合金粉块碳弧堆焊层成形与耐磨性研究
|
摘要
合金粉块碳弧堆焊是一种低成本,高效率的堆焊方法,但存在堆焊层成形不良的问题。硼和硅可使合金具有自熔性,有助于改善堆焊层成形并提高耐磨性。本文通过向Fe-Cr-C合金中添加硼铁和硅铁,从铺展性、表面平整度、表面缺陷情况和边缘平直度等四个方面分析研究了硼和硅对成形的影响规律。研究表明:向合金中单独加入适量硼铁和硅铁或联合加入硼铁和硅铁都可有效改善堆焊层成形。随合金中硼、硅含量增加,堆焊层铺展性提高,能与母材润湿良好,表面趋于平整,边界趋于平直,但过高的硼、硅含量下堆焊层易产生裂纹。
本文又通过磨粒磨损试验、硬度测试、磨损形貌分析、金相观察、显微硬度测试、扫描电镜能谱分析和X射线衍射物相分析研究了硼和硅对堆焊层组织与耐磨性的影响规律。结果表明:向合金中加入适量的硼可以显著提高堆焊层耐磨性,随着硼含量的增加,组织中硬质相数量增多,颗粒细化,分布弥散,且硬质相硬度提高,因此堆焊层硬度持续增加,耐磨粒磨损性能随之提高;但硼加入过多会形成网状组织,增大组织脆性,在磨损时脆性剥落情况加重,导致耐磨性下降。向合金中添加少量的硅可起到一定的固溶强化作用,在一定程度上提高耐磨性;但是随着合金硅含量增加组织脆性增大,裂纹和破碎剥落倾向加剧,耐磨性急剧下降。向合金中同时加入硼和硅对耐磨性的影响与单独加硼、硅的规律相似。
综合成形与耐磨性来看,向合金中单独加入4.11%硼,或同时加入4.11%硼、3.86%硅时,可使堆焊层兼具良好的成形与耐磨性。
Carbon arc hardfacing with alloy power is a low cost and high efficiency hardfacing method. However, it is difficult to obtain a good shape after hardfacing. B and Si are the main elements of Self-fluxing alloys, which could possibly improve the shape and wear-resisting property of hardfacing layer. By adding ferroboron and ferrosilicon into the Fe-Cr-C alloy and evaluating various features such as the spreading property, smoothness, surface defects, flatness of edge of the hardfacing layers, the paper systematically studies that how B and Si influence the shape and wear-resisting property of the carbon arc hardfacing layer. It is found that the shape of the hardfacing layer could be improved effectively by either adding ferroboron/ferrosilicon alone or both of them into the alloys. With proper content of B and Si the spreading property can be improved greatly , the layer could wet the base metal well, the surface of the layer appears to be smoother and the edge of the layer tends to be flatter. However, it tends to crack with excessive content of either B or Si.
Moreover, the paper further studies the wear-resisting property and microstructure of the layers with different B and Si contents by means of grain-abrasion testing, hardness testing, wear morphology analyzing, microstructure observation, microhardness testing, scanning electron microscope energy spectrum analysis and X ray diffraction analysis. The results reveal that the wear-resisting property of the surfacing layers is improved significantly by adding B into the alloy. With B content increasing, the number of the hard phases raised, the hard phases became smaller, distributed homogeneously, the microhardness of the hard phases increased, the hardness of hardfacing layer increased and the abrasive wear-resisting property improved correspondingly. However, the network structure tends to appear with excessive B content. It may raise the brittleness of the microstructure and lead to brittle fracture and spell, which may result in the decreasing of wear-resisting property. A small Si content plays the role of solution strengthening and improves the wear-resisting property to a certain extent. But with Si content increasing, brittleness of the microstructure increases, crack and spelling tends to appear, which may cause the wear-resisting property of hardfacing layer dropping greatly. The rule of adding both B and Si into the alloy appears to have the similar effect as adding either of them.
Considering both the shape and wear-resisting property of the layer, adding 4.11% B alone or 4.11% B and 3.86% Si simultaneously into the alloys, the layers could be obtained with good shape and wear-resisting property.
本文又通过磨粒磨损试验、硬度测试、磨损形貌分析、金相观察、显微硬度测试、扫描电镜能谱分析和X射线衍射物相分析研究了硼和硅对堆焊层组织与耐磨性的影响规律。结果表明:向合金中加入适量的硼可以显著提高堆焊层耐磨性,随着硼含量的增加,组织中硬质相数量增多,颗粒细化,分布弥散,且硬质相硬度提高,因此堆焊层硬度持续增加,耐磨粒磨损性能随之提高;但硼加入过多会形成网状组织,增大组织脆性,在磨损时脆性剥落情况加重,导致耐磨性下降。向合金中添加少量的硅可起到一定的固溶强化作用,在一定程度上提高耐磨性;但是随着合金硅含量增加组织脆性增大,裂纹和破碎剥落倾向加剧,耐磨性急剧下降。向合金中同时加入硼和硅对耐磨性的影响与单独加硼、硅的规律相似。
综合成形与耐磨性来看,向合金中单独加入4.11%硼,或同时加入4.11%硼、3.86%硅时,可使堆焊层兼具良好的成形与耐磨性。
Carbon arc hardfacing with alloy power is a low cost and high efficiency hardfacing method. However, it is difficult to obtain a good shape after hardfacing. B and Si are the main elements of Self-fluxing alloys, which could possibly improve the shape and wear-resisting property of hardfacing layer. By adding ferroboron and ferrosilicon into the Fe-Cr-C alloy and evaluating various features such as the spreading property, smoothness, surface defects, flatness of edge of the hardfacing layers, the paper systematically studies that how B and Si influence the shape and wear-resisting property of the carbon arc hardfacing layer. It is found that the shape of the hardfacing layer could be improved effectively by either adding ferroboron/ferrosilicon alone or both of them into the alloys. With proper content of B and Si the spreading property can be improved greatly , the layer could wet the base metal well, the surface of the layer appears to be smoother and the edge of the layer tends to be flatter. However, it tends to crack with excessive content of either B or Si.
Moreover, the paper further studies the wear-resisting property and microstructure of the layers with different B and Si contents by means of grain-abrasion testing, hardness testing, wear morphology analyzing, microstructure observation, microhardness testing, scanning electron microscope energy spectrum analysis and X ray diffraction analysis. The results reveal that the wear-resisting property of the surfacing layers is improved significantly by adding B into the alloy. With B content increasing, the number of the hard phases raised, the hard phases became smaller, distributed homogeneously, the microhardness of the hard phases increased, the hardness of hardfacing layer increased and the abrasive wear-resisting property improved correspondingly. However, the network structure tends to appear with excessive B content. It may raise the brittleness of the microstructure and lead to brittle fracture and spell, which may result in the decreasing of wear-resisting property. A small Si content plays the role of solution strengthening and improves the wear-resisting property to a certain extent. But with Si content increasing, brittleness of the microstructure increases, crack and spelling tends to appear, which may cause the wear-resisting property of hardfacing layer dropping greatly. The rule of adding both B and Si into the alloy appears to have the similar effect as adding either of them.
Considering both the shape and wear-resisting property of the layer, adding 4.11% B alone or 4.11% B and 3.86% Si simultaneously into the alloys, the layers could be obtained with good shape and wear-resisting property.
引文
[1]刘家浚编.材料磨损原理及其耐磨性[M].北京:清华大学出版社. 1993: 45~50.
[2]何俊.近年耐磨材料的发展[J].国外金属矿选矿, 1996, 32 (4): 21~24.
[3]摩尔译.磨粒磨损与抗磨技术译文集[M].北京:中国农业机械出版社, 1981: 10~25.
[4]王洪发.金属耐磨材料的现状与展望[J].铸造, 2000, (12): 57~59.
[5]李卫,王洪发,周平安等.耐磨材料与磨损技术新进展-21世纪全国耐磨材料大会述评[J].铸造, 2001, 50(1): 7~28.
[6]董允,张延森.现代表面工程技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 2000: 44~76.
[7]张清.金属磨损和耐磨材料手册[M].北京:冶金工业出版社, 1984: 134~166.
[8]铸铁手册编写组.铸铁手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 1979: 87~131.
[9]徐滨士.表面工程与维修[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 1996: 43~45.
[10]陈天佐.金属堆焊技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 1991: 57~65.
[11]孙希泰.材料表面强化技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2005.
[12]单际国,董祖珏,徐滨士.我国堆焊技术的发展及其在基础工业中的应用现状[J].中国表面工程, 2002, 12(4): 19~22.
[13]王娟.表面堆焊与热喷涂技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2004: 10~12.
[14]陈天佐.金属堆焊技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 1991.
[15]化茂林.碳弧堆焊防磨技术在排粉机上的应用[J].西北电力技术, 1998, (11): 31~33.
[16]金毓洲,王润之,唐连寿,等.中国煤碳系统Fe-05耐磨合金粉块堆焊技术经验交流会文集[M].煤炭工业部生产司, 1985: 34~55.
[17]葛长路,单丽云. K118耐磨合金碳弧堆焊粉块的研制[J].热加工工艺, 1987, (2): 33~37.
[18]姚源瑞.提高中碳铁基自熔性合金热喷焊层硬度的研究[J].新疆农业大学学报, 1989, (1): 62~71.
[19]葛长路,单丽云. K118耐磨合金堆焊层的耐磨性[J].中国矿业大学学报, 1988, 12(3): 46~50.
[20]王润之,金毓洲. Fe-05耐磨合金粉块碳弧堆焊技术的应用[J].煤矿机械, 1987, 79(04): 22~34.
[21]周振丰,张文钺.焊接冶金及金属焊接性[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 1994: 22~56.
[22]顾德骥.国内外自熔合金粉末喷焊技术发展[J].机械工程材料, 1978, 15(8): 1~14.
[23]贾文杰,王立成.铁基自熔性合金粉末喷焊修复石油机械磨损件[J].石油机械, 2001, (3):38~40.
[24]顾德骥.自熔合金粉末表面喷焊技术发展动向[J].焊接, 1988, (6): 25~43.
[25]侯清宇,高甲生.铁基合金等离子堆焊研究进展[J].安徽工业大学学报, 2003, (01): 127~129.
[26]赵丽美,杨瑞成.镍基自熔性合金粉末的制备及其涂层耐蚀性能的研究[J].兰州理工大学学报, 2007, 11(23): 39~45.
[27]朱润生.自熔合金粉末的研究[J].粉末冶金工业, 2000, 10(2): 7~14.
[28] Berns H, Fiseher A. Microstructure of Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloys with additions of Nb, Ti and B[J]. Materials characterzation, 1997, 39(21): 499~527.
[29] Christodoulou P. The effeet of carbon, chromium and silicon content on wear resistant of ferritie Fe-Cr-C cast alloys[J]. Wear, 1997, 16(4): 153~167.
[30] Hokkirigwa K, kato K. The effect of hardness on the transition of the abrasive wear mechanism of steels[J]. Wear, 1988, (123): 241~251.
[31]张文钺.焊接物理冶金[M].天津:天津大学出版社, 1991: 34~55.
[32]崔传孟,张国藩,徐秀光. B2O3-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-CaO熔渣的密度及表面张力[J]. 1996, 2(1): 49~53.
[33]王文忠.富硼炉渣性能研究[J].钢铁, 1980, 28(4): 53~58.
[34]崔传孟,刘素兰,张显鹏等.高MgO含量富硼渣熔体粘度的测定[J].东北工学院学报, 1992, 13(6): 551~555.
[35]崔传孟,徐秀光,张国落等.含B2O3高MgO炉渣组成对熔渣体积质量及表面张力的影响[J].东北大学学报, 1996, 17(4): 369~372.
[36]崔传孟,徐秀光,张显鹏. B2O3-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-CaO系渣组成对熔体物性的影响[J].金属学报, 1996, 19 (06): 637~641.
[37]唐英,邸宝永,杨杰.自熔性合金粉末冶炼工艺探讨[J].天津工业学院学报, 2001, 7(11): 242~249.
[38] Heiple C R, Burgardt P. Effects of SO2 shielding gas addition on GTA weld shape[J]. Welding. 1985, 64(6): 159~162.
[39] Spittle J A, Brown S G R. Computer simulation of the effects of alloy variables on the grain structures of casting [J]. Acta Metall. 1989, 37(7): 1803~1809.
[40]杨春利,牛尾诚夫,田中学. TIG电弧活性化焊接现象和机理研究[J].焊接, 2000, 12(4): 16~18.
[41] Lakeland K D, Graham E, Heron A. Mechanical properties and microstructures of a series ofFe-Cr-B alloys [J]. Materials Science and Engineering, 1992: 1~13.
[42] Christodoulou P, Calos N A. Step towards designing Fe-Cr-B cast alloy [J]. Materials Science and Engineering, 2001, 301(2): 103~117.
[43] Szekely J. The mathematical modeling of arc welding operations[R]. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research Gatlinburg Tennessee USA, 1989: 3~14.
[44]王智慧,阎玉芹,贺定勇.大面积耐磨合金堆焊层表面成形改善及其性能的研究[J].北京工业大学学报, 1993, 19(4): 32~37.
[45]材料耐磨抗蚀及其表面技术丛书编委会.材料的磨粒磨损[M].北京:机械工业出社, 1990: 88~103.
[46] Zum K H. Modelling of two body abrasive wear[J]. Acta Material, 1988, 37(124): 87~103.
[47] Staffan J, Wallen P, Hogmark S. Fundamental aspects of abrasive wear studied by a new numerical simulation model [J]. Wear, 1988, 37(123): 207~223.
[48] Noman T E, Solomon A, Doane D V. Martensitie white irons for abrasion resistant castings [J]. AFS Trans, 1959, 67(15): 242~252.
[49] Maratray F. Choice of apropriate compositions for chromium-molybdenum white irons [J]. AFS Trans, 1971, 49(79): 121~124.
[50] Buytoz S. Microstructural properties of M7C3 eutectic carbides in a Fe-Cr-C alloy [J]. Materials Letters, 2006, 28(3): 605~608.
[51]符寒光,蒋志强.耐磨铸造Fe-B-C合金的研究[J].金属学报, 2006, 42(5): 545~548.
[52]刘仲礼,李言祥,陈祥等.硼、碳含量对高硼铁基合金组织和性能的影响[J].钢铁, 2007, 42(6): 78~82.
[53]王兆昌,韩福生. B与RE-Si变质处理对高Cr-Mn白口铸铁的组织和性能的影响.铸造, 1985, (03): 1~6.
[54]吴晓俊,邢建东,符寒光等.高铬白口铸铁初生碳化物细化的研究进展[J].铸造, 2006, 55(10): 999~1002.
[55]刘政军,张桂清,尹奕君等.合金元素对铁基耐磨堆焊合金性能的影响[J].焊接学报, 2007, (03): 69~72.
[56]张景辉.应用键参数选择变质剂及其在高铬铸铁上应用的试验研究[J].铸造, 1989, 64(11): 7~11.
[57]阴世河,姜炳焕.变质处理改善Cr26白口铸铁性能的研究[J].铸造, 1987, 57(7): 17~20.
[58]李绍雄.铁碳硼合金中硬质相的形成方式、相对量和晶格常数研究[J].吉林工业大学学报,1987, 69(4): 82~92.
[59]姜镇裕,贾文亮,张学光.稀土硅铁孕育对高铬合金白口铸铁性能的影响[J].机械工程材料, 1997, 95(l): 33~40.
[60]赵峰.高铬铸铁凝固过程中碳化物形成机制及形态特征研究[D], [硕士学位论文].西安:西安建筑科技大学, 2007.
[61]潘春旭,陈俐.耐磨堆焊层显微组织特征及其与耐磨性关系的研究[J].兵器材料科学与工程, 2000, 64(2): 8~12.
[2]何俊.近年耐磨材料的发展[J].国外金属矿选矿, 1996, 32 (4): 21~24.
[3]摩尔译.磨粒磨损与抗磨技术译文集[M].北京:中国农业机械出版社, 1981: 10~25.
[4]王洪发.金属耐磨材料的现状与展望[J].铸造, 2000, (12): 57~59.
[5]李卫,王洪发,周平安等.耐磨材料与磨损技术新进展-21世纪全国耐磨材料大会述评[J].铸造, 2001, 50(1): 7~28.
[6]董允,张延森.现代表面工程技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 2000: 44~76.
[7]张清.金属磨损和耐磨材料手册[M].北京:冶金工业出版社, 1984: 134~166.
[8]铸铁手册编写组.铸铁手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 1979: 87~131.
[9]徐滨士.表面工程与维修[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 1996: 43~45.
[10]陈天佐.金属堆焊技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 1991: 57~65.
[11]孙希泰.材料表面强化技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2005.
[12]单际国,董祖珏,徐滨士.我国堆焊技术的发展及其在基础工业中的应用现状[J].中国表面工程, 2002, 12(4): 19~22.
[13]王娟.表面堆焊与热喷涂技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2004: 10~12.
[14]陈天佐.金属堆焊技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 1991.
[15]化茂林.碳弧堆焊防磨技术在排粉机上的应用[J].西北电力技术, 1998, (11): 31~33.
[16]金毓洲,王润之,唐连寿,等.中国煤碳系统Fe-05耐磨合金粉块堆焊技术经验交流会文集[M].煤炭工业部生产司, 1985: 34~55.
[17]葛长路,单丽云. K118耐磨合金碳弧堆焊粉块的研制[J].热加工工艺, 1987, (2): 33~37.
[18]姚源瑞.提高中碳铁基自熔性合金热喷焊层硬度的研究[J].新疆农业大学学报, 1989, (1): 62~71.
[19]葛长路,单丽云. K118耐磨合金堆焊层的耐磨性[J].中国矿业大学学报, 1988, 12(3): 46~50.
[20]王润之,金毓洲. Fe-05耐磨合金粉块碳弧堆焊技术的应用[J].煤矿机械, 1987, 79(04): 22~34.
[21]周振丰,张文钺.焊接冶金及金属焊接性[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 1994: 22~56.
[22]顾德骥.国内外自熔合金粉末喷焊技术发展[J].机械工程材料, 1978, 15(8): 1~14.
[23]贾文杰,王立成.铁基自熔性合金粉末喷焊修复石油机械磨损件[J].石油机械, 2001, (3):38~40.
[24]顾德骥.自熔合金粉末表面喷焊技术发展动向[J].焊接, 1988, (6): 25~43.
[25]侯清宇,高甲生.铁基合金等离子堆焊研究进展[J].安徽工业大学学报, 2003, (01): 127~129.
[26]赵丽美,杨瑞成.镍基自熔性合金粉末的制备及其涂层耐蚀性能的研究[J].兰州理工大学学报, 2007, 11(23): 39~45.
[27]朱润生.自熔合金粉末的研究[J].粉末冶金工业, 2000, 10(2): 7~14.
[28] Berns H, Fiseher A. Microstructure of Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloys with additions of Nb, Ti and B[J]. Materials characterzation, 1997, 39(21): 499~527.
[29] Christodoulou P. The effeet of carbon, chromium and silicon content on wear resistant of ferritie Fe-Cr-C cast alloys[J]. Wear, 1997, 16(4): 153~167.
[30] Hokkirigwa K, kato K. The effect of hardness on the transition of the abrasive wear mechanism of steels[J]. Wear, 1988, (123): 241~251.
[31]张文钺.焊接物理冶金[M].天津:天津大学出版社, 1991: 34~55.
[32]崔传孟,张国藩,徐秀光. B2O3-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-CaO熔渣的密度及表面张力[J]. 1996, 2(1): 49~53.
[33]王文忠.富硼炉渣性能研究[J].钢铁, 1980, 28(4): 53~58.
[34]崔传孟,刘素兰,张显鹏等.高MgO含量富硼渣熔体粘度的测定[J].东北工学院学报, 1992, 13(6): 551~555.
[35]崔传孟,徐秀光,张国落等.含B2O3高MgO炉渣组成对熔渣体积质量及表面张力的影响[J].东北大学学报, 1996, 17(4): 369~372.
[36]崔传孟,徐秀光,张显鹏. B2O3-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-CaO系渣组成对熔体物性的影响[J].金属学报, 1996, 19 (06): 637~641.
[37]唐英,邸宝永,杨杰.自熔性合金粉末冶炼工艺探讨[J].天津工业学院学报, 2001, 7(11): 242~249.
[38] Heiple C R, Burgardt P. Effects of SO2 shielding gas addition on GTA weld shape[J]. Welding. 1985, 64(6): 159~162.
[39] Spittle J A, Brown S G R. Computer simulation of the effects of alloy variables on the grain structures of casting [J]. Acta Metall. 1989, 37(7): 1803~1809.
[40]杨春利,牛尾诚夫,田中学. TIG电弧活性化焊接现象和机理研究[J].焊接, 2000, 12(4): 16~18.
[41] Lakeland K D, Graham E, Heron A. Mechanical properties and microstructures of a series ofFe-Cr-B alloys [J]. Materials Science and Engineering, 1992: 1~13.
[42] Christodoulou P, Calos N A. Step towards designing Fe-Cr-B cast alloy [J]. Materials Science and Engineering, 2001, 301(2): 103~117.
[43] Szekely J. The mathematical modeling of arc welding operations[R]. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Trends in Welding Research Gatlinburg Tennessee USA, 1989: 3~14.
[44]王智慧,阎玉芹,贺定勇.大面积耐磨合金堆焊层表面成形改善及其性能的研究[J].北京工业大学学报, 1993, 19(4): 32~37.
[45]材料耐磨抗蚀及其表面技术丛书编委会.材料的磨粒磨损[M].北京:机械工业出社, 1990: 88~103.
[46] Zum K H. Modelling of two body abrasive wear[J]. Acta Material, 1988, 37(124): 87~103.
[47] Staffan J, Wallen P, Hogmark S. Fundamental aspects of abrasive wear studied by a new numerical simulation model [J]. Wear, 1988, 37(123): 207~223.
[48] Noman T E, Solomon A, Doane D V. Martensitie white irons for abrasion resistant castings [J]. AFS Trans, 1959, 67(15): 242~252.
[49] Maratray F. Choice of apropriate compositions for chromium-molybdenum white irons [J]. AFS Trans, 1971, 49(79): 121~124.
[50] Buytoz S. Microstructural properties of M7C3 eutectic carbides in a Fe-Cr-C alloy [J]. Materials Letters, 2006, 28(3): 605~608.
[51]符寒光,蒋志强.耐磨铸造Fe-B-C合金的研究[J].金属学报, 2006, 42(5): 545~548.
[52]刘仲礼,李言祥,陈祥等.硼、碳含量对高硼铁基合金组织和性能的影响[J].钢铁, 2007, 42(6): 78~82.
[53]王兆昌,韩福生. B与RE-Si变质处理对高Cr-Mn白口铸铁的组织和性能的影响.铸造, 1985, (03): 1~6.
[54]吴晓俊,邢建东,符寒光等.高铬白口铸铁初生碳化物细化的研究进展[J].铸造, 2006, 55(10): 999~1002.
[55]刘政军,张桂清,尹奕君等.合金元素对铁基耐磨堆焊合金性能的影响[J].焊接学报, 2007, (03): 69~72.
[56]张景辉.应用键参数选择变质剂及其在高铬铸铁上应用的试验研究[J].铸造, 1989, 64(11): 7~11.
[57]阴世河,姜炳焕.变质处理改善Cr26白口铸铁性能的研究[J].铸造, 1987, 57(7): 17~20.
[58]李绍雄.铁碳硼合金中硬质相的形成方式、相对量和晶格常数研究[J].吉林工业大学学报,1987, 69(4): 82~92.
[59]姜镇裕,贾文亮,张学光.稀土硅铁孕育对高铬合金白口铸铁性能的影响[J].机械工程材料, 1997, 95(l): 33~40.
[60]赵峰.高铬铸铁凝固过程中碳化物形成机制及形态特征研究[D], [硕士学位论文].西安:西安建筑科技大学, 2007.
[61]潘春旭,陈俐.耐磨堆焊层显微组织特征及其与耐磨性关系的研究[J].兵器材料科学与工程, 2000, 64(2): 8~12.