生态诗人加里·斯奈德研究
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摘要
美国诗人加里·斯奈德是当代世界生态文学的代表性作家。他的生态诗歌创作对世界生态文学的发展产生了巨大而深远的影响,他作品中的生态思想对当代美国乃至世界的生态主义思潮、对生态区域主义运动产生了重要的推动作用。斯奈德还是当今生态批评的热点,几乎所有主要的、有代表性的生态批评家都对他进行了研究。生态角度的斯奈德研究为生态批评的深入发展提供了重要的个案。这便是本论文确定这一选题的主要原因。
本文从生态视角对斯奈德的生态诗歌进行解读分析,总结了斯奈德在诗歌作品中对生态危机现状的认识和理解,对蕴涵在自然万物和若干民族文化中的生态资源的探索,以及他的生态整体主义思想以及由此延伸出的生态实践观。
本文的研究建立在对斯奈德作品的大量阅读和翻译的基础上。本文以斯奈德的十部主要的原文诗集为主、七部原文散文集为辅来全面研究斯奈德诗歌中的生态思想。本文引用的所有斯奈德诗歌和散文均为作者本人翻译。
迄今为止,中国大陆还没有一本施奈德诗集译本问世,台湾也只有一部斯奈德诗文选出版,中国还没有出现从生态视角对斯奈德诗歌进行研究的中文论著,从这个角度进行研究的论文也很少。国内已有的相关研究大多是对斯奈德的生态思想进行总体性介绍,或着重于斯奈德的生态思想与东方文化的联系。国外有较多的相关文献,本文主要的文献支撑来自英文研究成果。
本文在国内外已有的生态视角的斯奈德研究之基础上,意图在斯奈德生态诗歌研究的宏观和微观方面达到以下创新:在宏观方面,以其生态思想为独立的主线,对蕴涵在斯奈德诗歌中的生态观进行整体性介绍和逻辑梳理;在微观方面,大量翻译斯奈德的生态诗作,并对其进行细致解读,让读者对斯奈德的诗歌作品及其中的生态意蕴有直观而具体的了解。
本文用五个章节、约20万字的篇幅系统介绍评论了斯奈德融会以佛教生态观为主的多种思想的生态整体主义观念,其中包括汲取了印第安狩猎观、神话传统以及原始巫教的“深度生态学”;也探讨了斯奈德以重新栖居为目的的生态实践观,包括斯奈德在印第安神话和巫教文化启发下对诗人生态使命的界定,以龟岛为范本对生物区域主义、地方、“地方感”和栖居者的理解,以及建设生态社区、开创并传承生态文化的基本观点。
本文论述的斯奈德的生态思想以万物重新栖居为主线,按照以下逻辑展开论述:首先,探讨斯奈德的诗歌所展现出的在女神、上帝、科学主宰的几个时代中自然的遭遇,通过分析自然和人类在生态危机中遭受重创的表现和原因,揭示重新栖居是包括人类在内的万物的必然要求。其次,解读斯奈德的诗歌对万物重生力量和若干民族栖居智慧的探索,肯定万物重新栖居的可能性。再次,总结斯奈德诗作中的生态认识,明确人与自然万物在物质和精神上应有的和谐关系,建立万物重新栖居的思想基础。最后,分析斯奈德独特的生态实践观,明确万物重新栖居的具体实践方法和努力方向。在结语部分,简要评析了斯奈德生态思想的意义及其局限。
The American poet Gary Snyder, as a representative writer in ecoliterature in modern times, exerts a profound and global influence on the development of ecoliterature with his eco-poetry writings, and his ecological thoughts embodied in which greatly contribute to the booming of American ecoliterature especially to the global ecological thoughts and the Movement of Bioregionalism. Significantly, Snyder is also the most controversial poet in ecocriticism. Almost every important ecocritic has studied or illuminated his poems. Based on the anterior studies, my ecoliterary interpretation of Snyder's works will contribute an in-depth case study to the ecocriticism for its further development. Holding this faith, I have determined to take up this study.
This thesis aims to interpret Snyder's eco-poetry from ecological perspectives in order to conclude the way that Snyder gets to know the current ecological crisis, explores the ecological elements involved in nature and some ethnical culture, and constructs his theories of ecological holism which is later extended into his ecological practicalism.
My extensive reading and translation of Snyder's works lays a sound foundation for this study. Snyder's ecological thoughts are mainly embodied in his ten volumes of poems which I scrutinized and will utilize as main materials. I also use his 7 volumes of prose as supporting materials. All the Chinese versions cited in this thesis are translated by myself.
So far, not a single volume of Snyder's poetry has been published in the mainland of China and just one in Taiwan, still less the master written in Chinese studying Snyder's poetry from ecological perspective. Papers about this are also rare. The anterior studies used to make an introductory comment on Snyder's ecological thoughts or emphasize the relations between his thoughts and eastern culture. However, documents in foreign countries abound, which render a rich bank for my study.
Proceeding from the existing ecoliterary studies of Snyder home and abroad, I make an attempt to achieve my innovative goal in both macroscopical and microcosmic aspects as follows: macroscopically, tracking the line of his ecological thoughts, I try to make a general introduction and summarization to Snyder's ecological thoughts embodied in his works; microcosmically, I translated a lot of his eco-poems. I hope my interpretation will give readers a straight and sound understanding of Snyder's works as well as those ecological elements embodied in them.
Five chapters containing around 200,000 words are for the illustration of Snyder's ecological holism, a fusion of multiple ecological thought, with Buddhist ecological thoughts as its main source, and this holism including the "depth ecology" absorbing Indian game laws, mythological tradition and shamanism. These chapters also explore Snyder's ecological practicalism aiming to Reinhabitory. This theory includes the aspects of how Snyder, under the inspiration from the Indian mythologies and shamanism, defines the responsibility of poets, how he takes the Turtle Island as a paradigm, making sense of Bioregionalism, place, "sense of place", and inhabitant respectively, and how he constructs the community, creates and carries on the ecological culture.
In this thesis, I follow the mainstream of Snyder's Reinhabitory to disscuss his ecological thoughts, and lay out my paper logically as follows: firstly, I will explore his depictions on how nature suffers in different eras governed by goddesses, God and science. By analyzing how and why nature and human beings suffer in the ecological crisis, the poet reveals that Reinhabitory is indispensable to all creatures including human beings. Secondly, I make an attempt to figure out how Snyder explores the renascent power of creatures and inhabitation wisdom of some races so as to prove the possibility for all creatures to reinhabit. Thirdly, I try to summarize Snyder's ecological awareness embodied in his poetry and prove the harmony which links all the creatures physically and mentally so as to establish the Reinhabitory theory. Finally, another attempt is made to analyze Snyder's special ecological practical theory and to find a way to practise the Reinhabitory theory and point out a direction to his future aim. In the conclusion, I make a simple evaluation on the significance of Snyder's ecological poems, as well as his limitations.
本文从生态视角对斯奈德的生态诗歌进行解读分析,总结了斯奈德在诗歌作品中对生态危机现状的认识和理解,对蕴涵在自然万物和若干民族文化中的生态资源的探索,以及他的生态整体主义思想以及由此延伸出的生态实践观。
本文的研究建立在对斯奈德作品的大量阅读和翻译的基础上。本文以斯奈德的十部主要的原文诗集为主、七部原文散文集为辅来全面研究斯奈德诗歌中的生态思想。本文引用的所有斯奈德诗歌和散文均为作者本人翻译。
迄今为止,中国大陆还没有一本施奈德诗集译本问世,台湾也只有一部斯奈德诗文选出版,中国还没有出现从生态视角对斯奈德诗歌进行研究的中文论著,从这个角度进行研究的论文也很少。国内已有的相关研究大多是对斯奈德的生态思想进行总体性介绍,或着重于斯奈德的生态思想与东方文化的联系。国外有较多的相关文献,本文主要的文献支撑来自英文研究成果。
本文在国内外已有的生态视角的斯奈德研究之基础上,意图在斯奈德生态诗歌研究的宏观和微观方面达到以下创新:在宏观方面,以其生态思想为独立的主线,对蕴涵在斯奈德诗歌中的生态观进行整体性介绍和逻辑梳理;在微观方面,大量翻译斯奈德的生态诗作,并对其进行细致解读,让读者对斯奈德的诗歌作品及其中的生态意蕴有直观而具体的了解。
本文用五个章节、约20万字的篇幅系统介绍评论了斯奈德融会以佛教生态观为主的多种思想的生态整体主义观念,其中包括汲取了印第安狩猎观、神话传统以及原始巫教的“深度生态学”;也探讨了斯奈德以重新栖居为目的的生态实践观,包括斯奈德在印第安神话和巫教文化启发下对诗人生态使命的界定,以龟岛为范本对生物区域主义、地方、“地方感”和栖居者的理解,以及建设生态社区、开创并传承生态文化的基本观点。
本文论述的斯奈德的生态思想以万物重新栖居为主线,按照以下逻辑展开论述:首先,探讨斯奈德的诗歌所展现出的在女神、上帝、科学主宰的几个时代中自然的遭遇,通过分析自然和人类在生态危机中遭受重创的表现和原因,揭示重新栖居是包括人类在内的万物的必然要求。其次,解读斯奈德的诗歌对万物重生力量和若干民族栖居智慧的探索,肯定万物重新栖居的可能性。再次,总结斯奈德诗作中的生态认识,明确人与自然万物在物质和精神上应有的和谐关系,建立万物重新栖居的思想基础。最后,分析斯奈德独特的生态实践观,明确万物重新栖居的具体实践方法和努力方向。在结语部分,简要评析了斯奈德生态思想的意义及其局限。
The American poet Gary Snyder, as a representative writer in ecoliterature in modern times, exerts a profound and global influence on the development of ecoliterature with his eco-poetry writings, and his ecological thoughts embodied in which greatly contribute to the booming of American ecoliterature especially to the global ecological thoughts and the Movement of Bioregionalism. Significantly, Snyder is also the most controversial poet in ecocriticism. Almost every important ecocritic has studied or illuminated his poems. Based on the anterior studies, my ecoliterary interpretation of Snyder's works will contribute an in-depth case study to the ecocriticism for its further development. Holding this faith, I have determined to take up this study.
This thesis aims to interpret Snyder's eco-poetry from ecological perspectives in order to conclude the way that Snyder gets to know the current ecological crisis, explores the ecological elements involved in nature and some ethnical culture, and constructs his theories of ecological holism which is later extended into his ecological practicalism.
My extensive reading and translation of Snyder's works lays a sound foundation for this study. Snyder's ecological thoughts are mainly embodied in his ten volumes of poems which I scrutinized and will utilize as main materials. I also use his 7 volumes of prose as supporting materials. All the Chinese versions cited in this thesis are translated by myself.
So far, not a single volume of Snyder's poetry has been published in the mainland of China and just one in Taiwan, still less the master written in Chinese studying Snyder's poetry from ecological perspective. Papers about this are also rare. The anterior studies used to make an introductory comment on Snyder's ecological thoughts or emphasize the relations between his thoughts and eastern culture. However, documents in foreign countries abound, which render a rich bank for my study.
Proceeding from the existing ecoliterary studies of Snyder home and abroad, I make an attempt to achieve my innovative goal in both macroscopical and microcosmic aspects as follows: macroscopically, tracking the line of his ecological thoughts, I try to make a general introduction and summarization to Snyder's ecological thoughts embodied in his works; microcosmically, I translated a lot of his eco-poems. I hope my interpretation will give readers a straight and sound understanding of Snyder's works as well as those ecological elements embodied in them.
Five chapters containing around 200,000 words are for the illustration of Snyder's ecological holism, a fusion of multiple ecological thought, with Buddhist ecological thoughts as its main source, and this holism including the "depth ecology" absorbing Indian game laws, mythological tradition and shamanism. These chapters also explore Snyder's ecological practicalism aiming to Reinhabitory. This theory includes the aspects of how Snyder, under the inspiration from the Indian mythologies and shamanism, defines the responsibility of poets, how he takes the Turtle Island as a paradigm, making sense of Bioregionalism, place, "sense of place", and inhabitant respectively, and how he constructs the community, creates and carries on the ecological culture.
In this thesis, I follow the mainstream of Snyder's Reinhabitory to disscuss his ecological thoughts, and lay out my paper logically as follows: firstly, I will explore his depictions on how nature suffers in different eras governed by goddesses, God and science. By analyzing how and why nature and human beings suffer in the ecological crisis, the poet reveals that Reinhabitory is indispensable to all creatures including human beings. Secondly, I make an attempt to figure out how Snyder explores the renascent power of creatures and inhabitation wisdom of some races so as to prove the possibility for all creatures to reinhabit. Thirdly, I try to summarize Snyder's ecological awareness embodied in his poetry and prove the harmony which links all the creatures physically and mentally so as to establish the Reinhabitory theory. Finally, another attempt is made to analyze Snyder's special ecological practical theory and to find a way to practise the Reinhabitory theory and point out a direction to his future aim. In the conclusion, I make a simple evaluation on the significance of Snyder's ecological poems, as well as his limitations.
引文
[1]张睿,“‘我们必须行动了'——来自奥斯陆的呼吁”,《南方周末》2007年12月20日,第23版。
[1]Aldo Leopold,A Sand County Almanac,New York:Oxford University Press,1949,pp.224-225.
[1]王诺,《生态与心态》,南京:南京大学出版社2007年,第7页。
[1]雷毅,《深层生态学思想研究》,北京:清华大学出版社,2001年,第101页。
[1]Nicholas O'Connell,At the Field's End,Seattle:Madrona Publishers,1987,p.308.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.1.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.118,15-16.
[4]钟玲,《美国诗人史耐德与亚洲文化——西方吸纳东方传统的范例》,台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司,2003年,第12页。
[5]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.116-117.
[6]Carol Baker,"1414 SE Lambert Street",Jon Halper ed,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.24.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,Scott McLean ed.,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.93.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.117.
[3]David Kherdian,Six Poets of the San Francisco Renaissance:Portraits and Checklists,Fresno,Calif:Giliga Press,1967,p.47.
[4]Nicholas O'Connell,At the Field's End,Seattle:Madrona Publishers,1987,p.309.
[1]Julia Martin,"Coyote-Mind:An Interview with Gary Snyder",TriQuarterly 79(1990),p.148.
[2]Jerry Crandall,"Mountaineers Are Always Free",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.5.
[3]Nicholas O'Connell,At the Field's End,Seattle:Madrona Publishers,1987,p.312.
[1]Jerry Crandall,"Mountaineers Are Always Free",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.6
[2]David H.French,"Gary Snyder and Reed College",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.21.
[3]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.4.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,Scott McLean ed.,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.64.
[2]钟玲,《美国诗人史耐德与亚洲文化——西方吸纳东方传统的范例》,台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司,2003年,第24页。
[1]David H.French,"Gary Snyder and Reed College",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.17
[2]John P O'Grady,"Living Landscape:An Interview with Gary Snyder",Western American Literature,33.3(Fall,1998),p.280.
[3]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.5.
[4]Dell Hymes,"A Coyote Who Can Sing",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,pp.392-404.
[5]David Kherdian,Six Poets of the San Francisco Renaissance:Portraits and Checklists,Fresno,Calif.:Giliga Press,1967,p.49.
[1]Gary Snyder,Mountains and Rivers without End,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1996,p.34.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,Scott McLean ed.,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,pp.95,94.
[3]John P.O'Grady,"Living Landscape:An Interview with Gary Snyder",Western American Literature 33.3(Fall 1998),pp.280-283.
[4]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.6.
[1]Michael J.Mahar,"Scenes from the sidelines",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.14.
[2]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.9.
[3]Jeremy Anderson,"My First Encounter with a Real Poet",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.30
[4]Jim Snyder,"Riprap and The Old Ways:Gary Snyder in Yosemite,1955",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.42.
[1]http://firedragoon.googlepages.com/2 2007-9-9
[2]http://www.wikilib.com/wiki/%E7%9B%96%E7%91%9E%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E8%80%90%E5%BE%B7 2007-9-9
[1]See Chapter One,"Hipsters,Beats,and the True Frontier",in Edward Halsey Foster,Understanding The Beats,Columbia:University of South Carolina Press,1992;and Chapter Two,"The Darkness Surrounds Us:Participation and Reflection Among the Beat Writer",in Micheal Davidson,The San Francisco Renaissance:Poetics and Community at Mid-Century,New York:Cambridge University Press,1991.
[2]彭予,《二十世纪美国诗歌——从庞德到罗伯特·布莱》,开封:河南大学出版社,1995年,第347页。
[3]彭予,《二十世纪美国诗歌——从庞德到罗伯特·布莱》,开封:河南大学出版社,1995年,第357页。
[1]Michael.J Mahar,"Scenes from the Sidelines",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,pp.8-15.
[2]Gary Snyder,"On Rinzai Masters and Western Students in Japan",Wind Bell 8.1-2(Fall 1969),p.24.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,Jon Halper dd.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.178.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.148-149.
[3]Michael.J Mahar,"Scenes from the Sidelines",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.15.
[4]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:Noah Point Press,1990,pp.53-54.
[1]Philip Yampoisky,"Kyoto,Zen,Snyder",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.67.
[2]Hisao Kanaseki,"An Easy Rider at Yase",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.74.
[1]Katsunori Yamazato,"Snyder,Sakaki,and The Tribe",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,pp.96-98.
[2]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.122.
[3]Katsunori Yamazato,"Snyder,Sakaki,and The Tribe",Jon Haiper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.102.
[4]Hisao Kanaseki,"An Easy Rider at Yase",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.75.
[5]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.143.
[1]Dan Mcleod,"Gary Snyder",Ann Charters cd.,The Dictionary of Literary Biography,vol.16,Detroit:Gale,1983,pp.486-500.
[2]Gary Snyder,"Dear Poets Commune",Anthology of Underground Poetry #7(1970),n.p.
[3]Katsunori Yamazato,Seeking a Fulcrum:Gary Snyder and Japan(1956-1975),Diss.University of California at Davis,1987,p.51.
[1]Nicholas O'Connell,At the Fields End,Seattle:Madrona Publishers,1987,p.318.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.11.
[3]Michael Helm,"A Conversation with Gary Snyder",California Living Magazine,Sunday San Francisco Examiner & Chronicle,20 November 1983,p.17.
[1]Burr Snider,"The Sage of the Sierra",Image:San Francisco Examiner 17 Sept.1989,p.16.
[1]Charles Egan,"Poetic Insights:An Interview with Gary Snyder",Poets & Writers Magazine(May/June 1995),p.75.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G K.Hall,1990,p.1
[3]David Robertson,"Gary Snyder Riprapping in Yosemite,1955",American Poetry 2(1984),pp.52-58.
[1]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.1.
[2]Thomas Parkinson,"The Poetry of Gary Snyder",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.22.
[3]Theodore Roszak,"Technocracy:Despotism of Beneficent Expertise",Nation 209(1 September 1969),p.182.
[4]William Everson,"Archetype West",John Gordon Burke ed.,Regional perspectives:An Examination of America's Literary Heritage,Chicago:American Library Association,1973,p.295.
[5]Charles Altieri,"Gary Snyder's Turtle Island:The Problem of Reconciling the Roles of Seer and Prophet",Boundary 24(1976),p.770.
[6]Charles Molesworth,Gary Snyder's Vision:Poetry and the Real Work,Columbia:University of Missouri Press,1983,pp.120-127.
[1]Dell Hymes,"Review of Myths & Texts",Journal of American Folklore 74(April-June 1961),p.184.
[2]James Wright,"The Work of Gary Snyder",Sixties 6(Spring 1962),p.25.
[3]Thom Gunn,"Interpenetrating Things",Agenda 4(Summer 1966),pp.39-44.
[4]Kenneth Rexroth,"A Hope for Poetry",Holiday 39(March 1966),pp.149,151.
[5]Thomas Parkinson,"The Poetry of Gary Snyder",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.22.
[6]Thomas J.Lyon,"The Ecological Vision of Gary Snyder",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.36.
[1]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.6.
[2]Thomas J.Lyon,"The Ecological Vision of Gary Snyder",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.43.
[3]Charles Altieri,"Gary Snyder's Lyric Poetry:Dialectic as Ecology",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.48.
[4]Sherman Paul,"From Lookout to Ashram:The Way of Gray Snydr",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.55.
[1]Lee Bartlett," Gary Snyder's Myths & Texts and the Monomyth",Western American Literature 17(1982),p.138.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,pp.210-229.
[1]Charles Altieri,"Gary Snyder's Turtle Island:The Problem of Reconciling the Roles of Seer and Prophet",Boundary 24(1976),pp.761-77.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.9.
[3]Charles Altieri,"Gary Snyder's Turtle Island:The Problem of Reconciling the Roles of Seer and Prophet",Boundary 24(1976),p.777.
[4]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G K.Hall,1990,p.9.
[5]Bert Almon,"Buddhism and Energy in the Recent Poetry of Gary Snyder",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.82.
[6]Tim Dean,"The Other's Voice:Cultural Imperialism and Poetic Impersonality in Gary Snyder's 'Mountains and Rivers without End' ",Contemporary Literature,Vol.41,No.3(Autumn,2000),p.462.
[1]Anthony Hunt,"'Bubbs Creek Haircut':Gary Snyder's 'Great Departure' in Mountains and Rivers Without End",Western American Literature,15(1980),pp.167-69.
[2]Anthony Hunt,"'The Hump-backed Flute Player':The Structure of Emptiness in Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers Without End",ISLE:Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 1.2(Fall 1993),pp.1-23.
[3]Anthony Hunt,"Singing the Dyads:The Chinese landscape scroll and Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers Without End",Journal of Modern Literature(Summer 1999),Vol.23,Iss.1,p.7-35.
[4]Patrick D.Murphy,"Mythic and Fantastic:Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers without End",Extrapolation 26(1985),pp.290-99.
[5]Tim Dean,"The Other's Voice:Cultural Imperialism and Poetic Impersonality in Gary Snyder's "Mountains and Rivers without End",Contemporary Literature,Vol.41,No.3(Autumn,2000),p.462-463.
[6]Nick Selby,"'Created Space':Mapping America as Poem in Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers Without End and Susan Howe's Secret History of the Dividing Line",Journal of American Studies,(Apr 2005),Vol.39,Iss.1,pp.41-65.
[1]Nick Selby," 'Coming back to oneself/ coming back to the land':Gary Snyder's Poetics",Tallmadge,Harrington ed.,Reading under the Sign of Nature:New Essays in Ecocriticism,Salt Lake city:The University of Utah Press,2000,p.179.
[2]David Robbins," Gary Snyder's 'Burning Island'",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G K.Hall,1990,pp.89-105.
[3]Woody Rehanek,"The Shaman Songs of Gary Snyder",Okanogan Natural News No.19(Summer 1984),pp.2-13.
[4]Jack Hicks,"Poetic Composting in Gary Snyder's Left Out in the Rain",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G K.Hall,1990,pp.247-257;John Knott,"Gary Snyder:Greening Again",Michigan Quarterly Review,(Winter 2006),Vol.45,Iss.1,pp.233-239.
[5]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.8.
[1]Tom Henighan,"Shamans,Tribes,and the Sorcerer's Apprentices:Notes on the Discovery of the Primitive in Modern Poetry",Dalhousie Review 59(1979-80),pp.612-15.
[2]Michael Castro,Interpreting the Indian:Twentieth-Century Poets and the American Indian,Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1984.Chapter 6,7.
[3]L.Edwin Folsome,"Gary Snyder's Descent to Turtle Island:Searching for Fossil Love",Western American Literature 15(1980),pp.103-21.
[4]Waltraud Mitgutsch,"Gary Snyder's Poetry:A Fusion of East and West",Essays in Honour of Erwin Sturzl on His Sixth Birthday Salzburg:Inst.Fur.Eng.Sprache & Lit.,U Salzburg,1980,pp.428-29,432.
[5]Julia Martin,"True Communionism:Gary Snyder's Transvaluation of Some Christian Terminology",Journal for the Study of Religion(South Africa) 1.1(1988),pp.63-75.
[6]Julia Martin,"Practising Emptiness:Gary Snyder's Playful Ecological Work," Western American Literature 27.1(1992),pp.3-19.
[7]Julia Martin,"The Snake Person Takes on the Cock-Sure Boys:Buddhism/Postmodernism/South African Eco-politics",Theo D'haen and Hans Bertens ed.,Liminal Postmodernism:The Postmodern,the (Post-)Colonian,and the(Post-)Feminist,Amsterdam:Rodopi,1994,pp.331-57.
[1]Rudolph L.Nelson," 'Riprap on the Slick Rock of Metaphysics':Religious Dimensions in the Poetry of Gary Snyder",Soundings 57(1974),p.210.
[2]Hwa Yol Jung,and Petee Jung,"Gary Snyder's Ecopiety",Environmental History Review 14.3(1990),pp.75-87.
[3]Ayako Takahashi,"The Shaping of Gary Snyder's Ecological Consciousness",Comparative Literature Studies Volume 39,(Number 4,2002),pp.314-325.
[4]Katsunori Yamazato,"A Note on Japanese Allusions in Gary Snyder's Poetry." Western American Literature 18(1983),pp.146-48.
[5]Alan Williamson,"Language against Itself:The Middle Generation of Contemporary Poets",Robert B.Shaw ed.,American Poetry Since 1960:Some Critical Perspectives,Cheshire,UK:Carcanet Press,1973,pp.55,61-62.
[1]Alan Williamson,"Gary Snyder:An Appreciation",The New Republic(1 November 1975),pp.28-30.
[2]Ekbert Faas,Toward a New American Poetics:Essays & Interviews,Santa Barbara,Calif.:Black Sparrow Press,1979,pp.91-142.
[3]Charles Altieri,"Process as Plenitude:The Poetry of Gary Snyder and Robert Duncan",Enlarging the Temple Lewisburg,Pa.:Buckneli University Press,1979,p.128.
[4]Dorothy M.Nielsen,"Prosopopoeia and the Ethics of Ecological Advocacy in the Poetry of Denise Levertov and Gary Snyder",Contemporary Literature,Vol.34,No.4(Winter,1993),pp.691-92,691.
[5]Robort Kern,"Clearing the Ground:Gary snyder and the Modernist Imperative",Criticism 19(Spring 1977),p.158.
[6]Christopher Beach,ABC of Influence:Ezra Pound and the Remaking of the American Poetic Tradition,Berkeley:University of California Press,1992.
[1]Leo Hamalian,"Beyond the Paleface:D.H.Lawrence and Gary Snyder",Talisman #7(Fall 1991),pp.50-55.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,"Two Different Paths in the Quest for Place:Gary Snyder and Wendell Berry",American Poetry,2(1984),p.60.
[3]Patrick D.Murphy,"Penance or Perception:Spirituality and Land in the Poetry of Gary Snyder and Wendell Berry",Sagetrieb 5.2(1986),pp.61-72.
[4]Patrick D.Murphy,"Sex-Typing the Planet:Gaia Imagery and the Problem of Subverting Patriarchy",Environmental Ethics 10(1988),pp.155-68.
[5]Patrick Murphy,"Beyond Humanism:Mythic Fantasy and Inhumanist Philosophy in the Long Poems of Robinson Jeffers and Gary Snyder",American Studies,(Spring 1989),Vol.30,Iss.1,p.53.
[6]David Wyatt,The Fall into Eden:Landscape and Imagination in California,New York:Cambridge University Press,1986.
[7]Erie Paul Shaffer,"Inhabitation in the Poetry of Robinson Jeffers,Gary snyder,and Lew Welch",Robinson Jeffers Newsletter 78(October 1990),pp.28-40.
[1]Bob Steuding,Gary Snyder,Boston:Twayne,1976.
[2]Charles Molesworth,Gary Snyder's Vision:Poetry and the Real Work,Columbia:University of Missouri Press,1983.
[3]Patrick D.Murphy,Understanding Gary Snyder,Columbia:University of South Carolina Press,1992.
[4]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000.
[5]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G K.Hall,1990.
[1]John Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a Life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books,1991.
[2]Bert Almon,Gary Snyder,Western Writers Series 37,Boise,Idaho:Boise State University,1979.
[3]James W Krauss,Gary Snyder's Biopoetics:A Study of the Poet as Ecologist,Hawaii:University of Hawaii,1986.
[4]Kenneth White,The Tribal Dharma:An Essay on the Work of Gary Snyder,Lianfynydd,U.K.:Unicorn Bookshop,1975.
[5]Lars Nordstrom,Theodore Roethke,William Stafford,and Gary Snyder:The Ecological Metaphor as Transformed Regionnalism,Doctoral Thesis at Uppsala University,1989.
[6]Tim Dean,Gary Snyder and the American Unconscious:Inhabiting the Ground,New York:St.Martin's,1991.
[1]David A.Carpenter,"Gary Snyder's Inhumanism,from Riprap to Axe Handles",South Dakota Review 26(1988),pp.110-38.
[2]Julia Martin,"The Pattern Which Connects:Metaphor in Gary Snyder's Later Poetry',Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,pp.188-210.
[1]彭予,《斯奈德:一位没有‘垮掉'的垮掉派诗人》,《商丘师范学院学报》1990年第3期,第88-93页。
[2]区鉷,《加里·斯奈德面面观》,《外国文学评论》1994年第1期,第32-36页。
[3]万海松编,《诗歌的艺术——加里斯奈德访谈录》,《外国文学动态》2002年第5期。
[4]陈明仙,《逃避中的追求——访美国‘垮掉派'诗人斯奈德》,《世界博览》1985年第5期,第26-29页。
[5]西川,《“当代美国文学”研讨会综述》,《外国文学研究》2007年第2期。
[6]Nathan Mao,"The Influence of Zen Buddhism on Gary Snyder",Tamkang Review 5(1974),pp.125-33.
[7]Yan-fu Lin,"'The Mountains Are Your Mind':Orientalism in the Poetry of Gary Snyder",Tamkang Review 6-7(1975-1976),pp.357-91.
[8]Yunzhong Shu,"Gary Snyder and Taoism",Tamkang Review 17(1987).
[9]Ling Chung,"Whose Mountain Is This? Gary Snyder's Translation of Han Shan",Renditions 7(Spring 1977),pp.93-102.
[1]钟玲,《美国诗人史耐德与亚洲文化——西方吸纳东方传统的范例》,台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司2003年,第51页。
[2]钟玲,《史耐德与中国文化》,北京:首都师范大学出版社 2007年,第17页。
[1]陈小红,《寻归荒野的诗人加里·斯奈德》,《当代外国文学》2004年第4期,第98-168页。
[2]陈小红,《加里·斯奈德的生态文明观》,《求索》2006年第7期,第149-151页。
[3]陈小红,《加里·斯奈德的本土意识》,《天津外国语学院学报》2007年第6期,第7-12页。
[4]耿纪永,《翻译与生态思想——重读斯奈德译寒山诗》,《同济大学学报》2007年第1期,第94页。
[5]李显文,《加里·斯奈德生态整体论思想探析》,《涪陵师范学院学报》2007年第3期,第132-136页。
[6]李显文,《评加里·斯奈德的生态联系观》,《四川文理学院学报》2008年第1期,第45-47页。
[1]李显文,《从时代语境看加里·斯奈德生态思想的形成》,《重庆文理学院学报》2008年第2期,第57-60页。
[2]钟玲,《美国诗人盖瑞·史耐德的美亚洲巫祝观》,杨乃乔,伍晓明编:《比较文学与世界文学:乐黛云教授七十五华诞特辑》,北京大学出版社2005年,第282-299页。
[1]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.16.
[1]Donald M.Allen,ed.,The New American Poetry,New York:Grove Press,1960,p.421.
[1]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.178.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.3.
[1]《圣经·以赛亚书》第14章第12节,中国基督教会1998年译本。
[2]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.212.
[1]尼采,《悲剧的诞生》,周国平译,北京:三联书店1986年,第6页。
[2]William J Jungels,The Use of Native-American Mythologies in the Poetry of Gary Snyder,Buffalo:SUNY,1973,p.17.
[1]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社1998年,第81页。
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.15.
[2]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社1998年,第6页。
[1]莫尔特曼,《创造中的上帝——生态的创造论》,隗仁莲、苏闲贵、宋炳延译,北京:三联书店2002年,第7页。
[2]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.16.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.12.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,pp.3-4.
[1]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.25.
[2]Timothy Gray,New Lyric Worlds:Gary Snyder's Pacific Rim Communitas,1930-1970,Diss.University of California at Santa Barbara,1998,p.81.
[1]Mary Evelyn Tucker and John Grim,"Series Foreword",Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Ryuken Williams ed.,Buddhism and Ecology:The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1997,p.ⅹⅹⅴ.
[2]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社1998年,第63页。
[1]塞尔日·莫斯科维奇,《还自然之魅》,庄晨燕丘寅晨译,北京:三联书店2005年,第48页。
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.18.
[1]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社1998年,第216页。
[2]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.7.
[1]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社1998年.第13页。
[2]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社1998年,第217、218页。
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.31.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.110.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.55.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.90.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.67.
[1]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社1998年,第68页。
[2]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社1998年,第19、165页
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,pp.52-53.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.61.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.102.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.47.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,p.4.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,p.8.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,pp.91-92.
[2]塞尔日·莫斯科维奇,《还自然之魅》,庄晨燕、丘寅晨译,北京:三联书店2005年,第11页。
[1]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,p.43.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.35.
[1]Gary Snyder,Left Out in the Rain:New Poems 1947-1985,San Francisco:North Point Press,1986,p.63.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.9.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,p.9.
[1]Thomas J.Lyon,"The Ecological Vision of Gary Snyder",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a Life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.42.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.65.
[1]Gary Snyder,Left Out in the Rain:New Poems 1947-1985,San Francisco:North Point Press,1986,p,14.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.10.
[2]Timothy Gray,New Lyric Worlds:Gary Snyder's Pacific Rim Communitas,1930-1970,Diss.University of California at Santa Barbara,1998,p.82.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.10.
[1]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.83.
[2]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.9.
[3]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.83.
[4]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.86.
[5]奇奇地斯:kitkitdizze,印第安语,指的是加州内华达山脉西向的山坡上生长的一种矮树丛。
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.19.
[1]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.87.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,pp.108-109.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.50.
[2]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.8.
[3]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.3.
[4]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.92.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.16.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,pp.48-49.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,pp.4-5.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,pp.3-7.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.26.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.54.
[1]Teilhard de Chardin(1811-1955),法国耶稣会教士、古生物学者及哲学家:把科学和基督教教义结合起来,并提出人类在思想上及社会生活上都在进化,终将达成精神的统一。
[2]德鲁伊教徒:高卢、不列颠和爱尔兰之古塞尔特人的宗教团体,成立于公元前3世纪。教义是灵魂不死,人死则灵魂转投生。
[3]苏菲派:伊斯兰教的神秘主义派别,产生于7世纪末,注重内心苦修和宗教仪式。
[4]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.43.
[1]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.118.
[2]Thomas J.Lyon,"The Ecological Vision of Gary Snyder",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of aLife,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.41.
[3]Bert Almon:Gary Snyder,Western Writers Series 37,Boise:Boise State University,1979,p.7.
[4]Gary Snyder,He Who Hunted Birds in His Father's Village:The Dimensions of a Haida Myth,San Francisco:Grey Fox Press,1979,p.ⅹⅰ.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.3.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,pp.16-17.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,pp.126-127.
[2]钟玲,《美国诗人史耐德与亚洲文化——西方吸纳东方传统的范例》,台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司2003年,第157页。
[3]Michael Castro,"Gary Snyder:The Lessons of Turtle Island",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hail,1990,p.141.
[1]Michael Castro,"Gary Snyder:The Lessons of Turtle Island",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.142.
[2]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995.p.54.
[1]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.28.
[2]钟玲,《史耐德与中国文化》,北京:首都师范大学出版社2007年,第54页。
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.66.
[2]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.12.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.127.
[4]钟玲,《美国诗与中国梦:美国现代诗里的中国文化模式》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社2003年,第84页。
[1]Gary Snyder,Left Out in the Rain:New Poems 1947-1985,San Francisco:North Point Press,1986,p.150.
[2]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.73.
[1]Gary Snyder,Left Out in the Rain:New Poems 1947-1985,San Francisco:North Point Press,1986,p.195.
[2]Herbert V.Fackler,"Throe English Version of Han Shah's Cold Mountain Poems",Literature East & West.15.2(1971),p.277.
[3]钟玲,《美国诗与中国梦:美国现代诗里的中国文化模式》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社2003年,第12-13页.
[4]Hugh Kenner,"The Making of the Modernist Canon",Chicago Review,Vol.34,No.2(1984),p.60.
[1]Gary Snyder,Riprap & Cold Mountain Poems,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.43
[1]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,p.35.
[2]Katsunori Yamazato,Seeking A Fulcrum:Gary Snyder and Japan(1956-1975),Dissertation,Davis:University of California,1987,p.76.
[3]澳大利亚艾尔斯巨石(Ayers Rock),又名乌卢鲁巨石(Uluru Rock),位于澳大利亚中北部的艾丽斯斯普林斯(Alice Springs)西南方向约340公里处,是世界最大的整体岩石,俗称“人类地球上的肚脐”,为世界七大奇景之一。
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handle,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,pp.95-98.
[1]Woody Rehanek,"The Shaman Songs of Gary Snyder",North Dakota Quarterly 55.4(1987),pp.163-164.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.134.
[1]Karhu:芬兰语熊;Bjorn:挪威语熊;Braun:德语熊。
[2]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,pp.4-5.
[1]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社1998年,第214页。
[1]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.68.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,pp.49-51,55-56.
[2]Julia Martin,"The Pattern which Connects:Metaphor in Gary Snyder's Later Poetry",Western American Literature 22(1987),p.203.
[3]Shu-chun Huang,"A Hua-yen Buddhist Perspective of Gary Snyder",Tamkang Review,Vol.22,No.2(1989),pp.200,197-198.
[4]雷毅,《深层生态学思想研究》,北京:清华大学出版社2001年,第79页。
[1]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.67.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.131.
[1]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.16.
[2]Gary Snyder,Riprap & Cold Mountain Poems,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.32.
[1]Bill Devall,George Sessions,Deep Ecology:Living as if Nature Mattered,Salt Lake City:Peregrine Smith Bokks,1985,p.67.
[2]Katsunori Yamazato,Seeking a Fulcrum:Gary Snyder and Japan(1956-1975),Dissertation,Davis:University of California,1967,p.89.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,p.50.
[2]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.76
[3]钟玲,《史耐德与中国文化》,北京:首都师范大学出版社2007年,第115页。
[1]钟玲,《史耐德与中国文化》,北京:首都师范大学出版社2007年,第115页。
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,pp.18-19.
[2]Katsunori Yamazato,"A Note on Japanese Allusions in Gary Snyder's Poetry",Western American Literature 18(1983),pp.146-48.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.39.
[1]Katsunori Yamazato,"How to be in Grisis:Gary Snyder's Cross-Cultural Vision in Turtle Island",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.239.
[2]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.34.
[3]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.112.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.73.
[2]钟玲,《史耐德与中国文化》,北京:首都师范大学出版社2007年,第115页。
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.71.
[1]Gary Snyder,No Nature:New and Selected Poems,New York:Pantheon Books Press,1992,p.381.
[1]Yong-ki Kang,"The Politics of Deconstruction in Snyder's 'Ripples on the Surface'",Studies in the Humanities26.1-2(1999),p.100.
[2]Yong-ki Kang,"The Politics of Deconstruction in Snyder's 'Ripples on the Surface'",Studies in the Humanities26.1-2(1999),p.100.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.65.
[1]Gary Snyder,Left Out in the Rain:New Poems 1947-1985,San Francisco:North Point Press,1986,p.145.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.37.
[1]Gary Snyder,Riprap & Cold Mountain Poems,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.9-10.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.41.
[1]Julia Martin,"Coyote-Mind:An Interview with Gary Snyder",TriQuarterly 79(1990),p.163.
[2]雷毅,《深层生态学思想研究》,北京:清华大学出版社2001年,第58、62页。
[1]雷毅,《深层生态学思想研究》,北京:清华大学出版社2001年,第46、49页.
[2]Gary Snyder,Left Out in the Rain:New Poems 1947-1985,San Francisco:North Point Press,1986,p.124.
[1]释道原,《景德传灯录》,蓝吉富编《禅宗全书》,第2册,台北:文书文化有限公司1988年,第292页.
[2]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.66,
[1]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.71.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,pp.108-109.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.134.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.184.
[1]Fenellosa:美国学者,著有《中国日本艺术史》等。
[2]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,pp.19-20.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.184.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.66.
[2]迦摩(kama):印度神话中的爱神,亦表示欲望、情欲或肉欲。
[3]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.70.
[4]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.184.
[1]Joseph Carnbell,Bill Moyers,The Power of Myth,Ed.Betty Sue Flowers,New York:Doubleday,1988,p.72.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.76,184,185.
[3]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.185.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.17.
[1]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,pp.68,69.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.89,
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.29.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,pp.98-99.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.184.
[2]El-Sharif,Nabil Mahmoud,Ecological Themes in the Poetry of A.R.Ammons,Allen Ginsberg,and Gary Snyder,Michigan:UMI Research Press,1983,pp.135-139.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.184.
[4]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.57.
[1]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.72.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.26-28.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.20.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,pp.7-8.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,Son Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.184.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,pp.54-56.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.74-75.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.185.
[2]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,pp.65-66.
[1]Gary Snyder,Mountains and Rivers without End,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1996,p.10.
[2]阿尔贝特·施韦泽,《敬畏生命——五十年来的基本论述》,陈泽环译,上海社会科学院出版社,2003年,第19页。
[3]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.19.
[1]Gary Snyder,Riprap & Cold Mountain Poems,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.8.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.46.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,pp.67,17.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,pp.20-21.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.31.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Pros,1974,p.44.
[1]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.113.
[1]Gary Snyder,Furtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.53.
[2]Sherman Paul,In Search of the Primitive:Rereading David Antin,Jerome Rothenberg,and Gary Snyder,Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,1986,p.276.
[3]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.115.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Franisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.66,96.
[1]Gary Snyder,Left Out in the Rain:New Poems 1947-1985,San Francisco:North Point Press,1986,pp5-7.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.38.
[2]Gary Snyder,Passage Through India,San Francisco:Grey Fox Press,1992,pp.53-54.
[1]Bert Almon,"Buddhism and Energy in the Recent Poesy of Gary Snyder",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.81.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.3.
[2]布顿:Buston(1290-1364),西藏喇嘛教僧人。
[3]欧洲旧石器时代的最后期
[4]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.124-125.
[1]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.95.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.95.
[3]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,pp.12-13.
[1]钟玲,《美国诗人史耐德与亚洲文化——西方吸纳东方传统的范例》,台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司2003年,第200页。
[2]钟玲:《美国诗人史耐德与亚洲文化——西方吸纳东方传统的范例》,台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司2003年,第132页。
[3]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.105.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.35.
[2]Julia Martin,"True Communionism:Gary Snyder's Transvaluation of Some Christian Terminology",Journal for the Study of Religion 1.1(1988),p.69.
[3]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.123.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,pp.17-18.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,pp.26-27.
[2]Tom Lavazzi,"Pattern of Flux:The 'Torsion Form' in Gary Snyder's Poetry",American Poetry Review 18.4.(July-August 1989),p.43.
[3]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.123.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,pp.23-24.
[2]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.142.
[1]David Robbins,"Gary Snyder's 'Burning Island'",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder.Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.92.
[2]钟玲,《美国诗人史耐德与亚洲文化——西方吸纳东方传统的范例》.台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司2003年,第132页。
[3]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.98.
[4]David Robbins,"Gary Snyder's 'Burning Island'",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.104.
[5]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社 1998年,第214页。
[6]Gary Snyder,Mountains and Rivers without End,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1996,p.39.
[1]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds.Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.190.
[1]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.50.
[1]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.54.
[2]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.5.
[3]Martin,Julia,"Coyote-Mind:An Interview with Gary Snyder",TriQuarterly 79(1990),p.166.
[4]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.20.
[5]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.20.
[6]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.23.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.26.
[2]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.29.
[3]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.30.
[1]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,pp.49-50.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.74.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.39.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.100.
[1]Ekbert Faas,Towards A New American Poetics:Essays & Interviews,Santa Barbara:Black Sparrow Press,1979,pp.138,139.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,pp.16-17.
[2]钟玲,《美国诗人史耐德与亚洲文化——西方吸纳东方传统的范例》,台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司2003年,第89、87页。
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,pp.47-49.
[2]Hwa Yol Jung,Petee Jung,"Gary Snyder's Ecopoetry," Environmental History Review 14.3(1990),p.76.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.62.
[1]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,pp.112-113,45.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,p.125.
[3]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,pp.42,34.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,p.3,6-7.
[1]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,pp.148-162.
[2]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.30.
[3]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.159.
[4]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,pp.148-162.
[1]Gary Snyder,He Who Hunted Birds in His Father's Village:The Dimensions of a Haida Myth,Bolinas,Calif.:Grey Fox Press,1979.) p.ⅹ.
[2]大卫·格里芬编《后现代科学——科学魅力的再现》,马季方译,北京:中央编译出版社1995年,第165页。
[3]大卫·格里芬编《后现代科学——科学魅力的再现》,马季方译,北京:中央编译出版社 1995年,第165页。
[4]Gary Snyder,He Who Hunted Birds in His Father's Village:The Dimensions of a Haida Myth,Bolinas,Calif.:Grey Fox Press,1979,p.112.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.19.
[2]Lars Nordstrom,Theodore Roethke,William Stafford,and Gary Snyder:The Ecological Metaphor as Transformed Regionnalism,Doctoral Thesis at Uppsala University 1989,p.116.
[1]安德鲁·多布森,《绿色政治思想》,郇庆治译,济南:山东大学出版社 200S年,第128页。
[2]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979.Scott McLean ed.,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.24.
[1]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.222.
[2]雷毅,《深层生态学思想研究》,北京:清华大学出版社 2001年,第101页。
[3]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.225.
[4]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,pp.228,185.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.43.
[2]Gary Snyder,Left Out in the Rain:New Poems 1947-1985,San Francisco:North Point Press,1986,p.115.
[3]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.185.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.1.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.113.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.136.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.39.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.25,27,26.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.38.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.138.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.139.
[2]安德鲁·多布森,《绿色政治思想》,郇庆治译,济南:山东大学出版社,2005年,第129页。
[3]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.140-141.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,pp.78-81.
[1]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.118.
[2]Michael Castro,Interpreting the Indian:Twentieth-Century Poets and the American Indian,Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1984,pp.134-135.
[1]古鲁和斯瓦里:印度教的领袖或偶像。
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,pp.21-23.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.39.
[1]安德鲁·多布森,《绿色政治思想》,郇庆治译,济南:山东大学出版社2005年。第128页。
[2]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.33.
[3]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethic,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.184.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.40,29.
[2]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.51.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.23.
[2]安德鲁·多布森,《绿色政治思想》,郇庆治译,济南:山东大学出版社 2005年,第130页。
[1]Gary Snyder,No Nature:New and Selected Poems,New York:Pantheon Books Press,1992,pp.369-370.
[2]Sharon Ann Jaeger,Toward a Poetics of Embodiment:The Cognitive Rhetoric of Gary Snyder's The Practice of the Wild,Diss.University of Pennsylvania,1995,pp.110-112.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.145.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.154.
[1]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.250.
[1]雷毅,《深层生态学思想研究》,北京:清华大学出版社 2001年,第100页.
[2]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社 1998年,第13页。
[3]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.161.
[4]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.25.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.6.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.9.
[2]digging sticks,洒尖或尖棍,印第安人使用的一种原始掘土工具。
[3]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,pp.81-82.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.82.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.84.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.103.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.24.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.82.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,p.9.
[1]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.69.
[2]Jody Nortor,"The importance of Nothing:Absence and Its Origins in the Poetry of Gary Snyder",Contemporary Literature 28(1987),p.180.
[3]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,pp.69-70.
[4]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.23.
[1]Gary Snyder,No Nature:New and Selected Poems,New York:Pantheon Books Press,1992,pp.373-374.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.24,18,7.
[2]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.24.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.88.
[4]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.4.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.77.
[2]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D,C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,pp.235,73.
[1]Gary Snyder,Mountains and Rivers without End,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1996,p.152.
[2]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社 1998年。第78页。
[1]Gary Snyder,No Nature:New and Selected Poems,New York:Pantheon Books Press,1992,pp.364-365.
[2]塞尔日·莫斯科维奇,《还自然之魅》,庄晨燕,丘寅晨详,北京:三联书店2005年,第41页。
[3]塞尔日·莫斯科维奇,《还自然之魅》,庄晨燕,丘寅晨译,北京:三联书店2005年,第41页。
[4]Sharon Ann Jaeger,Toward a Poetics of Embodiment:The Cognitive Rhetoric of Gary Snyder's The Practice of the Wild.Diss.University of Pennsylvania,1995,pp.125-126.
[1]Gary Snyder,No Nature:New and Selected Poems,New York:Pantheon Books Press,1992,pp.366-367.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles.San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,pp.21-22.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.7.
[2]大卫·格里芬编《后现代科学——科学魅力的再现》,马季方译,北京:中央编译出版社 1995年,第61页。
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.56.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.5-6.
[2]Charles Molesworth,"Getting a Handle on It",American Book Review 6.5-6(1984),p.15.
[3]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.123.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,pp.8-9.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.86.
[1]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.119.
[1]斯科特·斯洛维克.《“思索!——我们生活中的光辉”:关注可持续诗歌》,夏光武译,华海编,《敞开绿色之门》,西安:太白出版社2008年,第1页。
[1]Thomas J.Lyon,"The Ecological Vision of Gary Snyder",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a Life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.37.
[2]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.2.
[3]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.20.
[4]Lars Nordstrom,Theodore Roethke,William Stafford,and Gary Snyder:The Ecological Metaphor as Transformed Regionalism,Doctoral Thesis at Uppsala University 1989,p.108.
[5]Gary Snyder,"Some Yips and Barks in the Dark",Stephen Berg and Robert Mezey ed.,Naked Poetry,Indianapolis:Bobbs-Merrill,1969,p.357.
[6]Thomas J.Lyon,"The Ecological Vision of Gary Snyder",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a Life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.39.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,Scott McLean ed.,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.73.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,Scott McLean ed.,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.157.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Gary Snyder Reader,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1999,pp.335-336.
[1]Gary Snyder.Myths & Texts[M].Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978.
[2]Gary Snyder.Riprap & Cold Mountain Poems[M].San Francisco:North Point Press,1990.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Back Country[M].New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968.
[4]Gary Snyder.Regarding Wave[M].New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970.
[5]Gary Snyder.Turtle Island[M].New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974.
[6]Gary Snyder.Axe Handles[M].San Francisco:North Point Press,1983.
[7]Gary Snyder.Left Out in the Rain:New Poems 1947-1985[M].San Francisco:North Point Press,1986.
[8]Gary Snyder.No Nature:New and Selected Poems[M].New York:Pantheon Books Press,1992.
[9]Gary Snyder.Six Sections from Mountains and Rivers without End Plus One[M].San Francisco:Four Seasons Foundation Press,1970.
[10]Gary Snyder.Mountains and Rivers without End[M].Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1996.
[11]Gary Snyder.Danger on Peaks[M].Washington,D.C.:Shoemaker Hoard Press,2004.
[12]Gary Snyder.The Old Ways[M].San Francisco:City Lights Bookstore Press,1977.
[13]Gary Snyder.Passage through India[M].San Francisco:Grey Fox Press,1992.
[14]Gary Snyder.Earth House Hold[M].New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969.
[15]Gary Snyder.The Practice of the Wild[M].San Francisco:North Point Press,1990.
[16]Gary Snyder.A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds[M].Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995.
[17]Gary Snyder.Back on the Fire[M].Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007.
[18]Gary Snyder.He Who Hunted Birds in His Father's Village:The Dimensions ofa Haida Myth [M].San Francisco:Grey Fox Press,1979.
[19]Gary Snyder.The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979[M].Scott McLean ed.,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980.
[20]Gary Snyder.The Gary Snyder Reader[M].Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1999.
[21]Gary Snyder."Some Yips and Barks in the Dark"[A].Stephen Berg and Robert Mezey ed.,Naked Poetry,Indianapolis:Bobbs-Merrill,1969.
[22]Gary Snyder."On Rinzai Masters and Western Students in Japan"[J].Wind Bell 8.1-2(Fall 1969).
[23]Gary Snyder."Dear Poets Commune"[J].Anthology of Underground Poetry #7(1970).
[24]Alan Williamson."Gary Snyder:An Appreciation"[J].The New Republic(1 November 1975).
[25]Alan Williamson."Language against Itself:The Middle Generation of Contemporary Poets"[A].Robert B.Shaw ed.,American Poetry Since 1960:Some Critical Perspectives,Cheshire,UK:Carcanet Press,1973.
[26]Aldo Leopold.A Sand County Almanac[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1949.
[27]Anthony Hunt."Bubbs Creek Haircut:Gary Snyder's 'Great Departure' in Mountains and Rivers without End"[J].Western American Literature,15(1980).
[28]Anthony Hunt."Singing the Dyads:The Chinese Landscape Scroll and Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers without End"[J].Journal of Modern Literature(Summer 1999),Vol.23,Iss.1.
[29]Anthony Hunt."'The Hump-backed Flute Player':The Structure of Emptiness in Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers Without End"[J].ISLE:Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 1.2(Fall 1993).
[30]Ayako Takahashi."The Shaping of Gary Snyder's Ecological Consciousness"[J].Comparative Literature Studies Volume 39,(Number 4,2002).
[31]Bert Almon.Gary Snyder[M].Western Writers Series 37,Boise,Idaho:Boise State University,1979.
[32]Bill Devall.George Sessions,Deep Ecology:Living as if Nature Mattered[M].Salt Lake City:.Peregrine Smith Books,1985.
[33]Bob Stending.Gary Snyder[M].Boston:Twayne,1976.
[34]Burr Snider."The Sage of the Sierra"[J].Image:San Francisco Examiner 17 Sept.(1989).
[35]Charles Altieri."Gary Snyder's Turtle Island:The Problem of Reconciling the Roles of Seer and Prophet"[J].Boundary 24(1976).
[36]Charles Altieri."Process as Plenitude:The Poetry of Gary Snyder and Robert Duncan"[J].Enlarging the Temple Lewisburg,Pa.:Bucknell University Press,1979.
[37]Charles Egan."Poetic Insights:An Interview with Gary Snyder"[J].Poets & Writers Magazine(May/June 1995).
[38]Charles Molesworth."Gary Snyder's Vision:Poetry and the Real Work"[M].Columbia:University of Missouri Press,1983.
[39]Charles Molesworth."Getting a Handle on It"[J].American Book Review 6.5-6(1984).
[40]Christopher Beach.ABC of Influence:Ezra Pound and the Remaking of the American Poetic Tradition[M].Berkeley:University of California Press,1992.
[41]Dan Mcleod."Gary Snyder"[J].Ann Charters ed.,The Dictionary of Literary Biography,vol.16,Detroit:Gale,1983.
[42]David A.Carpenter."Gary Snyder's Inhumanism,from Riprap to Axe Handles"[J].South Dakota Review 26(1988).
[43]David Kherdian.Six Poets of the San Francisco Renaissance:Portraits and Checklists[M].Fresno,Calif.:Giliga Press,1967.
[44]David Robertson."Gary Snyder Riprapping in Yosemite,1955"[J].American Poetry 2(1984).
[45]David Wyatt.The Fall into Eden:Landscape and Imagination in California[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1986.
[46]Dell Hymes."Review of Myths & Texts"[J].Journal of American Folklore 74(April-June 1961).
[47]Donald M.Allen.ed.,The New American Poetry[C].New York:Grove Press,1960.
[48]Dorothy M.Nielsen."Prosopopoeia and the Ethics of Ecological Advocacy in the Poetry of Denise Levertov and Gary Snyder"[J],Contemporary Literature,Vol.34,No.4(Winter,1993).
[49]Edward Halsey Foster.Understanding the Beats[M].Columbia:University of South Carolina Press,1992.
[50]Ekbert Faas.Toward a New American Poetics:Essays & Interviews[M].Santa Barbara,Calif.:Black Sparrow Press,1979.
[51]EI-Sharif.Nabil Mahmoud.Ecological Themes in the Poetry of A.R.Ammons,Allen Ginsberg,and Gary Snyder[M].Michigan:UMI Research Press,1983.
[52]Eric Paul Shaffer."Inhabitation in the Poetry of Robinson Jeffers,Gary Snyder,and Lew Welch"[J].Robinson Jeffers Newsletter 78(October 1990).
[53]Herbert V.Fackler."Three English Version of Han Shan's Cold Mountain Poems"[J].Literature East & West.15.2(1971).
[54]Hugh Kenner."The Making of the Modernist Canon"[J].Chicago Review,Vol.34,No.2(1984).
[55]Hwa Yol Jung.Petee Jung."Gary Snyder's Ecopoetry"[J].Environmental History Review 14.3(1990).
[56]James W Krauss.Gary Snyder's Biopoetics:A Study of the Poet as Ecologist[D].Hawaii:University of Hawaii,1986.
[57]James Wright."The Work of Gary Snyder"[J].Sixties 6(Spring 1962).
[58]Jody Nortor."The importance of Nothing:Absence and Its Origins in the Poetry of Gary Snyder"[J].Contemporary Literature 28(1987).
[59]John Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a Life[C].San Francisco:Sierra Club Books,1991.
[60]John Knott."Gary Snyder:Greening Again"[J].Michigan Quarterly Review,(Winter 2006),Vol.45,Iss.1.
[61]John P.O'Crrady."Living Landscape:An Interview with Gary Snyder"[J].Western American Literature,33.3(Fall,1998).
[62]Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a Life[C].San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991.
[63]Joseph Cambell.Bill Moyers.The Power of Myth,Ed.Betty Sue Flowers[M].New York:Doubleday,1988.
[64]Julia Martin."Coyote-Mind:An Interview with Gary Snydct"[J].TriQuarterly 79(1990).
[65]Julia Martin."The Pattern which Connects:Metaphor in Gary Snyder's Later Poetry"[J].Western American Literature 22(1987).
[66]Julia Martin."Practising Emptiness:Gary Snyder's Playful Ecological Work"[J].Western American Literature 27.1(1992).
[67]Julia Martin."The Snake Person Takes on the Cock-Sure Boys:Buddhism/Postmodernism/South African Eco-politics"[A].Theo D'haen and Hans Bertens ed.,Liminal Postmodernism:The Postmodern,the(Post-)Colonian,and the(Post-)Feminist,Amsterdam:Rodopi,1994.
[68]Julia Martin."True Communionism:Gary Snyder's Transvaluation of Some Christian Terminology"[J].Journal for the Study of Religion(South Africa) 1.1(1988).
[69]Katsunori Yamazato."A Note on Japanese Allusions in Gary Snyder's Poetry"[J].Western American Literature 18(1983).
[70]Katsunori Yamazato.Seeking a Fulcrum:Gary Snyder and Japan(1956-1975)[D].Diss.University of California at Davis,1987.
[71]Kenneth Rexroth."A Hope for Poetry"[J].Holiday 39(March 1966).
[72]Kenneth White.The Tribal Dharma:An Essay on the Work of Gary Snyder[M].Llanfynydd,U.K.:Unicorn Bookshop,1975.
[73]Lars Nordstrom.Theodore Roethke,William Stafford,and Gary Snyder:The Ecological Metaphor as Transformed Regionnalism[D].Doctoral Thesis at Uppsala University,1989.
[74]L.Edwin Folsome."Gary Snyder's Descent to Turtle Island:Searching for Fossil Love"[J].Western American Literature 15(1980).
[75]Lee Bartlett."Gary Snyder's Myths & Texts and the Monomyth"[J].Western American Literature 17(1982).
[76]Leo Hamalian."Beyond the Paleface:D.H.Lawrence and Gary Snyder"[J].Talisman #7(Fall 1991).
[77]Ling Chung.Whose Mountain Is This? Gary Snyder's Translation of Han Shan[J].Renditions 7(Spring 1977).
[78]Mary Evelyn Tucker and John Grim."Series Foreword"[A].Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Ryukcn Williams ed.,Buddhism and Ecology:The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1997.
[79]Michael Castro.Interpreting the Indian:Twentieth-Century Poets and the American Indian [M].Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1984.
[80]Micheal Davidson.The San Francisco Renaissance:Poetics and Community at Mid-Century [M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1991.
[81]Michael Helm."A Conversation with Gary Snyder"[J].California Living Magazine,Sunday San Francisco Examiner & Chronicle,20 November 1983.
[82]Nathan Mao."The Influence of Zen Buddhism on Gary Snyder"[J].Tamkang Review 5(1974).
[83]Nicholas O'Connell.At the Field's End[M].Seattle:Madrona Publishers,1987.
[84]Nick Selby." 'Coming back to oneself/coming back to the land':Gary Snyder's Poetics"[A].Tallmadge,Harrington ed.,Reading under the Sign of Nature:New Essays in Ecocriticism,Salt Lake city:The University of Utah Press,2000.
[85]Nick Selby." 'Created Space':Mapping America as Poem in Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers Without End and Susan Howe's Secret History of the Dividing Line"[J].Journal of American Studies,(Apr 2005),Vol.39,Iss.1.
[86]Patrick D.Murphy.A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder[M].Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000.
[87]Patrick Murphy."Beyond Humanism:Mythic Fantasy and Inhumanist Philosophy in the Long Poems of Robinson Jeffers and Gary Snyder"[J].American Studies,(Spring 1989),Vol.30,Iss.1.
[88]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder[C].Boston:G.K.Hall,1990.
[89]Patrick D.Murphy."Mythic and Fantastic:Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers without End"[J].Extrapolation 26(1985).
[90]Patrick D.Murphy."Penance or Perception:Spirituality and Land in the Poetry of Gary Snyder and Wendell Berry"[J].Sagetrieb 5.2(1986).
[91]Patrick D.Murphy."Sex-Typing the Planet:Gaia Imagery and the Problem of Subverting Patriarchy"[J].Environmental Ethics 10(1988).
[92]Patrick D.Murphy."Two Different Paths in the Quest for Place:Gary Snyder and Wendell Berry"[J].American Poetry,2(1984).
[93]Patrick D.Murphy.Understanding Gary Snyder[M].Columbia:University of South Carolina Press[M].1992.
[94]Robert Kern."Clearing the Ground:Gary Snyder and the Modernist Imperative"[J].Criticism 19(Spring 1977).
[95]Rudolph L.Nelson." 'Riprap on the Slick Rock of Metaphysics':Religious Dimensions in the Poetry of Gary Snyder"[J].Soundings 57(1974).
[96]Sharon Ann Jaeger.Toward a Poetics of Embodiment:The Cognitive Rhetoric of Gary Snyder's The Practice of the Wild[D].Diss.University of Pennsylvania,1995.
[97]Sherman Paul.In Search of the Primitive:Rereading David Antin,Jerome Rothenberg,and Gary Snyder[M].Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,1986.
[98]Shu-chun Huang."A Hua-yen Buddhist Perspective of Gary Snyder"[J].Tamkang Review,Vol.22,No.2(1989).
[99]Theodore Roszak."Technocracy:Despotism of Beneficent Expertise"[J].Nation 209(1 September 1969).
[100]Thorn Gunn."Interpenetrating Things"[J].Agenda 4(Summer 1966).
[101]Tim Dean.Gary Snyder and the American Unconscious:Inhabiting the Ground[M].New York:St.Martin's,199l.
[102]Tim Dean."The Other's Voice:Cultural Imperialism and Poetic Impersonality in Gary Snyder's 'Mountains and Rivers without End'"[J].Contemporary Literature,Vol.41,No.3(Autumn,2000).
[103]Timothy Gray.New Lyric Worlds:Gary Snyder's Pacific Rim Communitas,1930-1970[D].Diss.University of California at Santa Barbara,1998.
[104]Tom Henighan."Shamans,Tribes,and the Sorcerer's Apprentices:Notes on the Discovery of the Primitive in Modern Poetry"[J].Dalhousie Review 59(1979-80).
[105]Tom Lavazzi."Pattern of Flux:The 'Torsion Form' in Gary Snyder's Poetry"[J].American Poetry Review 18.4.(July-August 1989).
[106]William Everson."Archetype West"[A].John Gordon Burke ed.,Regional perspectives:An Examination of America's Literary Heritage,Chicago:American Library Association,1973.
[107]William J Jungels.The Use of Native-American Mythologies in the Poetry of Gary Snyder [M].Buffalo:SUNY,1973.
[108]Woody Rehanek."The Shaman Songs of Gary Snyder"[J].Okanogan Natural News No.19(Summer 1984).
[109]Yao-fu Lin." 'The Mountains Are Your Mind':Orientalism in the Poetry of Gary Snyder"[J].Tamkang Review 6-7(1975-1976).
[110]Yong-ki Kang."The Politics of Deconstruction in Snyder's 'Ripples on the Surface'"[J].Studies in the Humanities26.1-2(1999).
[111]Yunzhong Shu."Gary Snyder and Taoism"[J].Tamkang Review 17(1987).
[112]阿尔贝特·施韦泽.敬畏生命——五十年来的基本论述[M].陈泽环译.上海社会科学院出版社,2003.
[113]安德鲁·多布森.绿色政治思想[M].郇庆治译.济南:山东大学出版社,2005.
[114]陈明仙.逃避中的追求——访美国“垮掉派”诗人斯奈德[J].世界博览,1985,(5).
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[117]陈小红.加里·斯奈德的本土意识[J].天津外国语学院学报,2007,(6).
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[1]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.215.
[1]Aldo Leopold,A Sand County Almanac,New York:Oxford University Press,1949,pp.224-225.
[1]王诺,《生态与心态》,南京:南京大学出版社2007年,第7页。
[1]雷毅,《深层生态学思想研究》,北京:清华大学出版社,2001年,第101页。
[1]Nicholas O'Connell,At the Field's End,Seattle:Madrona Publishers,1987,p.308.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.1.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.118,15-16.
[4]钟玲,《美国诗人史耐德与亚洲文化——西方吸纳东方传统的范例》,台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司,2003年,第12页。
[5]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.116-117.
[6]Carol Baker,"1414 SE Lambert Street",Jon Halper ed,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.24.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,Scott McLean ed.,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.93.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.117.
[3]David Kherdian,Six Poets of the San Francisco Renaissance:Portraits and Checklists,Fresno,Calif:Giliga Press,1967,p.47.
[4]Nicholas O'Connell,At the Field's End,Seattle:Madrona Publishers,1987,p.309.
[1]Julia Martin,"Coyote-Mind:An Interview with Gary Snyder",TriQuarterly 79(1990),p.148.
[2]Jerry Crandall,"Mountaineers Are Always Free",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.5.
[3]Nicholas O'Connell,At the Field's End,Seattle:Madrona Publishers,1987,p.312.
[1]Jerry Crandall,"Mountaineers Are Always Free",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.6
[2]David H.French,"Gary Snyder and Reed College",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.21.
[3]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.4.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,Scott McLean ed.,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.64.
[2]钟玲,《美国诗人史耐德与亚洲文化——西方吸纳东方传统的范例》,台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司,2003年,第24页。
[1]David H.French,"Gary Snyder and Reed College",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.17
[2]John P O'Grady,"Living Landscape:An Interview with Gary Snyder",Western American Literature,33.3(Fall,1998),p.280.
[3]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.5.
[4]Dell Hymes,"A Coyote Who Can Sing",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,pp.392-404.
[5]David Kherdian,Six Poets of the San Francisco Renaissance:Portraits and Checklists,Fresno,Calif.:Giliga Press,1967,p.49.
[1]Gary Snyder,Mountains and Rivers without End,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1996,p.34.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,Scott McLean ed.,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,pp.95,94.
[3]John P.O'Grady,"Living Landscape:An Interview with Gary Snyder",Western American Literature 33.3(Fall 1998),pp.280-283.
[4]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.6.
[1]Michael J.Mahar,"Scenes from the sidelines",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.14.
[2]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.9.
[3]Jeremy Anderson,"My First Encounter with a Real Poet",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.30
[4]Jim Snyder,"Riprap and The Old Ways:Gary Snyder in Yosemite,1955",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.42.
[1]http://firedragoon.googlepages.com/2 2007-9-9
[2]http://www.wikilib.com/wiki/%E7%9B%96%E7%91%9E%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E8%80%90%E5%BE%B7 2007-9-9
[1]See Chapter One,"Hipsters,Beats,and the True Frontier",in Edward Halsey Foster,Understanding The Beats,Columbia:University of South Carolina Press,1992;and Chapter Two,"The Darkness Surrounds Us:Participation and Reflection Among the Beat Writer",in Micheal Davidson,The San Francisco Renaissance:Poetics and Community at Mid-Century,New York:Cambridge University Press,1991.
[2]彭予,《二十世纪美国诗歌——从庞德到罗伯特·布莱》,开封:河南大学出版社,1995年,第347页。
[3]彭予,《二十世纪美国诗歌——从庞德到罗伯特·布莱》,开封:河南大学出版社,1995年,第357页。
[1]Michael.J Mahar,"Scenes from the Sidelines",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,pp.8-15.
[2]Gary Snyder,"On Rinzai Masters and Western Students in Japan",Wind Bell 8.1-2(Fall 1969),p.24.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,Jon Halper dd.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.178.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.148-149.
[3]Michael.J Mahar,"Scenes from the Sidelines",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.15.
[4]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:Noah Point Press,1990,pp.53-54.
[1]Philip Yampoisky,"Kyoto,Zen,Snyder",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.67.
[2]Hisao Kanaseki,"An Easy Rider at Yase",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.74.
[1]Katsunori Yamazato,"Snyder,Sakaki,and The Tribe",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,pp.96-98.
[2]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.122.
[3]Katsunori Yamazato,"Snyder,Sakaki,and The Tribe",Jon Haiper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.102.
[4]Hisao Kanaseki,"An Easy Rider at Yase",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.75.
[5]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.143.
[1]Dan Mcleod,"Gary Snyder",Ann Charters cd.,The Dictionary of Literary Biography,vol.16,Detroit:Gale,1983,pp.486-500.
[2]Gary Snyder,"Dear Poets Commune",Anthology of Underground Poetry #7(1970),n.p.
[3]Katsunori Yamazato,Seeking a Fulcrum:Gary Snyder and Japan(1956-1975),Diss.University of California at Davis,1987,p.51.
[1]Nicholas O'Connell,At the Fields End,Seattle:Madrona Publishers,1987,p.318.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.11.
[3]Michael Helm,"A Conversation with Gary Snyder",California Living Magazine,Sunday San Francisco Examiner & Chronicle,20 November 1983,p.17.
[1]Burr Snider,"The Sage of the Sierra",Image:San Francisco Examiner 17 Sept.1989,p.16.
[1]Charles Egan,"Poetic Insights:An Interview with Gary Snyder",Poets & Writers Magazine(May/June 1995),p.75.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G K.Hall,1990,p.1
[3]David Robertson,"Gary Snyder Riprapping in Yosemite,1955",American Poetry 2(1984),pp.52-58.
[1]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.1.
[2]Thomas Parkinson,"The Poetry of Gary Snyder",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.22.
[3]Theodore Roszak,"Technocracy:Despotism of Beneficent Expertise",Nation 209(1 September 1969),p.182.
[4]William Everson,"Archetype West",John Gordon Burke ed.,Regional perspectives:An Examination of America's Literary Heritage,Chicago:American Library Association,1973,p.295.
[5]Charles Altieri,"Gary Snyder's Turtle Island:The Problem of Reconciling the Roles of Seer and Prophet",Boundary 24(1976),p.770.
[6]Charles Molesworth,Gary Snyder's Vision:Poetry and the Real Work,Columbia:University of Missouri Press,1983,pp.120-127.
[1]Dell Hymes,"Review of Myths & Texts",Journal of American Folklore 74(April-June 1961),p.184.
[2]James Wright,"The Work of Gary Snyder",Sixties 6(Spring 1962),p.25.
[3]Thom Gunn,"Interpenetrating Things",Agenda 4(Summer 1966),pp.39-44.
[4]Kenneth Rexroth,"A Hope for Poetry",Holiday 39(March 1966),pp.149,151.
[5]Thomas Parkinson,"The Poetry of Gary Snyder",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.22.
[6]Thomas J.Lyon,"The Ecological Vision of Gary Snyder",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.36.
[1]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.6.
[2]Thomas J.Lyon,"The Ecological Vision of Gary Snyder",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.43.
[3]Charles Altieri,"Gary Snyder's Lyric Poetry:Dialectic as Ecology",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.48.
[4]Sherman Paul,"From Lookout to Ashram:The Way of Gray Snydr",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.55.
[1]Lee Bartlett," Gary Snyder's Myths & Texts and the Monomyth",Western American Literature 17(1982),p.138.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,pp.210-229.
[1]Charles Altieri,"Gary Snyder's Turtle Island:The Problem of Reconciling the Roles of Seer and Prophet",Boundary 24(1976),pp.761-77.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.9.
[3]Charles Altieri,"Gary Snyder's Turtle Island:The Problem of Reconciling the Roles of Seer and Prophet",Boundary 24(1976),p.777.
[4]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G K.Hall,1990,p.9.
[5]Bert Almon,"Buddhism and Energy in the Recent Poetry of Gary Snyder",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.82.
[6]Tim Dean,"The Other's Voice:Cultural Imperialism and Poetic Impersonality in Gary Snyder's 'Mountains and Rivers without End' ",Contemporary Literature,Vol.41,No.3(Autumn,2000),p.462.
[1]Anthony Hunt,"'Bubbs Creek Haircut':Gary Snyder's 'Great Departure' in Mountains and Rivers Without End",Western American Literature,15(1980),pp.167-69.
[2]Anthony Hunt,"'The Hump-backed Flute Player':The Structure of Emptiness in Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers Without End",ISLE:Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 1.2(Fall 1993),pp.1-23.
[3]Anthony Hunt,"Singing the Dyads:The Chinese landscape scroll and Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers Without End",Journal of Modern Literature(Summer 1999),Vol.23,Iss.1,p.7-35.
[4]Patrick D.Murphy,"Mythic and Fantastic:Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers without End",Extrapolation 26(1985),pp.290-99.
[5]Tim Dean,"The Other's Voice:Cultural Imperialism and Poetic Impersonality in Gary Snyder's "Mountains and Rivers without End",Contemporary Literature,Vol.41,No.3(Autumn,2000),p.462-463.
[6]Nick Selby,"'Created Space':Mapping America as Poem in Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers Without End and Susan Howe's Secret History of the Dividing Line",Journal of American Studies,(Apr 2005),Vol.39,Iss.1,pp.41-65.
[1]Nick Selby," 'Coming back to oneself/ coming back to the land':Gary Snyder's Poetics",Tallmadge,Harrington ed.,Reading under the Sign of Nature:New Essays in Ecocriticism,Salt Lake city:The University of Utah Press,2000,p.179.
[2]David Robbins," Gary Snyder's 'Burning Island'",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G K.Hall,1990,pp.89-105.
[3]Woody Rehanek,"The Shaman Songs of Gary Snyder",Okanogan Natural News No.19(Summer 1984),pp.2-13.
[4]Jack Hicks,"Poetic Composting in Gary Snyder's Left Out in the Rain",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G K.Hall,1990,pp.247-257;John Knott,"Gary Snyder:Greening Again",Michigan Quarterly Review,(Winter 2006),Vol.45,Iss.1,pp.233-239.
[5]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.8.
[1]Tom Henighan,"Shamans,Tribes,and the Sorcerer's Apprentices:Notes on the Discovery of the Primitive in Modern Poetry",Dalhousie Review 59(1979-80),pp.612-15.
[2]Michael Castro,Interpreting the Indian:Twentieth-Century Poets and the American Indian,Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1984.Chapter 6,7.
[3]L.Edwin Folsome,"Gary Snyder's Descent to Turtle Island:Searching for Fossil Love",Western American Literature 15(1980),pp.103-21.
[4]Waltraud Mitgutsch,"Gary Snyder's Poetry:A Fusion of East and West",Essays in Honour of Erwin Sturzl on His Sixth Birthday Salzburg:Inst.Fur.Eng.Sprache & Lit.,U Salzburg,1980,pp.428-29,432.
[5]Julia Martin,"True Communionism:Gary Snyder's Transvaluation of Some Christian Terminology",Journal for the Study of Religion(South Africa) 1.1(1988),pp.63-75.
[6]Julia Martin,"Practising Emptiness:Gary Snyder's Playful Ecological Work," Western American Literature 27.1(1992),pp.3-19.
[7]Julia Martin,"The Snake Person Takes on the Cock-Sure Boys:Buddhism/Postmodernism/South African Eco-politics",Theo D'haen and Hans Bertens ed.,Liminal Postmodernism:The Postmodern,the (Post-)Colonian,and the(Post-)Feminist,Amsterdam:Rodopi,1994,pp.331-57.
[1]Rudolph L.Nelson," 'Riprap on the Slick Rock of Metaphysics':Religious Dimensions in the Poetry of Gary Snyder",Soundings 57(1974),p.210.
[2]Hwa Yol Jung,and Petee Jung,"Gary Snyder's Ecopiety",Environmental History Review 14.3(1990),pp.75-87.
[3]Ayako Takahashi,"The Shaping of Gary Snyder's Ecological Consciousness",Comparative Literature Studies Volume 39,(Number 4,2002),pp.314-325.
[4]Katsunori Yamazato,"A Note on Japanese Allusions in Gary Snyder's Poetry." Western American Literature 18(1983),pp.146-48.
[5]Alan Williamson,"Language against Itself:The Middle Generation of Contemporary Poets",Robert B.Shaw ed.,American Poetry Since 1960:Some Critical Perspectives,Cheshire,UK:Carcanet Press,1973,pp.55,61-62.
[1]Alan Williamson,"Gary Snyder:An Appreciation",The New Republic(1 November 1975),pp.28-30.
[2]Ekbert Faas,Toward a New American Poetics:Essays & Interviews,Santa Barbara,Calif.:Black Sparrow Press,1979,pp.91-142.
[3]Charles Altieri,"Process as Plenitude:The Poetry of Gary Snyder and Robert Duncan",Enlarging the Temple Lewisburg,Pa.:Buckneli University Press,1979,p.128.
[4]Dorothy M.Nielsen,"Prosopopoeia and the Ethics of Ecological Advocacy in the Poetry of Denise Levertov and Gary Snyder",Contemporary Literature,Vol.34,No.4(Winter,1993),pp.691-92,691.
[5]Robort Kern,"Clearing the Ground:Gary snyder and the Modernist Imperative",Criticism 19(Spring 1977),p.158.
[6]Christopher Beach,ABC of Influence:Ezra Pound and the Remaking of the American Poetic Tradition,Berkeley:University of California Press,1992.
[1]Leo Hamalian,"Beyond the Paleface:D.H.Lawrence and Gary Snyder",Talisman #7(Fall 1991),pp.50-55.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,"Two Different Paths in the Quest for Place:Gary Snyder and Wendell Berry",American Poetry,2(1984),p.60.
[3]Patrick D.Murphy,"Penance or Perception:Spirituality and Land in the Poetry of Gary Snyder and Wendell Berry",Sagetrieb 5.2(1986),pp.61-72.
[4]Patrick D.Murphy,"Sex-Typing the Planet:Gaia Imagery and the Problem of Subverting Patriarchy",Environmental Ethics 10(1988),pp.155-68.
[5]Patrick Murphy,"Beyond Humanism:Mythic Fantasy and Inhumanist Philosophy in the Long Poems of Robinson Jeffers and Gary Snyder",American Studies,(Spring 1989),Vol.30,Iss.1,p.53.
[6]David Wyatt,The Fall into Eden:Landscape and Imagination in California,New York:Cambridge University Press,1986.
[7]Erie Paul Shaffer,"Inhabitation in the Poetry of Robinson Jeffers,Gary snyder,and Lew Welch",Robinson Jeffers Newsletter 78(October 1990),pp.28-40.
[1]Bob Steuding,Gary Snyder,Boston:Twayne,1976.
[2]Charles Molesworth,Gary Snyder's Vision:Poetry and the Real Work,Columbia:University of Missouri Press,1983.
[3]Patrick D.Murphy,Understanding Gary Snyder,Columbia:University of South Carolina Press,1992.
[4]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000.
[5]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G K.Hall,1990.
[1]John Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a Life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books,1991.
[2]Bert Almon,Gary Snyder,Western Writers Series 37,Boise,Idaho:Boise State University,1979.
[3]James W Krauss,Gary Snyder's Biopoetics:A Study of the Poet as Ecologist,Hawaii:University of Hawaii,1986.
[4]Kenneth White,The Tribal Dharma:An Essay on the Work of Gary Snyder,Lianfynydd,U.K.:Unicorn Bookshop,1975.
[5]Lars Nordstrom,Theodore Roethke,William Stafford,and Gary Snyder:The Ecological Metaphor as Transformed Regionnalism,Doctoral Thesis at Uppsala University,1989.
[6]Tim Dean,Gary Snyder and the American Unconscious:Inhabiting the Ground,New York:St.Martin's,1991.
[1]David A.Carpenter,"Gary Snyder's Inhumanism,from Riprap to Axe Handles",South Dakota Review 26(1988),pp.110-38.
[2]Julia Martin,"The Pattern Which Connects:Metaphor in Gary Snyder's Later Poetry',Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,pp.188-210.
[1]彭予,《斯奈德:一位没有‘垮掉'的垮掉派诗人》,《商丘师范学院学报》1990年第3期,第88-93页。
[2]区鉷,《加里·斯奈德面面观》,《外国文学评论》1994年第1期,第32-36页。
[3]万海松编,《诗歌的艺术——加里斯奈德访谈录》,《外国文学动态》2002年第5期。
[4]陈明仙,《逃避中的追求——访美国‘垮掉派'诗人斯奈德》,《世界博览》1985年第5期,第26-29页。
[5]西川,《“当代美国文学”研讨会综述》,《外国文学研究》2007年第2期。
[6]Nathan Mao,"The Influence of Zen Buddhism on Gary Snyder",Tamkang Review 5(1974),pp.125-33.
[7]Yan-fu Lin,"'The Mountains Are Your Mind':Orientalism in the Poetry of Gary Snyder",Tamkang Review 6-7(1975-1976),pp.357-91.
[8]Yunzhong Shu,"Gary Snyder and Taoism",Tamkang Review 17(1987).
[9]Ling Chung,"Whose Mountain Is This? Gary Snyder's Translation of Han Shan",Renditions 7(Spring 1977),pp.93-102.
[1]钟玲,《美国诗人史耐德与亚洲文化——西方吸纳东方传统的范例》,台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司2003年,第51页。
[2]钟玲,《史耐德与中国文化》,北京:首都师范大学出版社 2007年,第17页。
[1]陈小红,《寻归荒野的诗人加里·斯奈德》,《当代外国文学》2004年第4期,第98-168页。
[2]陈小红,《加里·斯奈德的生态文明观》,《求索》2006年第7期,第149-151页。
[3]陈小红,《加里·斯奈德的本土意识》,《天津外国语学院学报》2007年第6期,第7-12页。
[4]耿纪永,《翻译与生态思想——重读斯奈德译寒山诗》,《同济大学学报》2007年第1期,第94页。
[5]李显文,《加里·斯奈德生态整体论思想探析》,《涪陵师范学院学报》2007年第3期,第132-136页。
[6]李显文,《评加里·斯奈德的生态联系观》,《四川文理学院学报》2008年第1期,第45-47页。
[1]李显文,《从时代语境看加里·斯奈德生态思想的形成》,《重庆文理学院学报》2008年第2期,第57-60页。
[2]钟玲,《美国诗人盖瑞·史耐德的美亚洲巫祝观》,杨乃乔,伍晓明编:《比较文学与世界文学:乐黛云教授七十五华诞特辑》,北京大学出版社2005年,第282-299页。
[1]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.16.
[1]Donald M.Allen,ed.,The New American Poetry,New York:Grove Press,1960,p.421.
[1]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.178.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.3.
[1]《圣经·以赛亚书》第14章第12节,中国基督教会1998年译本。
[2]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.212.
[1]尼采,《悲剧的诞生》,周国平译,北京:三联书店1986年,第6页。
[2]William J Jungels,The Use of Native-American Mythologies in the Poetry of Gary Snyder,Buffalo:SUNY,1973,p.17.
[1]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社1998年,第81页。
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.15.
[2]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社1998年,第6页。
[1]莫尔特曼,《创造中的上帝——生态的创造论》,隗仁莲、苏闲贵、宋炳延译,北京:三联书店2002年,第7页。
[2]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.16.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.12.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,pp.3-4.
[1]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.25.
[2]Timothy Gray,New Lyric Worlds:Gary Snyder's Pacific Rim Communitas,1930-1970,Diss.University of California at Santa Barbara,1998,p.81.
[1]Mary Evelyn Tucker and John Grim,"Series Foreword",Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Ryuken Williams ed.,Buddhism and Ecology:The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1997,p.ⅹⅹⅴ.
[2]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社1998年,第63页。
[1]塞尔日·莫斯科维奇,《还自然之魅》,庄晨燕丘寅晨译,北京:三联书店2005年,第48页。
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.18.
[1]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社1998年,第216页。
[2]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.7.
[1]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社1998年.第13页。
[2]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社1998年,第217、218页。
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.31.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.110.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.55.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.90.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.67.
[1]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社1998年,第68页。
[2]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社1998年,第19、165页
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,pp.52-53.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.61.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.102.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.47.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,p.4.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,p.8.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,pp.91-92.
[2]塞尔日·莫斯科维奇,《还自然之魅》,庄晨燕、丘寅晨译,北京:三联书店2005年,第11页。
[1]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,p.43.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.35.
[1]Gary Snyder,Left Out in the Rain:New Poems 1947-1985,San Francisco:North Point Press,1986,p.63.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.9.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,p.9.
[1]Thomas J.Lyon,"The Ecological Vision of Gary Snyder",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a Life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.42.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.65.
[1]Gary Snyder,Left Out in the Rain:New Poems 1947-1985,San Francisco:North Point Press,1986,p,14.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.10.
[2]Timothy Gray,New Lyric Worlds:Gary Snyder's Pacific Rim Communitas,1930-1970,Diss.University of California at Santa Barbara,1998,p.82.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.10.
[1]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.83.
[2]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.9.
[3]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.83.
[4]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.86.
[5]奇奇地斯:kitkitdizze,印第安语,指的是加州内华达山脉西向的山坡上生长的一种矮树丛。
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.19.
[1]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.87.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,pp.108-109.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.50.
[2]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.8.
[3]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.3.
[4]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.92.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.16.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,pp.48-49.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,pp.4-5.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,pp.3-7.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.26.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.54.
[1]Teilhard de Chardin(1811-1955),法国耶稣会教士、古生物学者及哲学家:把科学和基督教教义结合起来,并提出人类在思想上及社会生活上都在进化,终将达成精神的统一。
[2]德鲁伊教徒:高卢、不列颠和爱尔兰之古塞尔特人的宗教团体,成立于公元前3世纪。教义是灵魂不死,人死则灵魂转投生。
[3]苏菲派:伊斯兰教的神秘主义派别,产生于7世纪末,注重内心苦修和宗教仪式。
[4]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.43.
[1]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.118.
[2]Thomas J.Lyon,"The Ecological Vision of Gary Snyder",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of aLife,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.41.
[3]Bert Almon:Gary Snyder,Western Writers Series 37,Boise:Boise State University,1979,p.7.
[4]Gary Snyder,He Who Hunted Birds in His Father's Village:The Dimensions of a Haida Myth,San Francisco:Grey Fox Press,1979,p.ⅹⅰ.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.3.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,pp.16-17.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,pp.126-127.
[2]钟玲,《美国诗人史耐德与亚洲文化——西方吸纳东方传统的范例》,台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司2003年,第157页。
[3]Michael Castro,"Gary Snyder:The Lessons of Turtle Island",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hail,1990,p.141.
[1]Michael Castro,"Gary Snyder:The Lessons of Turtle Island",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.142.
[2]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995.p.54.
[1]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.28.
[2]钟玲,《史耐德与中国文化》,北京:首都师范大学出版社2007年,第54页。
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.66.
[2]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.12.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.127.
[4]钟玲,《美国诗与中国梦:美国现代诗里的中国文化模式》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社2003年,第84页。
[1]Gary Snyder,Left Out in the Rain:New Poems 1947-1985,San Francisco:North Point Press,1986,p.150.
[2]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.73.
[1]Gary Snyder,Left Out in the Rain:New Poems 1947-1985,San Francisco:North Point Press,1986,p.195.
[2]Herbert V.Fackler,"Throe English Version of Han Shah's Cold Mountain Poems",Literature East & West.15.2(1971),p.277.
[3]钟玲,《美国诗与中国梦:美国现代诗里的中国文化模式》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社2003年,第12-13页.
[4]Hugh Kenner,"The Making of the Modernist Canon",Chicago Review,Vol.34,No.2(1984),p.60.
[1]Gary Snyder,Riprap & Cold Mountain Poems,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.43
[1]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,p.35.
[2]Katsunori Yamazato,Seeking A Fulcrum:Gary Snyder and Japan(1956-1975),Dissertation,Davis:University of California,1987,p.76.
[3]澳大利亚艾尔斯巨石(Ayers Rock),又名乌卢鲁巨石(Uluru Rock),位于澳大利亚中北部的艾丽斯斯普林斯(Alice Springs)西南方向约340公里处,是世界最大的整体岩石,俗称“人类地球上的肚脐”,为世界七大奇景之一。
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handle,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,pp.95-98.
[1]Woody Rehanek,"The Shaman Songs of Gary Snyder",North Dakota Quarterly 55.4(1987),pp.163-164.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.134.
[1]Karhu:芬兰语熊;Bjorn:挪威语熊;Braun:德语熊。
[2]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,pp.4-5.
[1]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社1998年,第214页。
[1]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.68.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,pp.49-51,55-56.
[2]Julia Martin,"The Pattern which Connects:Metaphor in Gary Snyder's Later Poetry",Western American Literature 22(1987),p.203.
[3]Shu-chun Huang,"A Hua-yen Buddhist Perspective of Gary Snyder",Tamkang Review,Vol.22,No.2(1989),pp.200,197-198.
[4]雷毅,《深层生态学思想研究》,北京:清华大学出版社2001年,第79页。
[1]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.67.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.131.
[1]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.16.
[2]Gary Snyder,Riprap & Cold Mountain Poems,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.32.
[1]Bill Devall,George Sessions,Deep Ecology:Living as if Nature Mattered,Salt Lake City:Peregrine Smith Bokks,1985,p.67.
[2]Katsunori Yamazato,Seeking a Fulcrum:Gary Snyder and Japan(1956-1975),Dissertation,Davis:University of California,1967,p.89.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,p.50.
[2]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.76
[3]钟玲,《史耐德与中国文化》,北京:首都师范大学出版社2007年,第115页。
[1]钟玲,《史耐德与中国文化》,北京:首都师范大学出版社2007年,第115页。
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,pp.18-19.
[2]Katsunori Yamazato,"A Note on Japanese Allusions in Gary Snyder's Poetry",Western American Literature 18(1983),pp.146-48.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.39.
[1]Katsunori Yamazato,"How to be in Grisis:Gary Snyder's Cross-Cultural Vision in Turtle Island",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.239.
[2]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.34.
[3]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.112.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.73.
[2]钟玲,《史耐德与中国文化》,北京:首都师范大学出版社2007年,第115页。
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.71.
[1]Gary Snyder,No Nature:New and Selected Poems,New York:Pantheon Books Press,1992,p.381.
[1]Yong-ki Kang,"The Politics of Deconstruction in Snyder's 'Ripples on the Surface'",Studies in the Humanities26.1-2(1999),p.100.
[2]Yong-ki Kang,"The Politics of Deconstruction in Snyder's 'Ripples on the Surface'",Studies in the Humanities26.1-2(1999),p.100.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.65.
[1]Gary Snyder,Left Out in the Rain:New Poems 1947-1985,San Francisco:North Point Press,1986,p.145.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.37.
[1]Gary Snyder,Riprap & Cold Mountain Poems,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.9-10.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.41.
[1]Julia Martin,"Coyote-Mind:An Interview with Gary Snyder",TriQuarterly 79(1990),p.163.
[2]雷毅,《深层生态学思想研究》,北京:清华大学出版社2001年,第58、62页。
[1]雷毅,《深层生态学思想研究》,北京:清华大学出版社2001年,第46、49页.
[2]Gary Snyder,Left Out in the Rain:New Poems 1947-1985,San Francisco:North Point Press,1986,p.124.
[1]释道原,《景德传灯录》,蓝吉富编《禅宗全书》,第2册,台北:文书文化有限公司1988年,第292页.
[2]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.66,
[1]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.71.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,pp.108-109.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.134.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.184.
[1]Fenellosa:美国学者,著有《中国日本艺术史》等。
[2]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,pp.19-20.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.184.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.66.
[2]迦摩(kama):印度神话中的爱神,亦表示欲望、情欲或肉欲。
[3]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.70.
[4]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.184.
[1]Joseph Carnbell,Bill Moyers,The Power of Myth,Ed.Betty Sue Flowers,New York:Doubleday,1988,p.72.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.76,184,185.
[3]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.185.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.17.
[1]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,pp.68,69.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.89,
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.29.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,pp.98-99.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.184.
[2]El-Sharif,Nabil Mahmoud,Ecological Themes in the Poetry of A.R.Ammons,Allen Ginsberg,and Gary Snyder,Michigan:UMI Research Press,1983,pp.135-139.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.184.
[4]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.57.
[1]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.72.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.26-28.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.20.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,pp.7-8.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,Son Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.184.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,pp.54-56.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.74-75.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.185.
[2]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,pp.65-66.
[1]Gary Snyder,Mountains and Rivers without End,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1996,p.10.
[2]阿尔贝特·施韦泽,《敬畏生命——五十年来的基本论述》,陈泽环译,上海社会科学院出版社,2003年,第19页。
[3]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.19.
[1]Gary Snyder,Riprap & Cold Mountain Poems,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.8.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.46.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,pp.67,17.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,pp.20-21.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.31.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Pros,1974,p.44.
[1]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.113.
[1]Gary Snyder,Furtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.53.
[2]Sherman Paul,In Search of the Primitive:Rereading David Antin,Jerome Rothenberg,and Gary Snyder,Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,1986,p.276.
[3]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.115.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Franisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.66,96.
[1]Gary Snyder,Left Out in the Rain:New Poems 1947-1985,San Francisco:North Point Press,1986,pp5-7.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.38.
[2]Gary Snyder,Passage Through India,San Francisco:Grey Fox Press,1992,pp.53-54.
[1]Bert Almon,"Buddhism and Energy in the Recent Poesy of Gary Snyder",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.81.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.3.
[2]布顿:Buston(1290-1364),西藏喇嘛教僧人。
[3]欧洲旧石器时代的最后期
[4]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.124-125.
[1]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.95.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.95.
[3]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,pp.12-13.
[1]钟玲,《美国诗人史耐德与亚洲文化——西方吸纳东方传统的范例》,台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司2003年,第200页。
[2]钟玲:《美国诗人史耐德与亚洲文化——西方吸纳东方传统的范例》,台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司2003年,第132页。
[3]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.105.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.35.
[2]Julia Martin,"True Communionism:Gary Snyder's Transvaluation of Some Christian Terminology",Journal for the Study of Religion 1.1(1988),p.69.
[3]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.123.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,pp.17-18.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,pp.26-27.
[2]Tom Lavazzi,"Pattern of Flux:The 'Torsion Form' in Gary Snyder's Poetry",American Poetry Review 18.4.(July-August 1989),p.43.
[3]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.123.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,pp.23-24.
[2]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.142.
[1]David Robbins,"Gary Snyder's 'Burning Island'",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder.Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.92.
[2]钟玲,《美国诗人史耐德与亚洲文化——西方吸纳东方传统的范例》.台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司2003年,第132页。
[3]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.98.
[4]David Robbins,"Gary Snyder's 'Burning Island'",Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder,Boston:G.K.Hall,1990,p.104.
[5]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社 1998年,第214页。
[6]Gary Snyder,Mountains and Rivers without End,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1996,p.39.
[1]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds.Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.190.
[1]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.50.
[1]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.54.
[2]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.5.
[3]Martin,Julia,"Coyote-Mind:An Interview with Gary Snyder",TriQuarterly 79(1990),p.166.
[4]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.20.
[5]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.20.
[6]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.23.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.26.
[2]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.29.
[3]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.30.
[1]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,pp.49-50.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.74.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.39.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.100.
[1]Ekbert Faas,Towards A New American Poetics:Essays & Interviews,Santa Barbara:Black Sparrow Press,1979,pp.138,139.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,pp.16-17.
[2]钟玲,《美国诗人史耐德与亚洲文化——西方吸纳东方传统的范例》,台北:联经出版事业股份有限公司2003年,第89、87页。
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,pp.47-49.
[2]Hwa Yol Jung,Petee Jung,"Gary Snyder's Ecopoetry," Environmental History Review 14.3(1990),p.76.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.62.
[1]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,pp.112-113,45.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,p.125.
[3]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,pp.42,34.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,p.3,6-7.
[1]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,pp.148-162.
[2]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.30.
[3]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.159.
[4]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,pp.148-162.
[1]Gary Snyder,He Who Hunted Birds in His Father's Village:The Dimensions of a Haida Myth,Bolinas,Calif.:Grey Fox Press,1979.) p.ⅹ.
[2]大卫·格里芬编《后现代科学——科学魅力的再现》,马季方译,北京:中央编译出版社1995年,第165页。
[3]大卫·格里芬编《后现代科学——科学魅力的再现》,马季方译,北京:中央编译出版社 1995年,第165页。
[4]Gary Snyder,He Who Hunted Birds in His Father's Village:The Dimensions of a Haida Myth,Bolinas,Calif.:Grey Fox Press,1979,p.112.
[1]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.19.
[2]Lars Nordstrom,Theodore Roethke,William Stafford,and Gary Snyder:The Ecological Metaphor as Transformed Regionnalism,Doctoral Thesis at Uppsala University 1989,p.116.
[1]安德鲁·多布森,《绿色政治思想》,郇庆治译,济南:山东大学出版社 200S年,第128页。
[2]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979.Scott McLean ed.,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.24.
[1]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.222.
[2]雷毅,《深层生态学思想研究》,北京:清华大学出版社 2001年,第101页。
[3]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.225.
[4]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,pp.228,185.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.43.
[2]Gary Snyder,Left Out in the Rain:New Poems 1947-1985,San Francisco:North Point Press,1986,p.115.
[3]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.185.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.1.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.113.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.136.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.39.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.25,27,26.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.38.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.138.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.139.
[2]安德鲁·多布森,《绿色政治思想》,郇庆治译,济南:山东大学出版社,2005年,第129页。
[3]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.140-141.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,pp.78-81.
[1]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.118.
[2]Michael Castro,Interpreting the Indian:Twentieth-Century Poets and the American Indian,Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1984,pp.134-135.
[1]古鲁和斯瓦里:印度教的领袖或偶像。
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,pp.21-23.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.39.
[1]安德鲁·多布森,《绿色政治思想》,郇庆治译,济南:山东大学出版社2005年。第128页。
[2]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.33.
[3]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethic,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.184.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.40,29.
[2]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.51.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.23.
[2]安德鲁·多布森,《绿色政治思想》,郇庆治译,济南:山东大学出版社 2005年,第130页。
[1]Gary Snyder,No Nature:New and Selected Poems,New York:Pantheon Books Press,1992,pp.369-370.
[2]Sharon Ann Jaeger,Toward a Poetics of Embodiment:The Cognitive Rhetoric of Gary Snyder's The Practice of the Wild,Diss.University of Pennsylvania,1995,pp.110-112.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.145.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.154.
[1]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,p.250.
[1]雷毅,《深层生态学思想研究》,北京:清华大学出版社 2001年,第100页.
[2]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社 1998年,第13页。
[3]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.161.
[4]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.25.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.6.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.9.
[2]digging sticks,洒尖或尖棍,印第安人使用的一种原始掘土工具。
[3]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,pp.81-82.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.82.
[1]Gary Snyder,Regarding Wave,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970,p.84.
[2]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.103.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.24.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.82.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Back Country,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968,p.9.
[1]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.69.
[2]Jody Nortor,"The importance of Nothing:Absence and Its Origins in the Poetry of Gary Snyder",Contemporary Literature 28(1987),p.180.
[3]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,pp.69-70.
[4]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.23.
[1]Gary Snyder,No Nature:New and Selected Poems,New York:Pantheon Books Press,1992,pp.373-374.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,pp.24,18,7.
[2]Gary Snyder,Back on the Fire,Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007,p.24.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.88.
[4]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.4.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.77.
[2]Gary Snyder,A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds,Washington,D,C.:CounterPoint Press,1995,pp.235,73.
[1]Gary Snyder,Mountains and Rivers without End,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1996,p.152.
[2]大卫·雷·格里芬编《后现代精神》,王成兵译,北京:中央编译出版社 1998年。第78页。
[1]Gary Snyder,No Nature:New and Selected Poems,New York:Pantheon Books Press,1992,pp.364-365.
[2]塞尔日·莫斯科维奇,《还自然之魅》,庄晨燕,丘寅晨详,北京:三联书店2005年,第41页。
[3]塞尔日·莫斯科维奇,《还自然之魅》,庄晨燕,丘寅晨译,北京:三联书店2005年,第41页。
[4]Sharon Ann Jaeger,Toward a Poetics of Embodiment:The Cognitive Rhetoric of Gary Snyder's The Practice of the Wild.Diss.University of Pennsylvania,1995,pp.125-126.
[1]Gary Snyder,No Nature:New and Selected Poems,New York:Pantheon Books Press,1992,pp.366-367.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles.San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,pp.21-22.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.7.
[2]大卫·格里芬编《后现代科学——科学魅力的再现》,马季方译,北京:中央编译出版社 1995年,第61页。
[1]Gary Snyder,The Practice of the Wild,San Francisco:North Point Press,1990,p.56.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.5-6.
[2]Charles Molesworth,"Getting a Handle on It",American Book Review 6.5-6(1984),p.15.
[3]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,p.123.
[1]Gary Snyder,Axe Handles,San Francisco:North Point Press,1983,pp.8-9.
[1]Gary Snyder,Turtle Island,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974,p.86.
[1]Patrick D.Murphy,A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder,Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000,p.119.
[1]斯科特·斯洛维克.《“思索!——我们生活中的光辉”:关注可持续诗歌》,夏光武译,华海编,《敞开绿色之门》,西安:太白出版社2008年,第1页。
[1]Thomas J.Lyon,"The Ecological Vision of Gary Snyder",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a Life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.37.
[2]Gary Snyder,Earth House Hold,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969,p.2.
[3]Gary Snyder,Myths & Texts,Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978,p.20.
[4]Lars Nordstrom,Theodore Roethke,William Stafford,and Gary Snyder:The Ecological Metaphor as Transformed Regionalism,Doctoral Thesis at Uppsala University 1989,p.108.
[5]Gary Snyder,"Some Yips and Barks in the Dark",Stephen Berg and Robert Mezey ed.,Naked Poetry,Indianapolis:Bobbs-Merrill,1969,p.357.
[6]Thomas J.Lyon,"The Ecological Vision of Gary Snyder",Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a Life,San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991,p.39.
[1]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,Scott McLean ed.,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.73.
[2]Gary Snyder,The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979,Scott McLean ed.,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980,p.157.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Gary Snyder Reader,Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1999,pp.335-336.
[1]Gary Snyder.Myths & Texts[M].Toronto:Penguin Books Canada Limited Press,1978.
[2]Gary Snyder.Riprap & Cold Mountain Poems[M].San Francisco:North Point Press,1990.
[3]Gary Snyder,The Back Country[M].New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1968.
[4]Gary Snyder.Regarding Wave[M].New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1970.
[5]Gary Snyder.Turtle Island[M].New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1974.
[6]Gary Snyder.Axe Handles[M].San Francisco:North Point Press,1983.
[7]Gary Snyder.Left Out in the Rain:New Poems 1947-1985[M].San Francisco:North Point Press,1986.
[8]Gary Snyder.No Nature:New and Selected Poems[M].New York:Pantheon Books Press,1992.
[9]Gary Snyder.Six Sections from Mountains and Rivers without End Plus One[M].San Francisco:Four Seasons Foundation Press,1970.
[10]Gary Snyder.Mountains and Rivers without End[M].Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1996.
[11]Gary Snyder.Danger on Peaks[M].Washington,D.C.:Shoemaker Hoard Press,2004.
[12]Gary Snyder.The Old Ways[M].San Francisco:City Lights Bookstore Press,1977.
[13]Gary Snyder.Passage through India[M].San Francisco:Grey Fox Press,1992.
[14]Gary Snyder.Earth House Hold[M].New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1969.
[15]Gary Snyder.The Practice of the Wild[M].San Francisco:North Point Press,1990.
[16]Gary Snyder.A Place in Space:Ethics,Aesthetics,and Watersheds[M].Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1995.
[17]Gary Snyder.Back on the Fire[M].Emeryville,CA.:Shoemaker& Hoard,2007.
[18]Gary Snyder.He Who Hunted Birds in His Father's Village:The Dimensions ofa Haida Myth [M].San Francisco:Grey Fox Press,1979.
[19]Gary Snyder.The Real Work:Interviews & Talks,1964-1979[M].Scott McLean ed.,New York:New Directions Publishing Corporation Press,1980.
[20]Gary Snyder.The Gary Snyder Reader[M].Washington,D.C.:CounterPoint Press,1999.
[21]Gary Snyder."Some Yips and Barks in the Dark"[A].Stephen Berg and Robert Mezey ed.,Naked Poetry,Indianapolis:Bobbs-Merrill,1969.
[22]Gary Snyder."On Rinzai Masters and Western Students in Japan"[J].Wind Bell 8.1-2(Fall 1969).
[23]Gary Snyder."Dear Poets Commune"[J].Anthology of Underground Poetry #7(1970).
[24]Alan Williamson."Gary Snyder:An Appreciation"[J].The New Republic(1 November 1975).
[25]Alan Williamson."Language against Itself:The Middle Generation of Contemporary Poets"[A].Robert B.Shaw ed.,American Poetry Since 1960:Some Critical Perspectives,Cheshire,UK:Carcanet Press,1973.
[26]Aldo Leopold.A Sand County Almanac[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1949.
[27]Anthony Hunt."Bubbs Creek Haircut:Gary Snyder's 'Great Departure' in Mountains and Rivers without End"[J].Western American Literature,15(1980).
[28]Anthony Hunt."Singing the Dyads:The Chinese Landscape Scroll and Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers without End"[J].Journal of Modern Literature(Summer 1999),Vol.23,Iss.1.
[29]Anthony Hunt."'The Hump-backed Flute Player':The Structure of Emptiness in Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers Without End"[J].ISLE:Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 1.2(Fall 1993).
[30]Ayako Takahashi."The Shaping of Gary Snyder's Ecological Consciousness"[J].Comparative Literature Studies Volume 39,(Number 4,2002).
[31]Bert Almon.Gary Snyder[M].Western Writers Series 37,Boise,Idaho:Boise State University,1979.
[32]Bill Devall.George Sessions,Deep Ecology:Living as if Nature Mattered[M].Salt Lake City:.Peregrine Smith Books,1985.
[33]Bob Stending.Gary Snyder[M].Boston:Twayne,1976.
[34]Burr Snider."The Sage of the Sierra"[J].Image:San Francisco Examiner 17 Sept.(1989).
[35]Charles Altieri."Gary Snyder's Turtle Island:The Problem of Reconciling the Roles of Seer and Prophet"[J].Boundary 24(1976).
[36]Charles Altieri."Process as Plenitude:The Poetry of Gary Snyder and Robert Duncan"[J].Enlarging the Temple Lewisburg,Pa.:Bucknell University Press,1979.
[37]Charles Egan."Poetic Insights:An Interview with Gary Snyder"[J].Poets & Writers Magazine(May/June 1995).
[38]Charles Molesworth."Gary Snyder's Vision:Poetry and the Real Work"[M].Columbia:University of Missouri Press,1983.
[39]Charles Molesworth."Getting a Handle on It"[J].American Book Review 6.5-6(1984).
[40]Christopher Beach.ABC of Influence:Ezra Pound and the Remaking of the American Poetic Tradition[M].Berkeley:University of California Press,1992.
[41]Dan Mcleod."Gary Snyder"[J].Ann Charters ed.,The Dictionary of Literary Biography,vol.16,Detroit:Gale,1983.
[42]David A.Carpenter."Gary Snyder's Inhumanism,from Riprap to Axe Handles"[J].South Dakota Review 26(1988).
[43]David Kherdian.Six Poets of the San Francisco Renaissance:Portraits and Checklists[M].Fresno,Calif.:Giliga Press,1967.
[44]David Robertson."Gary Snyder Riprapping in Yosemite,1955"[J].American Poetry 2(1984).
[45]David Wyatt.The Fall into Eden:Landscape and Imagination in California[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1986.
[46]Dell Hymes."Review of Myths & Texts"[J].Journal of American Folklore 74(April-June 1961).
[47]Donald M.Allen.ed.,The New American Poetry[C].New York:Grove Press,1960.
[48]Dorothy M.Nielsen."Prosopopoeia and the Ethics of Ecological Advocacy in the Poetry of Denise Levertov and Gary Snyder"[J],Contemporary Literature,Vol.34,No.4(Winter,1993).
[49]Edward Halsey Foster.Understanding the Beats[M].Columbia:University of South Carolina Press,1992.
[50]Ekbert Faas.Toward a New American Poetics:Essays & Interviews[M].Santa Barbara,Calif.:Black Sparrow Press,1979.
[51]EI-Sharif.Nabil Mahmoud.Ecological Themes in the Poetry of A.R.Ammons,Allen Ginsberg,and Gary Snyder[M].Michigan:UMI Research Press,1983.
[52]Eric Paul Shaffer."Inhabitation in the Poetry of Robinson Jeffers,Gary Snyder,and Lew Welch"[J].Robinson Jeffers Newsletter 78(October 1990).
[53]Herbert V.Fackler."Three English Version of Han Shan's Cold Mountain Poems"[J].Literature East & West.15.2(1971).
[54]Hugh Kenner."The Making of the Modernist Canon"[J].Chicago Review,Vol.34,No.2(1984).
[55]Hwa Yol Jung.Petee Jung."Gary Snyder's Ecopoetry"[J].Environmental History Review 14.3(1990).
[56]James W Krauss.Gary Snyder's Biopoetics:A Study of the Poet as Ecologist[D].Hawaii:University of Hawaii,1986.
[57]James Wright."The Work of Gary Snyder"[J].Sixties 6(Spring 1962).
[58]Jody Nortor."The importance of Nothing:Absence and Its Origins in the Poetry of Gary Snyder"[J].Contemporary Literature 28(1987).
[59]John Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a Life[C].San Francisco:Sierra Club Books,1991.
[60]John Knott."Gary Snyder:Greening Again"[J].Michigan Quarterly Review,(Winter 2006),Vol.45,Iss.1.
[61]John P.O'Crrady."Living Landscape:An Interview with Gary Snyder"[J].Western American Literature,33.3(Fall,1998).
[62]Jon Halper ed.,Gary Snyder:Dimensions of a Life[C].San Francisco:Sierra Club Books Press,1991.
[63]Joseph Cambell.Bill Moyers.The Power of Myth,Ed.Betty Sue Flowers[M].New York:Doubleday,1988.
[64]Julia Martin."Coyote-Mind:An Interview with Gary Snydct"[J].TriQuarterly 79(1990).
[65]Julia Martin."The Pattern which Connects:Metaphor in Gary Snyder's Later Poetry"[J].Western American Literature 22(1987).
[66]Julia Martin."Practising Emptiness:Gary Snyder's Playful Ecological Work"[J].Western American Literature 27.1(1992).
[67]Julia Martin."The Snake Person Takes on the Cock-Sure Boys:Buddhism/Postmodernism/South African Eco-politics"[A].Theo D'haen and Hans Bertens ed.,Liminal Postmodernism:The Postmodern,the(Post-)Colonian,and the(Post-)Feminist,Amsterdam:Rodopi,1994.
[68]Julia Martin."True Communionism:Gary Snyder's Transvaluation of Some Christian Terminology"[J].Journal for the Study of Religion(South Africa) 1.1(1988).
[69]Katsunori Yamazato."A Note on Japanese Allusions in Gary Snyder's Poetry"[J].Western American Literature 18(1983).
[70]Katsunori Yamazato.Seeking a Fulcrum:Gary Snyder and Japan(1956-1975)[D].Diss.University of California at Davis,1987.
[71]Kenneth Rexroth."A Hope for Poetry"[J].Holiday 39(March 1966).
[72]Kenneth White.The Tribal Dharma:An Essay on the Work of Gary Snyder[M].Llanfynydd,U.K.:Unicorn Bookshop,1975.
[73]Lars Nordstrom.Theodore Roethke,William Stafford,and Gary Snyder:The Ecological Metaphor as Transformed Regionnalism[D].Doctoral Thesis at Uppsala University,1989.
[74]L.Edwin Folsome."Gary Snyder's Descent to Turtle Island:Searching for Fossil Love"[J].Western American Literature 15(1980).
[75]Lee Bartlett."Gary Snyder's Myths & Texts and the Monomyth"[J].Western American Literature 17(1982).
[76]Leo Hamalian."Beyond the Paleface:D.H.Lawrence and Gary Snyder"[J].Talisman #7(Fall 1991).
[77]Ling Chung.Whose Mountain Is This? Gary Snyder's Translation of Han Shan[J].Renditions 7(Spring 1977).
[78]Mary Evelyn Tucker and John Grim."Series Foreword"[A].Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Ryukcn Williams ed.,Buddhism and Ecology:The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1997.
[79]Michael Castro.Interpreting the Indian:Twentieth-Century Poets and the American Indian [M].Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1984.
[80]Micheal Davidson.The San Francisco Renaissance:Poetics and Community at Mid-Century [M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1991.
[81]Michael Helm."A Conversation with Gary Snyder"[J].California Living Magazine,Sunday San Francisco Examiner & Chronicle,20 November 1983.
[82]Nathan Mao."The Influence of Zen Buddhism on Gary Snyder"[J].Tamkang Review 5(1974).
[83]Nicholas O'Connell.At the Field's End[M].Seattle:Madrona Publishers,1987.
[84]Nick Selby." 'Coming back to oneself/coming back to the land':Gary Snyder's Poetics"[A].Tallmadge,Harrington ed.,Reading under the Sign of Nature:New Essays in Ecocriticism,Salt Lake city:The University of Utah Press,2000.
[85]Nick Selby." 'Created Space':Mapping America as Poem in Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers Without End and Susan Howe's Secret History of the Dividing Line"[J].Journal of American Studies,(Apr 2005),Vol.39,Iss.1.
[86]Patrick D.Murphy.A Place for Wayfaring:the Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder[M].Corvallis:Oregon State University Press,2000.
[87]Patrick Murphy."Beyond Humanism:Mythic Fantasy and Inhumanist Philosophy in the Long Poems of Robinson Jeffers and Gary Snyder"[J].American Studies,(Spring 1989),Vol.30,Iss.1.
[88]Patrick D.Murphy ed.,Critical Essays on Gary Snyder[C].Boston:G.K.Hall,1990.
[89]Patrick D.Murphy."Mythic and Fantastic:Gary Snyder's Mountains and Rivers without End"[J].Extrapolation 26(1985).
[90]Patrick D.Murphy."Penance or Perception:Spirituality and Land in the Poetry of Gary Snyder and Wendell Berry"[J].Sagetrieb 5.2(1986).
[91]Patrick D.Murphy."Sex-Typing the Planet:Gaia Imagery and the Problem of Subverting Patriarchy"[J].Environmental Ethics 10(1988).
[92]Patrick D.Murphy."Two Different Paths in the Quest for Place:Gary Snyder and Wendell Berry"[J].American Poetry,2(1984).
[93]Patrick D.Murphy.Understanding Gary Snyder[M].Columbia:University of South Carolina Press[M].1992.
[94]Robert Kern."Clearing the Ground:Gary Snyder and the Modernist Imperative"[J].Criticism 19(Spring 1977).
[95]Rudolph L.Nelson." 'Riprap on the Slick Rock of Metaphysics':Religious Dimensions in the Poetry of Gary Snyder"[J].Soundings 57(1974).
[96]Sharon Ann Jaeger.Toward a Poetics of Embodiment:The Cognitive Rhetoric of Gary Snyder's The Practice of the Wild[D].Diss.University of Pennsylvania,1995.
[97]Sherman Paul.In Search of the Primitive:Rereading David Antin,Jerome Rothenberg,and Gary Snyder[M].Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,1986.
[98]Shu-chun Huang."A Hua-yen Buddhist Perspective of Gary Snyder"[J].Tamkang Review,Vol.22,No.2(1989).
[99]Theodore Roszak."Technocracy:Despotism of Beneficent Expertise"[J].Nation 209(1 September 1969).
[100]Thorn Gunn."Interpenetrating Things"[J].Agenda 4(Summer 1966).
[101]Tim Dean.Gary Snyder and the American Unconscious:Inhabiting the Ground[M].New York:St.Martin's,199l.
[102]Tim Dean."The Other's Voice:Cultural Imperialism and Poetic Impersonality in Gary Snyder's 'Mountains and Rivers without End'"[J].Contemporary Literature,Vol.41,No.3(Autumn,2000).
[103]Timothy Gray.New Lyric Worlds:Gary Snyder's Pacific Rim Communitas,1930-1970[D].Diss.University of California at Santa Barbara,1998.
[104]Tom Henighan."Shamans,Tribes,and the Sorcerer's Apprentices:Notes on the Discovery of the Primitive in Modern Poetry"[J].Dalhousie Review 59(1979-80).
[105]Tom Lavazzi."Pattern of Flux:The 'Torsion Form' in Gary Snyder's Poetry"[J].American Poetry Review 18.4.(July-August 1989).
[106]William Everson."Archetype West"[A].John Gordon Burke ed.,Regional perspectives:An Examination of America's Literary Heritage,Chicago:American Library Association,1973.
[107]William J Jungels.The Use of Native-American Mythologies in the Poetry of Gary Snyder [M].Buffalo:SUNY,1973.
[108]Woody Rehanek."The Shaman Songs of Gary Snyder"[J].Okanogan Natural News No.19(Summer 1984).
[109]Yao-fu Lin." 'The Mountains Are Your Mind':Orientalism in the Poetry of Gary Snyder"[J].Tamkang Review 6-7(1975-1976).
[110]Yong-ki Kang."The Politics of Deconstruction in Snyder's 'Ripples on the Surface'"[J].Studies in the Humanities26.1-2(1999).
[111]Yunzhong Shu."Gary Snyder and Taoism"[J].Tamkang Review 17(1987).
[112]阿尔贝特·施韦泽.敬畏生命——五十年来的基本论述[M].陈泽环译.上海社会科学院出版社,2003.
[113]安德鲁·多布森.绿色政治思想[M].郇庆治译.济南:山东大学出版社,2005.
[114]陈明仙.逃避中的追求——访美国“垮掉派”诗人斯奈德[J].世界博览,1985,(5).
[115]陈小红.寻归荒野的诗人加里·斯奈德[J].当代外国文学,2004,(4).
[116]陈小红.加里·斯奈德的生态文明观[J].求索,2006,(7).
[117]陈小红.加里·斯奈德的本土意识[J].天津外国语学院学报,2007,(6).
[118]大卫·雷·格里芬编.后现代科学——科学魅力的再现[C].马季方译.北京:中央编译出版社,1995.
[119]大卫·雷·格里芬编.后现代精神[C].王成兵译.北京:中央编译出版社,1998.
[120]耿纪永.翻译与生态思想——重读斯奈德译寒山诗[J].同济大学学报,2007,(1).
[121]雷毅.深层生态学思想研究[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2001.
[122]莫尔特曼.创造中的上帝——生态的创造论[M].隗仁莲、苏闲贵、宋炳延译.北京:三联书店,2002.
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