电动汽车电池管理系统的研究
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摘要
随着全球环保意识的增强和能源问题的突出,电动汽车已成为节能环保绿色车辆最主要的发展方向之一,在二十世纪得到迅速发展。电动汽车的动力源——动力电池,是目前电动汽车发展的瓶颈。电池技术和电池管理系统(BMS)的研究是解决该问题的关键,倍受人们的关注。
本课题以云雀轿车改装的双轮驱动纯电动汽车(EV)为试验平台,以阀控式铅酸蓄电池为研究对象,研制适用于电动汽车的电池管理系统。目的是延长电池使用寿命、提高电池的能量效率和运行可靠性。
本论文利用安时法(A.H)和卡尔曼滤波(KALMAN)来估算电池荷电状态,并利用MATLAB/Simulink仿真验证估算方法的精确性。在设计电池管理系统时,采用分散采集集中处理的电池管理系统设计方案,即首先对各个单电池的基本信息进行采集,然后由电池管理系统的控制芯片(Infineon XC164CS)进行集中处理计算,从而得出电池荷电状态和电池工作状态等信息。在硬件设计中详细介绍了ECU控制单元、信号采集电路、主电路短路保护电路、CAN通信接口电路等的设计。利用XC166集成开发环境Tasking与Simulink Real-Time Workshop(RTW)连接进行代码的硬件仿真与软件调试,采用V字型的开发流程,使各个开发阶段之间实现了无缝连接,提高了开发效率,保证研发系统的可靠性。
最后,将铅酸蓄电池与本文所设计的电池管理系统联合进行调试、试验。试验结果表明,本文所设计的电池管理系统(BMS)可以实现蓄电池的电压、放电电流、温度等模拟量的采集,能够对电池剩余电量和电池荷电状态进行估算,液晶显示板能实时显示电池剩余电量并能够进行故障报警。
With the enhancement of global environmental considerations and the prominence of energy problems, electric vehicle have become one of the most important trends for energy-saving green vehicles, and developed quickly in 20th century. The power supply—power battery of electric vehicle is the choke point of development of electric vehicle at present. The research of battery technology and battery management system is the key to solve this problem, which is paid more attention.
This paper used the testing platform——electric vehicle of dual wheel driving basedon refitted lark car, taken Valve Regulated Lead Batteries as the research subject. The aim is to lengthen the service life of the batteries, to advance the energy efficiency of the batteries and operational reliability.
Battery state of charge (SOC) can be accuretly estimated by using Ampere-Hour method and Kalman Filter method. The methods were verified by using MATLAB / Simulink simulation. When Battery Management System sampled the data, BMS design scheme of dispersal acquisition and centralized processing was adopted, which is used to collect essential information of every battery for BMS control chip. Thereby, the information on battery state of charge and battery operating state were acquainted. At the aspect of hardware design, design of ECU control unit system, acquisition circuit and short-circuit protection dcircuit were introduced in detail. Used XC166 integrated development environment Tasking and Simulink Real Workshop, realized the codes of hardware emulation and the software debugging, which advanced development efficiency and guaranteed reliability of Battery Management System.
Finally, combinated the batteries with Battery Management System tested and debugged in the testing platform. Experimental results indicated that designed BMS system could realize analog singa acquisition, calculation of residual capacity and estimation of SOC, and so on.
本课题以云雀轿车改装的双轮驱动纯电动汽车(EV)为试验平台,以阀控式铅酸蓄电池为研究对象,研制适用于电动汽车的电池管理系统。目的是延长电池使用寿命、提高电池的能量效率和运行可靠性。
本论文利用安时法(A.H)和卡尔曼滤波(KALMAN)来估算电池荷电状态,并利用MATLAB/Simulink仿真验证估算方法的精确性。在设计电池管理系统时,采用分散采集集中处理的电池管理系统设计方案,即首先对各个单电池的基本信息进行采集,然后由电池管理系统的控制芯片(Infineon XC164CS)进行集中处理计算,从而得出电池荷电状态和电池工作状态等信息。在硬件设计中详细介绍了ECU控制单元、信号采集电路、主电路短路保护电路、CAN通信接口电路等的设计。利用XC166集成开发环境Tasking与Simulink Real-Time Workshop(RTW)连接进行代码的硬件仿真与软件调试,采用V字型的开发流程,使各个开发阶段之间实现了无缝连接,提高了开发效率,保证研发系统的可靠性。
最后,将铅酸蓄电池与本文所设计的电池管理系统联合进行调试、试验。试验结果表明,本文所设计的电池管理系统(BMS)可以实现蓄电池的电压、放电电流、温度等模拟量的采集,能够对电池剩余电量和电池荷电状态进行估算,液晶显示板能实时显示电池剩余电量并能够进行故障报警。
With the enhancement of global environmental considerations and the prominence of energy problems, electric vehicle have become one of the most important trends for energy-saving green vehicles, and developed quickly in 20th century. The power supply—power battery of electric vehicle is the choke point of development of electric vehicle at present. The research of battery technology and battery management system is the key to solve this problem, which is paid more attention.
This paper used the testing platform——electric vehicle of dual wheel driving basedon refitted lark car, taken Valve Regulated Lead Batteries as the research subject. The aim is to lengthen the service life of the batteries, to advance the energy efficiency of the batteries and operational reliability.
Battery state of charge (SOC) can be accuretly estimated by using Ampere-Hour method and Kalman Filter method. The methods were verified by using MATLAB / Simulink simulation. When Battery Management System sampled the data, BMS design scheme of dispersal acquisition and centralized processing was adopted, which is used to collect essential information of every battery for BMS control chip. Thereby, the information on battery state of charge and battery operating state were acquainted. At the aspect of hardware design, design of ECU control unit system, acquisition circuit and short-circuit protection dcircuit were introduced in detail. Used XC166 integrated development environment Tasking and Simulink Real Workshop, realized the codes of hardware emulation and the software debugging, which advanced development efficiency and guaranteed reliability of Battery Management System.
Finally, combinated the batteries with Battery Management System tested and debugged in the testing platform. Experimental results indicated that designed BMS system could realize analog singa acquisition, calculation of residual capacity and estimation of SOC, and so on.
引文
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[3]Yoichi Hori.Future Vehicle Driven by Electricity and Control-Research on Four-Wheel-Motored."UOT Electric March Ⅱ″[J].Proc of AMC,2002:1-14.
[4]陈清泉,詹宜君.21世纪绿色交通工具-电动车[M],广州:暨南大学出版社,2000.
[5]J Van Mierlo,G Maggetto,Ph Lataire.Which energy source for road transport in the future? A comparison of battery,hybrid and fuel cell vehicles[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2006,47(17):2748-2760.
[6](美)Ernest H,Wakefield.电动汽车的发展史:电池动力车辆[M],北京:北京理工大学出版社,1998.
[7][38](波兰)索左曼罗夫斯基(著),陈清泉,孙逢春(译).混合电动车辆基础[M],北京:北京理工大学出版社,2001.
[8]胡骅,宋慧.电动汽车[M],北京:人民交通出版社,2002.
[9]Max Ahman.Government policy and the development of electric vehicles in Japan.Energy Policy,2006,34(4):433-443.
[10]Steven G Chalk,James F Miller.Key challenges and recent progress in batteries,fuel cells,and hydrogen storage for clean energy systems.Journal of Power Sources,2006,159(1):73-80.
[11]郑杭波.新型电动汽车鋰电池管理系统的研究与实现[D]:[硕士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2004.
[12]Battery Management Systems[EB/OL].http://www.mpoweruk.com/bms.htm..
[13]李兴虎.电动汽车概论[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2005.
[14]杨太安.纯电动汽车电源管理系统的研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学 2006.
[15]DBADICOCH[EB/OL].http://battery-kutter.de/assets/pdf/mentzer/batteriemanaement_sys/.
[16]Brian C.Johnson.Enviromental products that drive organizational change:General motor's electric vehicle[J].Corporate Enviroment Strategy,1999,6(2):140-150.
[17]张翔,赵韩,钱立军等.国内各主要单位电动汽车研发项目进展情况及主要产晶介绍[J].汽车技术,2004:42-44.
[18]万刚.中国电动汽车的现状和发展[J],中国环保产业,2003(2):30-33.
[19]廖晓军,何莉萍,钟志华等.电池管理系统国内外现状及其未来发展趋势[J].汽车工程,2006, 28(10):961-964.
[20][35][39][48]林成涛,陈全世,王军平,黄文化等.用改进的安时计量法估计电动汽车动力电池SOC[J].清华大学学报,2006,46(2):247-251.
[21]林成涛,王俊平,陈全世.电动汽车SOC估计方法原理与应用[J].电池,2004,34(5):376-378.
[22]Petr Krivak,Petr Baca,Milan Calabek,etal.Current distribution over the electrode surface in a cylindrical VRLA cell during discharge.Journal of Power Sources,2006,154(2):518-522.
[23]朱品才,张华,薛观东.阀控式密封铅酸蓄电池的运行于维护[M].北京:人民邮电出版社2006.
[24]李建玲.电动车用铅酸蓄电池二氧化铅点及的研究[D]:[博士学位论文].哈尔滨工业大学,1998.
[25]桂长清.混合型电动车用铅蓄电池[J].船电技术,2003,23(5):25-28.
[26]久井真,坪田正温.Development of cylindrical VRLACells for High Power Applications[J].GS News TechnicalReport,1999(2)16-20.
[27]横山英则是,坪田正温.Cylindrical VRLA Battery for SLI Use GS[J].News Technical Report,2001(2).
[28]D A J Rand,郭永榔(译).阀空式铅酸蓄电池[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2006年10月.
[29][31][33]林成涛,王军平,陈全世.电动汽车SOC估计方法原理与应用.电池,2004,34(5):376-378.
[30][40]邱纲.电动汽车用动力电池组SOC的神经网络估计[D]:[硕士学位论文].辽宁工学院,车辆工程,2005.
[32]Huet F.A review of impedance measurements for determination of the state-of-charge or state-of-health of secondary batteries[J].J Power Sources,1998,70(1):59-69.
[34][45]西门赫金.自适应滤波器原理(第四版)[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2003年.
[36][44]GregoryL Plett.Extended Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs[J].Journal of Power Sources,2004(134):252-261.
[37]Junping Wang,Binggang Cao,Quanshi Cheng.Combined State of Charge estimator for electric vehicle battery pack.Control Engineering Practice,2007,15(12):1569-1576.
[41]Amir Vasebi,Maral Partovibakhsh,S.Mohammad Taghi Bathaee.A novel combined battery model for state-of-charge estimation in lead-acid batteries based on extended Kalman filter for hybrid electric vehicle applications.Journal of Power Sources,2007,174(1):30-40.
[42]R Markolf,D Ohms,G Muller,etal.Investigations into a battery management for high power nickel metal hydride batteries.Journal of Power Sources,2006,154(2):539-544.
[43]宫学庚,齐铂金,刘有兵等.电动汽车动力电池模型和SOC估算策略.电源技术,2004(10):633-636.
[46]Wang Junping,Chen Quanshi,Cao Binggang.Support vector machine based battery model for electric vehicles.Energy Conversion and Management,2006,47(7-8):858-864.
[47]A Vasebi,S M T Bathaee,M Partovibakhsh.Predicting state of charge of lead-acid batteries for hybrid electric vehicles by extended Kalman filter.Energy Conversion and Management,2008,49(1):75-82.
[49]ThermoAnalytics Inc.Battery modeling for hev simulation by ThermoAnalytics Inc [EB/OL].http://www.thermoanalytics.com/support/publication/batterymodlesdoc.html.
[50]XC164CS 16-Bit Single-Chip Microcontroller DataSheet[J/OL].Infineon Technologies AG V2.1,Jun 2003.
[51][55][58]XC164-16 16-Bit Single-Chip Microcontroller with C 166SV2 Core V2.1 Volume 2(of 2):Peripheral Units User's Manual[J/OL].Infineon Technologies AG,March 2004.
[52]XC164-16 16-bit Single-Chip Microcontroller with C 166SV2 Core V2.1 Volume 1(of2):System Units User's Manual[J/OL].Infineon Technologies AG,March 2004.
[53]程军 亿恒(西门子)C166系列16位单片机原理与开发[M]北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,1996.
[54]Microcontrollers Development Tools--JTAG[J/OL].Connector V2.10 Infineon Technologies,2000.
[56]卢居霄,黄文华,陈全世.电动汽车电池管理系统的多路电压采集电路设计.电子设计应用,2006(5):103-106.
[57]DS18B20 DataSheet[J/OL].http://www.datasheet.com.
[59]饶运涛,邹继军,郑勇芸.现场总线CAN原理与应用技术[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2003.
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[2]王静.电动车发展现状及前景分析[J].汽车研究与开发,2000,(2):30-31.
[3]Yoichi Hori.Future Vehicle Driven by Electricity and Control-Research on Four-Wheel-Motored."UOT Electric March Ⅱ″[J].Proc of AMC,2002:1-14.
[4]陈清泉,詹宜君.21世纪绿色交通工具-电动车[M],广州:暨南大学出版社,2000.
[5]J Van Mierlo,G Maggetto,Ph Lataire.Which energy source for road transport in the future? A comparison of battery,hybrid and fuel cell vehicles[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2006,47(17):2748-2760.
[6](美)Ernest H,Wakefield.电动汽车的发展史:电池动力车辆[M],北京:北京理工大学出版社,1998.
[7][38](波兰)索左曼罗夫斯基(著),陈清泉,孙逢春(译).混合电动车辆基础[M],北京:北京理工大学出版社,2001.
[8]胡骅,宋慧.电动汽车[M],北京:人民交通出版社,2002.
[9]Max Ahman.Government policy and the development of electric vehicles in Japan.Energy Policy,2006,34(4):433-443.
[10]Steven G Chalk,James F Miller.Key challenges and recent progress in batteries,fuel cells,and hydrogen storage for clean energy systems.Journal of Power Sources,2006,159(1):73-80.
[11]郑杭波.新型电动汽车鋰电池管理系统的研究与实现[D]:[硕士学位论文].北京:清华大学,2004.
[12]Battery Management Systems[EB/OL].http://www.mpoweruk.com/bms.htm..
[13]李兴虎.电动汽车概论[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2005.
[14]杨太安.纯电动汽车电源管理系统的研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学 2006.
[15]DBADICOCH[EB/OL].http://battery-kutter.de/assets/pdf/mentzer/batteriemanaement_sys/.
[16]Brian C.Johnson.Enviromental products that drive organizational change:General motor's electric vehicle[J].Corporate Enviroment Strategy,1999,6(2):140-150.
[17]张翔,赵韩,钱立军等.国内各主要单位电动汽车研发项目进展情况及主要产晶介绍[J].汽车技术,2004:42-44.
[18]万刚.中国电动汽车的现状和发展[J],中国环保产业,2003(2):30-33.
[19]廖晓军,何莉萍,钟志华等.电池管理系统国内外现状及其未来发展趋势[J].汽车工程,2006, 28(10):961-964.
[20][35][39][48]林成涛,陈全世,王军平,黄文化等.用改进的安时计量法估计电动汽车动力电池SOC[J].清华大学学报,2006,46(2):247-251.
[21]林成涛,王俊平,陈全世.电动汽车SOC估计方法原理与应用[J].电池,2004,34(5):376-378.
[22]Petr Krivak,Petr Baca,Milan Calabek,etal.Current distribution over the electrode surface in a cylindrical VRLA cell during discharge.Journal of Power Sources,2006,154(2):518-522.
[23]朱品才,张华,薛观东.阀控式密封铅酸蓄电池的运行于维护[M].北京:人民邮电出版社2006.
[24]李建玲.电动车用铅酸蓄电池二氧化铅点及的研究[D]:[博士学位论文].哈尔滨工业大学,1998.
[25]桂长清.混合型电动车用铅蓄电池[J].船电技术,2003,23(5):25-28.
[26]久井真,坪田正温.Development of cylindrical VRLACells for High Power Applications[J].GS News TechnicalReport,1999(2)16-20.
[27]横山英则是,坪田正温.Cylindrical VRLA Battery for SLI Use GS[J].News Technical Report,2001(2).
[28]D A J Rand,郭永榔(译).阀空式铅酸蓄电池[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2006年10月.
[29][31][33]林成涛,王军平,陈全世.电动汽车SOC估计方法原理与应用.电池,2004,34(5):376-378.
[30][40]邱纲.电动汽车用动力电池组SOC的神经网络估计[D]:[硕士学位论文].辽宁工学院,车辆工程,2005.
[32]Huet F.A review of impedance measurements for determination of the state-of-charge or state-of-health of secondary batteries[J].J Power Sources,1998,70(1):59-69.
[34][45]西门赫金.自适应滤波器原理(第四版)[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2003年.
[36][44]GregoryL Plett.Extended Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs[J].Journal of Power Sources,2004(134):252-261.
[37]Junping Wang,Binggang Cao,Quanshi Cheng.Combined State of Charge estimator for electric vehicle battery pack.Control Engineering Practice,2007,15(12):1569-1576.
[41]Amir Vasebi,Maral Partovibakhsh,S.Mohammad Taghi Bathaee.A novel combined battery model for state-of-charge estimation in lead-acid batteries based on extended Kalman filter for hybrid electric vehicle applications.Journal of Power Sources,2007,174(1):30-40.
[42]R Markolf,D Ohms,G Muller,etal.Investigations into a battery management for high power nickel metal hydride batteries.Journal of Power Sources,2006,154(2):539-544.
[43]宫学庚,齐铂金,刘有兵等.电动汽车动力电池模型和SOC估算策略.电源技术,2004(10):633-636.
[46]Wang Junping,Chen Quanshi,Cao Binggang.Support vector machine based battery model for electric vehicles.Energy Conversion and Management,2006,47(7-8):858-864.
[47]A Vasebi,S M T Bathaee,M Partovibakhsh.Predicting state of charge of lead-acid batteries for hybrid electric vehicles by extended Kalman filter.Energy Conversion and Management,2008,49(1):75-82.
[49]ThermoAnalytics Inc.Battery modeling for hev simulation by ThermoAnalytics Inc [EB/OL].http://www.thermoanalytics.com/support/publication/batterymodlesdoc.html.
[50]XC164CS 16-Bit Single-Chip Microcontroller DataSheet[J/OL].Infineon Technologies AG V2.1,Jun 2003.
[51][55][58]XC164-16 16-Bit Single-Chip Microcontroller with C 166SV2 Core V2.1 Volume 2(of 2):Peripheral Units User's Manual[J/OL].Infineon Technologies AG,March 2004.
[52]XC164-16 16-bit Single-Chip Microcontroller with C 166SV2 Core V2.1 Volume 1(of2):System Units User's Manual[J/OL].Infineon Technologies AG,March 2004.
[53]程军 亿恒(西门子)C166系列16位单片机原理与开发[M]北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,1996.
[54]Microcontrollers Development Tools--JTAG[J/OL].Connector V2.10 Infineon Technologies,2000.
[56]卢居霄,黄文华,陈全世.电动汽车电池管理系统的多路电压采集电路设计.电子设计应用,2006(5):103-106.
[57]DS18B20 DataSheet[J/OL].http://www.datasheet.com.
[59]饶运涛,邹继军,郑勇芸.现场总线CAN原理与应用技术[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2003.
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