorithm for VANETs”IEEE international conference on communications. 24-28 June 2007. pp 5849-5855.
[19] T. S. Rapport,“Wireless Communications– Principles and Practice”IEEE Press, 2nd Edition.2001. ISBN 0130422320.
[20] Ram Ramanathan and Jason Redi,“A Brief Overview of Ad-hoc Networks: Challenges and Directions”IEEE Communications Magazine, 50th Anniversary Commemorative Issue, May 2002, pp. 48-53.
[21] E. Royer and C.-K. Toh, "A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad- hoc Mobile Wireless Networks" IEEE Personal Communication. vol. 6, no. 4, Apr. 1999.
[22] Harvey J. Miller and Shih-Lung Shaw.“Geographic Information Systems for Transportation”Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 0195123948
[23] hp://www.internetits.org.“Internet ITS Consortium”
[24] http://www.prevent-ip.org. Matthias Schulze et al.“The PReVENT Project: on Preventive and Active Safety Applications Integrated Project”. Technical Report Information and Society Technology. Version 1.6. 07-05-2008.
[25] http://www.network-on-wheels.de.“The NOW: Network on Wheels Project”
[26] http://www.iteris.com/itsarch/html/standard/dsrc5ghz.htm“5GHz Band Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) Medium Access Control and Physical Layer Specifications”ASTM Int'l., July 2003.
[27] Sven Jaap, et al.“Evaluation of Routing Protocols for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks in City Traffic Scenarios”proceedings of the 5th International conference on Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Telecommunications. June 2005.
[28] Jing Zhao and Guohong Cao“Vehicle-Assisted Data Delivery in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks”IEEE transactions on Vehicular technology, Vol. 57, No. 3 May 2008. pp. 1910-1922.
[29] http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/“NS-2 Tutorials”.
[30] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throughput“Network Throughput”.
[31] Rainer Baumann,“Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET)”ETH Zurich 2004. Doi 10.3929/ethz-a-004778905.
[32] Ahmad Al Hanbali“Introduction to NS-2 Simulator”ATER Universitéde Nice Sophia Antipolis.January, 18, 2007.
[33] Tony K. et al.“A Multi Channel VANET Providing Concurrent Safety and Commercial Services”. Technical Report UCB-ITS-PWP-2005-2, California PATH, 2005.
[34] Raja Sengupta, et al.“Vehicle-to-Vehicle Safety Messaging in DSRC”Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Vehicular ad-hoc networks. Philadelphia, USA. 2004. pp. 19-28.
[35] Jianping Wang“NS-2 Tutorial”Multimedia Networking Group, the Department of Computer Science, UVA. 2004.
[36] K mak, et al.“A Multi-Channel VANET Providing Concurrent Safety and Commercial Services”. In California PATH Working Paper, 2005.
[37] Hong-Yu Huang, et al.“Performance Evaluation of SUVnet With Real-Time Traffic Data”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 56, No. 6, November 2007. pp. 3381-3391.
[38] T.M. Kurihara“Specifications for Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Roadside and Vehicle Systems”IEEE VTS/ITS. September30, 2007.
[39] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ns_(simulator)“NS-2 simulator”.
[40] http://www.unknownworlds.com/ns2/wiki/index.php/Grenade“Grenade”.
[41] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_ad-hoc_network“Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET)”
[42] C. Perkins, et al.“Ad hoc On-Demand Distance vector (AODV) Routing”IETF Journal .RFC 3561, July 2003.
[43] D. Johnson, et al.“The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (DSR),”IETF proceedings. Internal draft, Apr. 2003.
[44] M. Gerla, et al.“Fisheye State Routing Protocol (FSR) for Ad Hoc Networks”IETF Internet Draft, work in progress, July 2002. draft-ietf-manet-fsr-03.txt.
[45] V. Park and S. Corson,“Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) Version 1 Functional Specification,”IETF Internet Draft, work in progress, July 2001, draft-ietf-manet-tora-spec-04.txt.
[46] Waleed Youssef and Mohamed Younis“Intelligent Gateways Placement for reduced Data Latency in Wireless Sensor Networks”ICC 2007 proceedings. pp.3805-3810
[47] K. Akkaya and M. Younis, "COLA: A Coverage and Latency aware Actor Placement for Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks", in the Proceedings of IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Spring’06), Montreal, Canada, Sep. 2006.
[48] http://www.sentech-acoustic.com/“Data sheet for the Acoustic Ballistic Module,”SenTech Inc.
[49] T. Fruhwirth and P. Brisset,“Optimal Placement of Base Stations in Wireless Indoor Telecommunication,”in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 1520, 1998.
[50] M. Ahmed et al.,“Trajectory Control of Mobile Gateways for Range Extension in Ad hoc Networks”Computer Networks. Vol.39, No.6, pp. 809- 825, Aug. 2002.
[51] Satish Ukkusuri et al.“A comprehensive survey of emerging technology for New York metropolitan area”Technical Memorandum , May 2008, p.25