语言焦虑对中学英语听力教学的影响及启示
摘要
近年来,二语习得中情感因素的研究逐渐引起学者们的关注。情感是指人类行为的情绪和感受方面,包括动机、态度、自尊、自信、焦虑、移情、自我形象等,其中焦虑是最重要因素之一。美国学者Krashen(1981)提出的情感过滤假说(The Affective Filter Hypothesis)将焦虑视为二语习得过程中的重要情感障碍,焦虑与二语习得的研究于是成为外语教学研究者们不懈探索和实践的一个活跃的课题领域。然而关于中学英语听力教学中语言焦虑问题的研究相对较少,甚至常常被忽略。本研究旨在探讨听力课堂焦虑存在的程度及其原因,借鉴二语习得理论,结合教学实际情况,总结尝试新的教学方法,创建一种低焦虑的课堂环境,使学生的听力水平得到提高。
In recent years, the study of affective factors in second language acquisition has attracted more and more attention from scholars. Affect is considered broadly as aspects of emotion, feeling or mood, including motivation, attitude, self-esteem, anxiety, self-perception and so on. One of the most important components in affective factors is anxiety. And the term affective, as one of the five hypotheses put forward by Stephen Krashen (1981), has gained a lot of popularity. Also, since 1970s, language researchers have been conducting studies on language anxiety, which is regarded as fear or apprehension occurring when a learner is expected to perform in a second or foreign language. But little has been done to study the relationship between language anxiety and English listening teaching in senior middle schools. And it is even often neglected. By experiment this paper is to explore the impact of language anxiety on English listening teaching in senior middle schools. The purpose is to find out the reasons for students' anxiety in listening class, to try new teaching methods guided by second language acquisition theories in combination with the practical teaching conditions in China, and to help the students improve their listening ability in a most favorable affective environment.
In recent years, the study of affective factors in second language acquisition has attracted more and more attention from scholars. Affect is considered broadly as aspects of emotion, feeling or mood, including motivation, attitude, self-esteem, anxiety, self-perception and so on. One of the most important components in affective factors is anxiety. And the term affective, as one of the five hypotheses put forward by Stephen Krashen (1981), has gained a lot of popularity. Also, since 1970s, language researchers have been conducting studies on language anxiety, which is regarded as fear or apprehension occurring when a learner is expected to perform in a second or foreign language. But little has been done to study the relationship between language anxiety and English listening teaching in senior middle schools. And it is even often neglected. By experiment this paper is to explore the impact of language anxiety on English listening teaching in senior middle schools. The purpose is to find out the reasons for students' anxiety in listening class, to try new teaching methods guided by second language acquisition theories in combination with the practical teaching conditions in China, and to help the students improve their listening ability in a most favorable affective environment.
引文
Aida, Y. 1994. Examination of Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope's construct of foreign language anxiety: the case of students of Japanese. [J]. The Modem Language Journal 78:155-68.
Arnold, J.2000. Affect in Language Learning. [M] Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Bailey, K. 1983. Competitiveness and anxiety in adult second language learning: looking at and through diaries studies. [A]. In Seliger, H. w. and Shohamy, E. Eds. Second Language Research Methods. Oxford: OUP.
Brown, H. D. 1987. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (2~(nd) edition). [M]. Englewoo Cliffs. .New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Brown, G. 1990. Listening to Spoken English. [M]. New York:Longman.
Chapelle, C. & C. Roberts. 1986. Measurement of ambiguity tolerance [J]. Journal of Personality Assessment. 39:607-619. [4]
Chastain,K. 1975. Affective and Ability Factors in Second Language Acquisition. [J]. Language Learing. 25,153-161.
Cheng, Y. S. & Horwitz, E. K. 1999. Language Anxiety: Differentiating writing and speaking components. [J]. Language Learning. 49,417-446.
Cook, V. 1991. Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. [M]. London:Edward Arnold Limited.
Cook, V.2000. Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Ellis, R. 1985. Understanding Second Language Acquisition. [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R. 1994. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ely, C. M. 1986. An analysis of discomfort, risk-taking, sociability, and motivation in the L2 classroom. [J]. Language Learning .36: 1-25.
Eysenck, M. W. 1979. Anxiety, Learning and Memory: A Reconceptualization. [J]. Journal of Research in Personality. 13: 363-385.
Gardner, R. C, Smythe, P. C. & Clement, R. (1979). Intensive second language study in a bicultural milieu: an investigation of attitudes, motivation and language proficiency. [J]. Language Learning.29: 305-320.
Gardner, R. C, & Maclntyre, P. D. (1991). An instrumental motivation in language study: Who says it isn't affective? [J]. Studies in Second Language Acquisition.13: 57-72.
Gardner, R. C. & Maclntyre, P. D. 1993. On the measurement of affective variables in second language learning. [J]. Language Learning. 43:157-194.
Gardner, R. C. 2003. Language Anxiety from Theory and Research to Classroom Implications. [M]. Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Hamilton, V. 1984. The Cognitive Structures and Processes of Human Motivation and Personality. [M]. John Willy and Sons Ltd.
Harmer, J. 2000. How to Teach English. [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Horwitz,E.K.&Cope,J.A.1986.Foreign language classroom anxiety.[J].The Modern Language Journal 70:125-132.
Kim,J.H.2000.Foreign language listening anxiety:A study of Korean students learning English.[A].The University of Texas.Austin:Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
Kieinmann,H.H.1977.Avoidance behavior in adult second language acquisition[J].Language Learning 27:93-107.
Koch,A.S.&Terrell,T.D.1991.Affective Reactions of Foreign Language Students to Natuaral Approach Activities and Teaching Techniques.In E.K.Horwitz & D.J.Young(eds.),Language Anxiety:From Theory & Research to Classroom Implications.[A].Englesood Cliffs NJ:Prentice-Hall,109-126.
Krashen,S.1981.Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning.[M].Oxford:Pergamon.
Krashen,S.D.1985.The Input Hypothesis:Issues and Implications.[M].London:Longman.
Krashen,S.D 1986.The Input Hypothesis Issues and Implications.[M].Longman and New York Press.
Maclntyre,P.D.1999.Language anxiety:A review of the research for language teachers.In D.J.Young(ed.).Affect in Foreign Language and Second Language Learning:A Practical Guide to Creating a Low-anxiety Classroom Atmosphere.[A].New York:MeGraw-Hil.
O'Malley,J.M 2001.Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition.[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
O'Malley,J.M.and Chamot.A.U.1989.Listening Comprehension Strategies in Second language Acquisition.[J].Applied Linguistics.
Oxford,R.L.1999.Anxiety and the Language Learner:New Insight.In J.Arnold,Affect in Language Learning.[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Phillips,E.M.1992.The effects of language anxiety on student's oral test performances and attitudes.[J].The Modern Language Journal,76,1,14-25.
Price,M..L.1991.The Subjective Experience of Foreign Language Anxiety:Interviews with Highly Anxiety:From Theory and Research to Classroom Implications.[A].Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-hall.
Richards,J.C.2001.The Context of Language Teaching.[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Richards,J.C.Platt,J.& Platt,H.2000.Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics.London:Longman/Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Roger T.Bell.1981.An Introduction to Applied Linguistics.[M].Batsford Academic and Education Ltd.
Rost,M.2005.Teaching and Researching Listening.[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Scarcella,R.C.& Oxford,R.L.1992.The Tapestry of Language Learning:The Individual in the Communicative Classroom.[M].Boston:Heinle & Heinle.
Schmitt,N.2002.An Introduction to Applied Linguistics.[M]Oxford University Press lnc,New York.
Scovel,T.1991.The Effect of Foreign Language Learning:A Review of the Anxiety Research.[J].Language Learning.41:513-534.
Skehan,P.1989.Individual Differences in Second Language Learning.[M].London New York Melbourne Auckland.
Slavin.R.E.2004.Educational Psychology Theory and Practice.[M].Beijing:Peking University Press.
Spielberger,C.S.1966.Theory and research on anxiety.In C.S.Spielberger(Ed.),Anxiety and Behavior,Academic Press,New York,3-20.
Ur,P.1984.Teaching Listening Comprehension.[M].Cambridge:Cambridge41 University Press.
Vandergrift,L.1999.Facilitating second language listening comprehension:acquiring successful strategies.ELT Journal.3:168-176
Vogely,A.J.1998.Listening comprehension anxiety:Students' reported sources and solutions.[J].Foreign Language Annals.31:67-80.
Young,D.J.1991.Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment What does language anxiety research suggest?.[J].The Modern Language Journal 75:426-439.
陈秀玲,2004,英语听力理解与焦虑状态的相关研究及对教学的启示,《语电化教学》4:65-68.
程利平,2004,国外外语学习焦虑研究综述,《番禺职业技术学院学报》3:60-64。
戴炜栋,束定芳,1994,试论影响外语习得的若干重要因素,《外语界》4:1-10.
孟昭兰,2005,《情绪心理学》。北京:北京大学出版社。
王银泉,万宝书,2001,外语学习焦虑及其对外语学习的影响,《外语教学与研究》2:122-126。
文秋芳,1996,《英语学习策略论》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
杨晋,2000,英语学生焦虑感与听力理解的关系,《外语研究》1:54。
阴国恩,1996,《非智力因素及其培养》。浙江:浙江人民出版社。
张庆宗,2004,《英语教学法》。湖南:湖南人民出版社。
周丹丹,2003,二语课堂中的听力焦虑感和情感策略,《国外外语教学》3:22。
Arnold, J.2000. Affect in Language Learning. [M] Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Bailey, K. 1983. Competitiveness and anxiety in adult second language learning: looking at and through diaries studies. [A]. In Seliger, H. w. and Shohamy, E. Eds. Second Language Research Methods. Oxford: OUP.
Brown, H. D. 1987. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (2~(nd) edition). [M]. Englewoo Cliffs. .New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Brown, G. 1990. Listening to Spoken English. [M]. New York:Longman.
Chapelle, C. & C. Roberts. 1986. Measurement of ambiguity tolerance [J]. Journal of Personality Assessment. 39:607-619. [4]
Chastain,K. 1975. Affective and Ability Factors in Second Language Acquisition. [J]. Language Learing. 25,153-161.
Cheng, Y. S. & Horwitz, E. K. 1999. Language Anxiety: Differentiating writing and speaking components. [J]. Language Learning. 49,417-446.
Cook, V. 1991. Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. [M]. London:Edward Arnold Limited.
Cook, V.2000. Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Ellis, R. 1985. Understanding Second Language Acquisition. [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R. 1994. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ely, C. M. 1986. An analysis of discomfort, risk-taking, sociability, and motivation in the L2 classroom. [J]. Language Learning .36: 1-25.
Eysenck, M. W. 1979. Anxiety, Learning and Memory: A Reconceptualization. [J]. Journal of Research in Personality. 13: 363-385.
Gardner, R. C, Smythe, P. C. & Clement, R. (1979). Intensive second language study in a bicultural milieu: an investigation of attitudes, motivation and language proficiency. [J]. Language Learning.29: 305-320.
Gardner, R. C, & Maclntyre, P. D. (1991). An instrumental motivation in language study: Who says it isn't affective? [J]. Studies in Second Language Acquisition.13: 57-72.
Gardner, R. C. & Maclntyre, P. D. 1993. On the measurement of affective variables in second language learning. [J]. Language Learning. 43:157-194.
Gardner, R. C. 2003. Language Anxiety from Theory and Research to Classroom Implications. [M]. Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Hamilton, V. 1984. The Cognitive Structures and Processes of Human Motivation and Personality. [M]. John Willy and Sons Ltd.
Harmer, J. 2000. How to Teach English. [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Horwitz,E.K.&Cope,J.A.1986.Foreign language classroom anxiety.[J].The Modern Language Journal 70:125-132.
Kim,J.H.2000.Foreign language listening anxiety:A study of Korean students learning English.[A].The University of Texas.Austin:Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
Kieinmann,H.H.1977.Avoidance behavior in adult second language acquisition[J].Language Learning 27:93-107.
Koch,A.S.&Terrell,T.D.1991.Affective Reactions of Foreign Language Students to Natuaral Approach Activities and Teaching Techniques.In E.K.Horwitz & D.J.Young(eds.),Language Anxiety:From Theory & Research to Classroom Implications.[A].Englesood Cliffs NJ:Prentice-Hall,109-126.
Krashen,S.1981.Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning.[M].Oxford:Pergamon.
Krashen,S.D.1985.The Input Hypothesis:Issues and Implications.[M].London:Longman.
Krashen,S.D 1986.The Input Hypothesis Issues and Implications.[M].Longman and New York Press.
Maclntyre,P.D.1999.Language anxiety:A review of the research for language teachers.In D.J.Young(ed.).Affect in Foreign Language and Second Language Learning:A Practical Guide to Creating a Low-anxiety Classroom Atmosphere.[A].New York:MeGraw-Hil.
O'Malley,J.M 2001.Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition.[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
O'Malley,J.M.and Chamot.A.U.1989.Listening Comprehension Strategies in Second language Acquisition.[J].Applied Linguistics.
Oxford,R.L.1999.Anxiety and the Language Learner:New Insight.In J.Arnold,Affect in Language Learning.[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Phillips,E.M.1992.The effects of language anxiety on student's oral test performances and attitudes.[J].The Modern Language Journal,76,1,14-25.
Price,M..L.1991.The Subjective Experience of Foreign Language Anxiety:Interviews with Highly Anxiety:From Theory and Research to Classroom Implications.[A].Englewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice-hall.
Richards,J.C.2001.The Context of Language Teaching.[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Richards,J.C.Platt,J.& Platt,H.2000.Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics.London:Longman/Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Roger T.Bell.1981.An Introduction to Applied Linguistics.[M].Batsford Academic and Education Ltd.
Rost,M.2005.Teaching and Researching Listening.[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Scarcella,R.C.& Oxford,R.L.1992.The Tapestry of Language Learning:The Individual in the Communicative Classroom.[M].Boston:Heinle & Heinle.
Schmitt,N.2002.An Introduction to Applied Linguistics.[M]Oxford University Press lnc,New York.
Scovel,T.1991.The Effect of Foreign Language Learning:A Review of the Anxiety Research.[J].Language Learning.41:513-534.
Skehan,P.1989.Individual Differences in Second Language Learning.[M].London New York Melbourne Auckland.
Slavin.R.E.2004.Educational Psychology Theory and Practice.[M].Beijing:Peking University Press.
Spielberger,C.S.1966.Theory and research on anxiety.In C.S.Spielberger(Ed.),Anxiety and Behavior,Academic Press,New York,3-20.
Ur,P.1984.Teaching Listening Comprehension.[M].Cambridge:Cambridge41 University Press.
Vandergrift,L.1999.Facilitating second language listening comprehension:acquiring successful strategies.ELT Journal.3:168-176
Vogely,A.J.1998.Listening comprehension anxiety:Students' reported sources and solutions.[J].Foreign Language Annals.31:67-80.
Young,D.J.1991.Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment What does language anxiety research suggest?.[J].The Modern Language Journal 75:426-439.
陈秀玲,2004,英语听力理解与焦虑状态的相关研究及对教学的启示,《语电化教学》4:65-68.
程利平,2004,国外外语学习焦虑研究综述,《番禺职业技术学院学报》3:60-64。
戴炜栋,束定芳,1994,试论影响外语习得的若干重要因素,《外语界》4:1-10.
孟昭兰,2005,《情绪心理学》。北京:北京大学出版社。
王银泉,万宝书,2001,外语学习焦虑及其对外语学习的影响,《外语教学与研究》2:122-126。
文秋芳,1996,《英语学习策略论》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
杨晋,2000,英语学生焦虑感与听力理解的关系,《外语研究》1:54。
阴国恩,1996,《非智力因素及其培养》。浙江:浙江人民出版社。
张庆宗,2004,《英语教学法》。湖南:湖南人民出版社。
周丹丹,2003,二语课堂中的听力焦虑感和情感策略,《国外外语教学》3:22。