CVT混合动力汽车再生制动系统的研究与仿真
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摘要
混合动力汽车(Hybrid Electric Vehicle,HEV)技术是当前解决能源短缺和环境污染问题切实可行的技术之一。再生制动作为混合动力汽车的关键技术之一,其目的是对车辆制动或减速时的机械能进行回收再利用。本文以长丰CFA6470E搭载CVT(Continuously Variable Transmission)的混合动力汽车为研究对象,对其再生制动系统进行了深入的理论分析和仿真研究。
论文阐述了研究混合动力汽车再生制动系统的现实意义,以及我国在这一领域与国外的差距,并对本文所研究的CVT混合动力汽车的基本架构和动力总成的工作原理进行了分析。从能量回馈的原理、再生-摩擦制动系统的结构、控制理论、影响因素等几个方面入手,对制动系统进行了全面、详细、深入的剖析,为控制策略的制定提供了丰富的现实基础。
以车辆动力学理论为基础,对混合动力汽车的制动过程进行了分析。参照传统汽车的制动力分配方法,阐述了基于理想制动力分配曲线的和基于比例的两种不同的混合动力汽车制动力分配控制策略,并对CVT的控制提出了要求,在进行分析与比较后采用了易于实现的后者。以能量传递为主线,在Matlab/Simulink仿真环境下,建立了混合动力汽车再生制动系统的仿真模型,包括车轮、变速器等动力传动系统的数学模型、发动机以及电机的数值模型和电池的开路电压-内阻模型。随后,对选定的贴近实际的典型城市循环工况进行了统计性分析,并对制动工况进行了理论计算。为评价混合动力汽车再生制动系统能量回收的效能,以分析制动能量流动状况为基础,将制动能量回收率作为评价指标,并进行了仿真。
在将得到的一系列仿真数据和曲线进行分析后,可以得出结论,采用本文所论述的基于比例的制动力分配控制策略整车能够以较高的效率回收制动能量,由此可为实车综合控制策略的制定提供参考,并可以对将来的台架以及实车试验给予一定的指导意义。
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) technology is an available way to solve the problems of lack of energy source and pollution of environment. Regenerative braking is one of key and advanced techniques for HEV. When HEV is braking or decelerating, it will recover and reuse the mechanical energy. The focus of this paper is on Changfeng CFA6470E HEV with Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT).The deeply theoretical researching and simulation are completed.
The control strategies have important relation to the structure of the HEV. At first, the pressure and importance of studying regenerative braking system of HEV are expatiated, and the difference between our country and overseas in this field is presented. Then the basic structure of the vehicle and operating principle of the power assembly control system are analyzed. Based on that, the braking system is also analyzed entirely and thoroughly, including in the principle of energy recovery、the conformation of the regenerative-friction system、control theory、influencing factors and so on.
According to vehicle dynamics theory, the process of braking is analyzed. Reference to the braking force distribution strategies of conventional vehicle, two kinds of strategies for the braking force distribution and control of HEV is proposed. One of them is based on perfect braking distribution curve, and the other is done by proportion. Compared to them, the latter is easy to implement obviously. Otherwise, the paper gives some requirements to the control of CVT. A model for the regenerative braking system of HEV is built in Matlab/Simulink simulation environment, which is based on energy transfer. It is composed of mathematical model of power train, numerical model of engine、motor and battery model. Then two typical city cycles are chosen for the model, statistic data and analysis are given. The coefficient of recovery is proposed as a performance index for the energy results. The system simulation is completed in the cycles.
Finally, all the simulation data and curves show that regenerative braking distribution control strategy can assure high efficient energy recovery. So it lays a foundation for the optimization of control strategies for HEV and gives some suggestion for the experiments and tests.
论文阐述了研究混合动力汽车再生制动系统的现实意义,以及我国在这一领域与国外的差距,并对本文所研究的CVT混合动力汽车的基本架构和动力总成的工作原理进行了分析。从能量回馈的原理、再生-摩擦制动系统的结构、控制理论、影响因素等几个方面入手,对制动系统进行了全面、详细、深入的剖析,为控制策略的制定提供了丰富的现实基础。
以车辆动力学理论为基础,对混合动力汽车的制动过程进行了分析。参照传统汽车的制动力分配方法,阐述了基于理想制动力分配曲线的和基于比例的两种不同的混合动力汽车制动力分配控制策略,并对CVT的控制提出了要求,在进行分析与比较后采用了易于实现的后者。以能量传递为主线,在Matlab/Simulink仿真环境下,建立了混合动力汽车再生制动系统的仿真模型,包括车轮、变速器等动力传动系统的数学模型、发动机以及电机的数值模型和电池的开路电压-内阻模型。随后,对选定的贴近实际的典型城市循环工况进行了统计性分析,并对制动工况进行了理论计算。为评价混合动力汽车再生制动系统能量回收的效能,以分析制动能量流动状况为基础,将制动能量回收率作为评价指标,并进行了仿真。
在将得到的一系列仿真数据和曲线进行分析后,可以得出结论,采用本文所论述的基于比例的制动力分配控制策略整车能够以较高的效率回收制动能量,由此可为实车综合控制策略的制定提供参考,并可以对将来的台架以及实车试验给予一定的指导意义。
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) technology is an available way to solve the problems of lack of energy source and pollution of environment. Regenerative braking is one of key and advanced techniques for HEV. When HEV is braking or decelerating, it will recover and reuse the mechanical energy. The focus of this paper is on Changfeng CFA6470E HEV with Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT).The deeply theoretical researching and simulation are completed.
The control strategies have important relation to the structure of the HEV. At first, the pressure and importance of studying regenerative braking system of HEV are expatiated, and the difference between our country and overseas in this field is presented. Then the basic structure of the vehicle and operating principle of the power assembly control system are analyzed. Based on that, the braking system is also analyzed entirely and thoroughly, including in the principle of energy recovery、the conformation of the regenerative-friction system、control theory、influencing factors and so on.
According to vehicle dynamics theory, the process of braking is analyzed. Reference to the braking force distribution strategies of conventional vehicle, two kinds of strategies for the braking force distribution and control of HEV is proposed. One of them is based on perfect braking distribution curve, and the other is done by proportion. Compared to them, the latter is easy to implement obviously. Otherwise, the paper gives some requirements to the control of CVT. A model for the regenerative braking system of HEV is built in Matlab/Simulink simulation environment, which is based on energy transfer. It is composed of mathematical model of power train, numerical model of engine、motor and battery model. Then two typical city cycles are chosen for the model, statistic data and analysis are given. The coefficient of recovery is proposed as a performance index for the energy results. The system simulation is completed in the cycles.
Finally, all the simulation data and curves show that regenerative braking distribution control strategy can assure high efficient energy recovery. So it lays a foundation for the optimization of control strategies for HEV and gives some suggestion for the experiments and tests.
引文
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[2] Antoni Szumanowski. 混合动力电动车辆基础.陈清泉,孙逢春.第 1 版.北京:北京理工大学出版社,2001,10-73
[3] 松本廉平.汽车环保新技术.曹秉刚,康龙云,贾要勤等.第 1 版.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2005,152-241
[4] 张容萍.世界电动汽车的发展趋势.汽车与社会,2001,15(04):15-19
[5] 金启前.红旗混合动力轿车动力总成匹配及控制系统研究:[吉林大学硕士学位论文].长春:吉林大学汽车工程学院,2003,5-20
[6] 詹迅.轻度混合动力汽车再生制动系统建模与仿真:[重庆大学硕士学位论文].重庆:重庆大学机械工程学院,2005,9-40
[7] 靳立强.电动汽车电动轮驱动理论与应用技术:[吉林大学博士学位论文].长春:吉林大学汽车工程学院,2006,3-26
[8] 赵璐.金属带式无级变速器的仿真分析与实验研究:[吉林大学硕士学位论文].长春:吉林大学汽车工程学院,2006,15-22
[9] Hidehiro Oba, Akihiro Yamanaka, Hiroshi Katsuta. Development of a Hybrid Powertrain System Using CVT in a Minivan. SAE Paper,2002,51(2):52-57
[10]易文颖.基于 CAN 的 HEV-C 能源分配控制系统研究与仿真:[湖南大学硕士学位论文].长沙:湖南大学机械与汽车工程学院,2007,6-8
[11]Hongwei Gao,Yimin Gao,Mehrdad Ehsani. A Neural Network Based SRM Drive Control Strategy for Regenerative Braking in EV and HEV. In: Electric Machines and Drives Conference. Wisconsin: IEEE,2001,571-575
[12]Eiji Nakamura,Masayuki Soga,Akira Sakai,et al. Development of Electronically Controlled Brake System for Hybrid Vehicle. SAE Paper,2002-01-0300
[13]方泳龙.汽车制动理论与设计.北京:国防工业出版社,2005,9-52
[14]Martin Schmidt, Rolf Isermann. Potential of Regenerative Braking Using an Integrated Starter Alternator.SAE Paper,2000-01-1020
[15]张培斌.电动汽车再生制动控制的研究与仿真:[武汉理工大学硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学汽车工程学院,2006,7-15
[16]Eckhard Karden,Serve Ploumen,Birger Fricke,etal.Energy Storage Devices for Future Hybrid Electric Vehicle.Journal of Power Sources,2007,168:2-11
[17]Donghyun Kim,Hyunsoo Kim.Vehicle Stability Control with RegenerativeBraking and Electronic Brake Force Distribution for a Four-wheel Drive Hybrid Electric Vehicle.Automobile Engineering,2007,220:683-693
[18]Michael Panagiotidis, George Delagrammatikas, Dennis Assanis. Development and Use of a Regenerative Braking Model for a Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle. SAE Paper,2000-01-0995
[19]Hiroatsu Endo,Masatoshi Ito,Tatsuya Ozeki. Development of Toyota’s transaxle for mini-van hybrid vehicles. JSAE Review,2003,24(9):109–116
[20]Masami Ogura, Yasushi Aoki. The Honda EV Plus Regenerative Braking System. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Electric Vehicle Symposium (EVS14).Florida:1997,1-12
[21]余群明,周健,黄伟等.基于 CVT 的混联式电动汽车动力切换平稳性研究.汽车工程,2007,23(3):216-219
[22]郑伟.HEV 再生制动系统与 ABS 协调控制建模与仿真的研究:[武汉理工大学硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学汽车工程学院,2006,6-26
[23]赵国驻.电动汽车再生制动稳定性研究:[南京航空航天大学硕士论文].南京:南京航空航天大学能源与动力学院,2006,24-32
[24]徐海东.电动汽车再生制动能量高效回收控制策略研究:[山东大学硕士学位论文].济南:山东大学机械工程学院,2007,7-12
[25]周希章,周全.电动机的起动、制动和调速.第 2 版.北京:机械工业出版社,2001,372-374
[26]邓星钟.机电传动控制.第 3 版.武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2001,78-87
[27]A.Sakai Y.Sasaki A.Otomo,et al. Toyota Braking System for Hybrid Vehicle with Regenerative System. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Electric Vehicle Symposium (EVS14).Florida:1997,56-65
[28]杨雪梅.ISG 型混合动力长安汽车关键技术研究:[重庆大学工程硕士学位论文].重庆:重庆大学机械工程学院,2004,13-22
[29]曾小华.混合动力客车节能机理与参数设计方法研究:[吉林大学博士学位论文].长春:吉林大学汽车工程学院,2006,14-24
[30]钟勇,钟志华,李克等.基于 CVT 的 PHEV 中内燃机的功率选择与控制策略研究.内燃机工程,2006,27(3):77-81
[31]耿聪,刘溧,张欣.EQ6110 混合动力汽车再生制动控制策略研究.汽车工程,2004,26(3):253-256
[32]杨宏亮,陈全世.混联式混合动力汽车控制策略研究综述.公路交通科技,2002,19(1):103-107
[33]余志生.汽车理论.第 3 版. 北京:机械工业出版社,2000,71-96
[34]刘一. 面向对象的汽车制动系专家系统及其知识库的构建:[吉林大学硕士学位论文].长春:吉林大学汽车工程学院,2003,10-22
[35]Thomas D. Gillespie.车辆动力学基础.赵六奇,金达峰.第 1 版.北京:清华大学出版社,2006,33-50
[36]张健.CVT 混合动力汽车的设计与控制策略仿真研究:[湖南大学硕士学位论文].长沙:湖南大学电气与信息工程学院,2006,7-14
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